Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-g8jcs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T04:02:27.273Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A Feminist Theory of Corruption: Lessons from Iceland

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 May 2013

Janet Elise Johnson ,
Þorgerður Einarsdóttir  and
Gyða Margrét Pétursdóttir
Janet Elise Johnson
Affiliation:
Brooklyn College, City University of New York
Þorgerður Einarsdóttir
Affiliation:
University of Iceland
Gyða Margrét Pétursdóttir
Affiliation:
University of Iceland
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Half a decade into a new global economic crisis, most policymakers, pundits, and scholars discuss the situation in nongendered ways, carting out long-standing criticisms of bloated states or of neoliberalism, despite powerful feminist critiques. At the same time, feminist scholars, particularly those within feminist political science (FPS) studying advanced democracies, have been struggling with a “central paradox . … The widespread formal adoption and development of … gender equality … initiatives … [but] their partial and variable institutionalization in terms of impact on institutional practices, norms, and outcomes” (Mackay, Monro, and Waylen 2009, 254–55). In this article, we make a case for a feminist theory of political corruption that can help explain both the economic crisis and this paradox of “strong equality policy, weak practice.”

Type
Research Article
Information
Politics & Gender , Volume 9 , Issue 2 , June 2013 , pp. 174 - 206
Copyright
Copyright © The Women and Politics Research Section of the American Political Science Association 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Act on Corporations. Iceland. no. 2/1995, amendments no. 13/2010.Google Scholar
Act on Criminality. Iceland. no. 19/1940, amendments no. 54/2009.Google Scholar
Act on Marriage. Iceland. no. 55/1996, amendments no. 65/2010.Google Scholar
Agnarsdóttir, Guðrún. 1994. “Neyðarmóttaka vegna nauðgunar” [Crisis Center for Rape Victims], Morgunblaðið, March 8.Google Scholar
Alessio, Dominic, and Jóhannsdóttir, Anna Lisa. 2011. “Geysers and ‘Girls’: Gender, Power and Colonialism in Icelandic Tourist Imagery.” European Journal of Women's Studies 18 (1): 35–50.Google Scholar
Árnadóttir, Eygló, and Bjarnadóttir, Eva. 2011. Konur í kreppu? Samantekt á opinberum tölulegum gögnum á áhrifum efnahagshrunsins á velferð kvenna [Women in Crises? Report based on public data on how the crisis affects women]. Reykjavík, Ministry of Welfare. http://www.velferdarraduneyti.is/media/ritogskyrslur2011/Konur_i_kreppu_22032011.pdf (accessed February 26, 2012).Google Scholar
Arnarson, Ólafur. 2009. Sofandi ad feigdarósi [Turn a Blind Eye]. Reykjavik: JPV útgáfa.Google Scholar
Árnason, Örnólfur. 1991. Á slóð Kolkrabbans [On the Path of the Octopus]. Reykjavík: Skjaldborg.Google Scholar
Baldvinsdóttir, Herdís Dröfn. 1998. “Networks of Financial Power in Iceland: The Labour Movement Paradox.” Ph.D. diss. Lancaster University.Google Scholar
Banaszak, Lee Ann, Beckwith, Karen, and Rucht, Dieter. 2003. Women's Movements Facing the Reconfigured State. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Banaszak, Lee Ann, and Weldon, S. Laurel. 2011. “Informal Institutions, Protest, and Change in Gendered Federal Systems.” Politics & Gender 7 (2): 262–73.Google Scholar
Bowers, Simon. 2011. “The Rise and Dramatic Fall of Kaupthing Bank. Icelanders Were Proud of What they Called the Viking Revolution But It Was to End in Tears.” The Guardian, March 9. http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2011/mar/09/kaupthing-bank-iceland-collapse (accessed November 14, 2011).Google Scholar
