Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T19:59:08.623Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

President Park Geun-Hye of South Korea: A Woman President without Women?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 October 2017

Young-Im Lee
Affiliation:
California State University - Sacramento
Farida Jalalzai
Affiliation:
Oklahoma State University

Abstract

This article explores the first female president of South Korea, Park Geun-Hye, and her substantive representation of women. Though Park is one of many women executives from Asia taking the family route to power, her presidency still may lead to the implementation of women-friendly policies once elected. Park's government has expanded women-related policy areas first developed by previous progressive governments, but not consistently. Though mixed, her performance shows improvement over the previous conservative president, who shares Park's party affiliation. Since we can control for partisanship, Park administration's efforts on behalf of women prove particularly compelling. While advantaged by her political lineage, her government offers important policy benefits to women.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Women and Politics Research Section of the American Political Science Association 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

18th Presidential Transition Committee. 2012. “Je 18dae dae-tong-nyeong-ji-gin-su-wi-won-hoe wi-won so-gae [List of the 18th presidential transition committee members (in Korean)].” Presidential Archives of Republic of Korea. http://18insu.pa.go.kr/intro/index.html?category=connect (accessed October 8, 2015).Google Scholar
Anderson, Nancy Fix. 2013. “Benazir Bhutto and Dynastic Politics: Her Father's Daughter, Her People's Sister.” In Women as Political Leaders: Studies in Gender and Governing, ed. Genovese, Michael A. and Steckenrider, Janie S.. New York: Routledge, 80109.Google Scholar
Beckwith, Karen. 2014. “Plotting the Path from One to the Other: Women's Interests and Political Representation.” In Representation: The Case of Women, ed. Escobar-Lemmon, Maria C. and Taylor-Robinson, Michelle M.. New York: Oxford University Press, 1940.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bratton, Kathleen A., and Ray, Leonard P.. 2002. “Descriptive Representation, Policy Outcomes, and Municipal Day-Care Coverage in Norway.” American Journal of Political Science 46 (2): 428–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brooke, James. 2002. “Ex-Korean Chief's Daughter Rides Nostalgia Wave.” New York Times, April 21, 2002.Google Scholar
Campus, Donatella. 2013. Women Political Leaders and the Media. London: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Celis, Karen, Childs, Sarah, Kantola, Johanna, and Krook, Mona Lena. 2008. “Rethinking Women's Substantive Representation.” Representation 44 (2): 99110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chamyeo-yeondae (People Power 21). 2012. “18dae Daesun Ilgee [Understanding Campaign Platforms of the 18th Presidential Election (in Korean)].” Chamyeo-Sahoi, 8–15. http://www.peoplepower21.org/Politics/979634 (accessed August 21, 2017).Google Scholar
Childs, Sarah. 2002. “Hitting the Target: Are Labour Women MPs ‘Acting For’ Women?Parliamentary Affairs 55 (1): 143–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Childs, Sarah, and Krook, Mona Lena. 2009. “Analysing Women's Substantive Representation: From Critical Mass to Critical Actors.” Government and Opposition 44 (2): 125–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Col, Jeanne-Marie. 2013. “Managing Softly in Turbulent Times: Corazon C. Aquino, President of the Philippines.” In Women as Political Leaders: Studies in Gender and Governing, ed. Genovese, Michael A. and Steckenrider, Janie S.. London: Sage, 1442.Google Scholar
Democratic Party Women's Committee. 2014. Yeo-seong dae-tong-nyeong si-dae, yeo-seong-deu-reun haeng-bok-an-ga? bak-geun-hye jeong-bu 1nyeon nyeo-seong-jeong-chaek pyeong-ga to-ron-hoe [Are Women Happy under the Park Government? Assessing Women Policies during the First Year of Park's Presidency (in Korean)]. Seoul: Democratic Party Women's Committee.Google Scholar
Derichs, Claudia, Fleschenberg, Andrea, and Hüstebeck, Momoyo. 2006. “Gendering Moral Capital: Morality as a Political Asset and Strategy of Top Female Politicians in Asia.” Critical Asian Studies 38 (3): 245–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dodson, Debra L. 2006. The Impact of Women in Congress. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dodson, Debra L., and Carroll, Susan J.. 1991. Reshaping the Agenda: Women in State Legislatures. New Brunswick, NJ: Center for the American Women and Politics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey.Google Scholar
Escobar-Lemmon, Maria C., Schwindt-Bayer, Leslie A., and Taylor-Robinson, Michelle M.. 2014. “Representing Women: Empirical Insights from Legislatures and Cabinets in Latin America.” In Representation: The Case of Women, ed. Escobar-Lemmon, Maria C. and Taylor-Robinson, Michelle M.. New York: Oxford University Press, 205–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Everett, Jana. 2013. “Indira Gandhi and the Exercise of Power.” In Women as Political Leaders: Studies in Gender and Governing, ed. Genovese, Michael A. and Steckenrider, Janie S.. London: Sage, 103–34.Google Scholar
Franceschet, Susan, Krook, Mona Lena, and Piscopo, Jennifer M.. 2012. “Conceptualizing the Impact of Gender Quotas.” In The Impact of Gender Quotas, ed. Franceschet, Susan, Krook, Mona Lena, and Piscopo, Jennifer M.. New York: Oxford University Press, 326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Genovese, Michael A. 2013a. “Margaret Thatcher and the Politics of Conviction Leadership.” In Women as Political Leaders: Studies in Gender and Governing, ed. Genovese, Michael A. and Steckenrider, Janie S.. New York: Routledge, 270305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Genovese, Michael A. 2013b. “Women as Political Leaders: Does Gender Matter?” In Women as Political Leaders: Studies in Gender and Governing, ed. Genovese, Michael A. and Steckenrider, Janie S.. New York: Routledge, 113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Genovese, Michael A., and Steckenrider, Janie S., eds. 2013. Women as Political Leaders: Studies in Gender and Governing. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Go, Sugho, and Sohn, Young-Il. 2012. “Park Geun-Hye, yeo-seong-jeong-chaek gong-yak 7ga-ji je-si, min-ju dae-seon-ju-ja 7in nyeo-seong-jeong-chi-kaem-peu ji-pap [Park Proposes 7 Women-Friendly Policies (in Korean)].” Donga Ilbo, July 20, 2012. http://news