Bragadóttir, Ásdís Halla. 2000. Í hlutverki leiðtogans: Líf fimm forystumanna í nýju ljósi [In the Role of the Leader: The Life of Five Leaders in a New Light]. Reykjavík: Vaka-Helgafell.Google Scholar
Burnet, Jennie E. 2011. “Women have Found Respect: Gender Quotas, Symbolic Representation, and Female Empowerment in Rwanda.” Politics & Gender 7 (3): 303–34.Google Scholar
Chartier, Daniel. 2010. The End of Iceland's Innocence. London and Reykjavík: Citizen Press.Google Scholar
Connell, Robert W. 1987. Gender and Power: Society, the Person and Sexual Politics. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Connell, Robert W.. 2005. “Masculinities and Globalization.” In Gender Through the Prism of Difference, 3rd ed., eds. Zinn, Maxine Baca, Hondagneu-Sotelo, Pierrettee, and Messner, Michael A.. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 36–48.Google Scholar
Dahlerup, Drude, and Freidenvall, Lenita. 2005. “Quotas as a ‘Fast Track’ to Equal Representation for Women.” International Feminist Journal of Politics 7 (1): 26–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dollar, David, Fisman, Raymond, and Gatti, Roberta. 1999. “Are Women Really the ‘Fairer Sex’? Corruption and Women in Government: Policy Research Report on Gender and Development.” World Bank Working Paper Series, no. 4.Google Scholar
Dominelli, Lena, and Jonsdóttir, Gudrun. 1988. “Feminist Political Organization in Iceland: Some Reflections on the Experience of Kvennaframbothid.” Feminist Review 30 (Autumn): 36–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Egilsson, Vilhjálmur, ed. 2009. “Endurreisn atvinnulífsins: Uppgjör, umfjöllun, álit, hugmyndir og tillögur vegna stöðu og framtíðar, íslensks atvinnulífs: Skýrsla endurreisnarnefndar Sjálfstæðisflokksins” [Restoration of the Economy: Settlement, Discussion, Opinions, Ideas and Propositions concerning the Status and Future of the Icelandic Economy: Report of the Restoration Committee of the Independence Party]. Reykjavík: Sjálfstæðisflokkurinn. http://media.endurreisn.is/u/d/xD_Endur_NET.pdf (accessed August 8, 2010).Google Scholar
Einarsdóttir, Þorgerður. 2005. “Women in Iceland: Strong Women: Myths and Contradictions.” In Female Well-Being: Social Change Around the World in the 20th Century, eds. Billson, Janet Mancini and Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn. London: ZED Books, 181–206.Google Scholar
Einarsdóttir, Þorgerður. 2010. “Kynjamyndir og kyngervi nýfrjálshyggjunnar” [Gender Images and the Gender of Neo-Liberalism]. In Eilífðarvélin: Uppgjör við nýfrjálshyggju, ed. Stefánsson, Kolbeinn. Reykjavík: Háskólaútgáfan, 195–218.Google Scholar
Einarsdóttir, Þorgerður, and Hjartardóttir, Guðbjörg Lilja. 2009. “Kynjaskekkja í stjórnmálum: breytingar og áhrifaþættir” [Gender Imbalance in Politics: Changes and Influential Factors]. Stjórnmál og Stjórnsýsla 5 (1): 5–25.Google Scholar
Einarsdóttir, Þorgerður, and Pétursdóttir, Gyða Margrét. 2010. “Greining á skýrslu rannsóknarnefndar Alþingis frá kynjafræðilegu sjónarhorni”[Analyses of the Special Investigation Commission Report from a Gendered Perspective]. In Skýrsla Þingmannanefndar til að Fjalla um Skýrslu Rannsóknarnefndar AlÞingis [The Report of the Parliamentary Review Committee on the SIC report], 209–67. http://www.althingi.is/altext/138/s/pdf/1501.pdf (accessed November 14, 2011).Google Scholar
Erlendsdóttir, Sigríður Th. 1993. Veröld sem ég vil: Saga Kvenréttindafélags Íslands 1907–1992 [The World that I Want: The History of the Icelandic Women's Rights Association 1907–1992]. Reykjavík: Kvenréttindafélag Íslands.Google Scholar
Fraenkel, Ernst. 1969 [1941]. The Dual State: A Contribution to the Theory of Dictatorship. New York: Octagon Books.Google Scholar
Gissurarson, Hannes Hólmsteinn. 2006. “Forsendur frjálshyggjubyltingarinnar” [Prerequisites for the Neo-Liberal Revolution]. Vísbending 24 (49): 6–11.Google Scholar
Goertz, Gary, and Mazur, Amy G.. 2008. Politics, Gender, and Concepts: Theory and Methodology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Goetz, Anne Marie. 2007. “Political Cleaners: Women as the New Anti-Corruption Force.” Development and Change 38 (1): 87–105.Google Scholar
Grímsson, Ólafur Ragnar. 2005. “How to Succeed in Modern Business: Lessons from the Icelandic Voyage.” Speech by the president of Iceland, Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson, at the Walbrook Club, London, May 3. http://www.forseti.is/media/files/05.05.03.Walbrook.Club.pdf (accessed November 14, 2011).Google Scholar
Group of States against Corruption and Council of Europe. 2013. “Evaluation Report: Iceland,” Fourth Evaluation Round: Corruption Prevention in Respect of Members of Parliament, Judges and Prosecutors 2013. online athttp://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/greco/evaluations/round4/GrecoEval4%282012%298_Iceland_EN.pdf (accessed April 20, 2013).Google Scholar
Guðnadóttir, Jónína Margrét. 1985. Konur hvað nú? Staða íslenskra kvenna í kjölfar kvennaárs og kvennaáratugar Sameinuðu Þjóðanna 1975–1985 [Women What Now? The Status of Icelandic Women Following the UN's Women's Year and Women's Decade 1975–1985]. Reykjavík: '85-nefndin and Jafnréttisráð.Google Scholar
Gunnarsson, Styrmir. 2009. Umsátrið: Fall Íslands og endurreisn [The Siege: Iceland's Fall and Restoration]. Reykjavík: Veröld.Google Scholar
Gunnarsson, Styrmir. 2010. Hrunadans og horfið fé: Skýrslan á 160 síðum [Dancing with the Devil: The [SIC] Report in 160 pages].Reykjavik: Veröld.Google Scholar
Gunnlaugsdóttir, Þorbjörg Sigríður. 2005. “Nauðgun frá sjónarhorni kvennaréttar” [Rape from the Perspective of Womeńs Law]. Master's diss. University of Iceland.Google Scholar
Gústafsdóttir, Guðný, Matthíasdóttir, Sigríður, and Einarsdóttir, Þorgerður. 2010. “The Development of Icelandic Womanhood at the Turn of Two Centuries: From Motherly Nature to Sex Appeal.” In Rannsóknir í Félagsvísindum XI, ed. Ómarsdóttir, Silja Bára. Reykjavík: Félagsvísindastofnu Háskóla Íslands, 1–9.Google Scholar
Harvey, David. 2005. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hauksson, Jón G. 2003. “Valdablokkir í íslensku viðskiptalífi” [Power Blocks in Icelandic Business]. Frjáls verslun 2: 16–32, 34, 36, 38–39.Google Scholar
Hausmann, Ricardo, Tyson, Laura D., and Zahidi, Saadia. 2012. “The Global Gender Gap Report 2012.” World Economic Forum. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GenderGap_Report_2012.pdf (accessed October 29, 2012).Google Scholar
Hawkesworth, Mary. 2005. “Engendering Political Science: An Immodest Proposal.” Politics & Gender 1 (1): 141–56.Google Scholar
Helmke, Gretchen, and Levitsky, Steven. 2004. “Informal Institutions and Comparative Politics: A Research Agenda.” Perspectives on Politics 2 (4): 725–40.Google Scholar
Heritage Foundation and Wall Street Journal. 2012. Index of Economic Freedom: Iceland. http://www.heritage.org/index/country/iceland (accessed September 10, 2012).Google Scholar
Higgins, Andrew. 2013. “Iceland, Fervent Prosecutor of Bankers, Sees Meager Returns,” The New York Times, February 2. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/03/world/europe/iceland-prosecutor-of-bankers-sees-meager-returns.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 (accessed March 26, 2013).Google Scholar
Hlöðversdóttir, Bryndís Ísfold. 2007. “Valdatengsl í íslensku samfélagi árið 2007” [Power Relations in Icelandic Society 2007]. Bachelor of Arts/Science diss. University of Iceland.Google Scholar
Htun, Mala, and Weldon, S. Laurel. 2012. “The Civic Origins of Progressive Policy Change: Combating Violence against Women in Global Perspective, 1975–2005.” American Political Science Review 106 (3): 548–69.Google Scholar
Iceland Review Online. 2011. “Former Kaupthing Bankers to Pay Loan,” July 29. http://www.icelandreview.com/icelandreview/daily_news/?cat_id=29314&ew_0_a_id=380665 (accessed December 15, 2012).Google Scholar
Iceland Review Online. 2012a. “Minister of Interior Embroiled in Gender Equality Breach Case,” September 2. http://www.icelandreview.com/icelandreview/daily_news/?cat_id=29314&ew_0_a_id=393152 (accessed September 6, 2012).Google Scholar
Iceland Review Online. 2012b. “Verdict: Iceland's PM Violated Equality Laws,” June 22. https://secure.icelandreview.com/icelandreview/daily_news/Verdict_Iceland%E2%80%99s_PM_Violated_Equality_Laws_0_391112.news.aspx (accessed September 6, 2012).Google Scholar
Icenews. 2012a. “Insider Dealing Civil Servant Loses Appeal,” February 17. http://www.icenews.is/index.php/2012/02/17/insider-dealing-civil-servant-loses-appeal/#more-30420 (accessed February 25, 2012).Google Scholar
Icenews. 2012b. “Iceland Bank Crash Execs Charged,” February 22. http://www.icenews.is/index.php/2012/02/22/iceland-bank-crash-execs-charged/ (accessed February 25, 2012).Google Scholar
Jóhannesson, Guðni Th. 2009. Hrunið: Ísland á barmi gjaldþrots og upplausnar [The Collapse: Iceland on the Verge of Bankruptcy and Chaos]. Reykjavík: JPV útgáfa.Google Scholar
Jóhannesson, Guðni Th. 2010. Gunnar Thoroddsen: Ævisaga [Gunnar Thoroddsen: Biography]. Reykjavík: JPV útgáfa.Google Scholar
Jóhannsdóttir, Bryndís Erna. 2010. “Kynleg kreppa—Jafnréttismál á umbrotatímum; tækifæri til framfara eða líkur á bakslagi?” [Gendered Crises—Gender Equality Issues in Turbulent Times]. Master's thesis University of Iceland.Google Scholar
Johnson, Janet Elise. 2011. The Most Feminist Place in the World. Nation 292 (8): 18–22.Google Scholar
Jónsson, Ásgeir. 2009. Why Iceland? How One of the World's Smallest Countries Became the Meltdown's Biggest Casualty. New York: McGraw Hill.Google Scholar
Jósepsson, Þórhallur, and Mathiesen, Árni. 2010. Árni Matt: Frá bankahruni til byltingar [Árni Matt [the former minister's nickname]: From the Collapse of the Banks to a Revolution]. Reykjavík: Veröld.Google Scholar
Karklins, Rasma. 2002. “Typology of Post-Communist Corruption,” Problems of Post-Communism 49 (4): 22–32.Google Scholar
Kjartansdóttir, Ingibjörg Dögg. 2010. “Lögreglan: Fólk ætti að líta oftar í eigin barm” [The Police: People Should Look Closer to Home”], dv.is, August 16. http://www.dv.is/frettir/2010/8/16/logreglan_aetti_ad_lita_oftar_i_eigin_barm/ (accessed November 10, 2011).Google Scholar
Kristinsson, Gunnar Helgi. 2012. “Rewards and Control Appointments in Iceland.” In Party Patronage and Party Government in European Democracies, eds. Kopecký, Petr, Mair, Peter, and Spirova, Maria. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 186–205.Google Scholar
Kristjánsson, Svanur. 2004. “Iceland: Searching for Democracy along Three Dimensions of Citizen Control.” Scandinavian Political Studies 27 (2): 153–74.Google Scholar
Krook, Mona Lena. 2009. Quotas for Women in Politics: Gender and Candidate Selection Reform Worldwide. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Krook, Mona Lena, and Mackay, Fiona. 2011. Gender, Politics and Institutions: Towards a Feminist Institutionalism. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Mackay, Fiona, Monro, Surya, and Waylen, Georgina. 2009. “The Feminist Potential of Sociological Institutionalism.” Politics & Gender 5 (2): 253–62.Google Scholar
Mahon, Rianne, Andrew, Caroline, and Johnson, Robert. 2009. “Policy Analysis in an Era of ‘Globalization’: Capturing Spatial Dimensions and Scalar Strategies.” In Critical Policy Studies, eds. Orsini, Michael and Smith, Miriam. Palo Alto, CA: UBC Press, 41–66.Google Scholar
Matthíasdóttir, Sigríður. 2004. Hinn sanni Íslendingur: Þjóðerni, kyngervi og vald á Íslandi 1900–1930 [The True Icelander: Nationality, Gender and Power in Iceland 1900–1930]. Reykjavík: Háskólaútgáfan.Google Scholar
Mbl.is. 2009a. “Hænuskref í rétta átt” [Small Step in the Right Direction], January 23. http://www.mbl.is/frettir/innlent/2009/01/23/haenuskref_i_retta_att/ (accessed September 6, 2012).Google Scholar
Mbl.is. 2009b. “Meirihlutinn telur spillingu ríkja í stjórnsýslunni” [The Majority Thinks the Administration is Corrupt], November 9. http://www.mbl.is/frettir/innlent/2009/11/09/meirihlutinn_telur_spillingu_rikja_i_stjornsyslunni/ (accessed September 6, 2012).Google Scholar
McBride, Dorothy E., Mazur, Amy, and Lovenduski, Joni. 2010. The Politics of State Feminism: Innovation in Comparative Research. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Mósesdóttir, Lilja, Dofradóttir, Andrea G., Einarsdóttir, Þorgerður, Blöndal, Kristjana Stella, Þórðarson, Einar Mar, and Ásgeirsdóttir, Sigurbjörg. 2006. Evaluating Equal Pay in the Nordic Countries: Final Report of the Project. Reykjavík: Evaluating Equal Pay. http://www.jafnretti.is/D10/_Files/Likelon-lokaeintak.pdf (accessed March 26, 2013).Google Scholar
Nikolov, Paul. 2010. “Trust in Parliament Never Lower,” The Reykjavík Grapevine, October 18. http://www.grapevine.is/Home/ReadArticle/Trust-in-Parliament-Never-Lower (accessed December 17, 2012).Google Scholar
Niskanen, Kirsti, ed. 2011. Gender and Power in the Nordic Countries—With Focus on Politics and Business. Norway: NIKK–Nordic Gender Institute. http://www.nikk.no/filestore/Publikasjoner/NIKKPublications_GenderandpowerintheNordiccountries.pdf (accessed September 6, 2012).Google Scholar
Norris, Pippa. 2009. “Petroleum Patriarchy? A Response to Ross.” Politics & Gender 5 (4): 553–60.Google Scholar
Pateman, Carole. 1988. The Sexual Contract. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Peterson, John. 2009. “Policy Networks.” In European Integration Theory, ed. Wiener, Antje and Diez, Thomas. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 105–24.Google Scholar
Peterson, V. Spike. 2003. A Critical Rewriting of Global Political Economy: Integrating Reproductive, Productive and Virtual Economies. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Roniger, Luis. 2004. “Political Clientelism, Democracy, and Market Economy.” Comparative Politics 36 (3): 353–75.Google Scholar
Rotberg, Robert, ed. 2009. Corruption, Global Security, and World Order. Cambridge, MA: World Peace Foundation and American Academy of Arts & Sciences.Google Scholar
Sakwa, Richard. 2010. “The Dual State in Russia.” Post-Soviet Affairs 26 (3): 185–206.Google Scholar
Sakwa, Richard. 2011. The Crisis of Russian Democracy: The Dual State, Factionalism, and the Medvedev Succession. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Herman. 2011. “Iceland's Financial Iceberg: Why Leveraging Up is a Titanic Mistake without a Reserve Currency.” European Political Science 10 (3): 292–300.Google Scholar
Scott, James C. 1972. Comparative Political Corruption. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Sigurðardóttir, Vilborg. 2001. “Vitund vaknar—augu opnast” [Awareness Wakes—Eyes Open]. In Kvennaslóðir, ed. Agnarsdóttir, Anna, Halldórsdóttir, Erla Hulda, Gísladóttir, Hallgerður, Matthíasdóttir, Sigríður, and Þorgrímsdóttir, Sigríður K.. Reykjavík: Kvennasögusafn Íslands, 476–92.Google Scholar
Sigurðsson, Björgvin G. 2010. Stormurinn: Reynslusaga ráðherra [The Storm: Minister's Experience]. Reykjavík: Nýtt land.Google Scholar
Skaar Viken, Bård. 2011. “The Birth of a System Born to Collapse: Laissez-Faire the Icelandic Way.” European Political Science 10 (3): 312–23.Google Scholar
Special Investigation Commission [Rannsóknarnefnd Alþingis] (SIC). 2010. Aðdragandi og orsakir falls íslensku bankanna 2008 og tengdir atburðir. 9 bindi [Prelude to, and Causes of, the Collapse of the Three Main Banks in Iceland 2008 and Related Events. 9 vols.]. Reykjavík: Rannsóknarnefnd AlÞingis (parts of the report are translated into English, online at http://sic.althingi.is/).Google Scholar
Styrkársdóttir, Auður. 1986. “From Social Movement to Political Party: The New Women's Movement in Iceland.” In The New Women's Movement: Feminism and Political Power in Europe and the USA, ed. Dahlerup, Drude. London and Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 140–57.Google Scholar
Styrkársdóttir, Auður. 1999. “Women's Lists in Iceland: A Response to Political Lethargy.” In Equal Democracies? Gender and Politics in the Nordic Countries, ed. Bergqvist, Christina. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press, 88–96.Google Scholar
Sveinbjarnardóttir, Þórunn. 2000. “Flutningur Jafnréttisstofu” [Moving the Center for Gender Equality], Morgunblaðið, July 1.Google Scholar
Thoroddsen, Jón F. 2009. Íslenska efnahagsundrið: Flugeldahagfræði fyrir byrjendur [The Icelandic Economic Miracle: Rocket Economics for Beginners]. Reykjavík: Brúduleikur.Google Scholar
Þorvaldsson, Ármann. 2009. Ævintýraeyjan: Uppgangur og endalok fjármálaveldis [Frozen Assets: How I Lived Iceland's Boom and Bust]. Reykjavik: Bókafélagið.Google Scholar
Tranøy, Bent Sofus. 2011. “Poor Governance in a Very Rich and Advanced (Micro)State: Reflections from Political Science.” European Political Science 10 (3): 277–91.Google Scholar
Tripp, Aili Mari. 2001. “Women's Movements and Challenges to Neopatrimonial Rule: Preliminary Observations from Africa.” Development & Change 32 (1): 33–54.Google Scholar
Tripp, Aili Mari. 2006. “Why so Slow? The Challenges of Gendering Comparative Politics.” Politics & Gender 2 (2): 249–63.Google Scholar
Underkuffler, Laura S. 2009. “Defining Corruption: Implications for Action.” In Corruption, Global Security, and World Order, ed. Rothberg, Robert. Cambridge, MA: World Peace Foundation and American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 27–46.Google Scholar
United Nations Development Programme. 2011. “Gender Inequality Index and Related Indicators,” Human Development Report 2011. http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Table4.pdf (accessed July 3, 2012).Google Scholar
United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. 2008. “Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women: Iceland.” CEDAW/C/ICE/CO/6 http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/docs/co/CEDAW-C-ICE-CO-6.pdf (accessed September 21, 2011).Google Scholar
Wade, Robert, and Sigurgeirsdóttir, Silla. 2010a. “Lessons from Iceland.” New Left Review 65: 5–29. http://www.newleftreview.org/?view=2859 (Accessed November 11, 2011).Google Scholar
Wade, Robert, and Sigurgeirsdóttir, Silla. 2010b. “Shadow Elite: The ‘Inside Job’ That Toppled Iceland's Economy.” The Huffington Post, October 14. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-wade/emshadow-eliteem-the-insi_b_762293.html (accessed November 14, 2011).Google Scholar
Wade, Robert, and Sigurgeirsdóttir, Silla. 2012. “Iceland's Rise, Fall, Stabilisation and Beyond.” Cambridge Journal of Economics 36 (1): 127–144.Google Scholar
Wedel, Janine R. 2009. Shadow Elite: How the World's New Power Brokers Undermine Democracy, Government, and the Free Market. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Weldon, S. Laurel. 2002. Protest, Policy, and the Problem of Violence Against Women: A Cross-National Comparison. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar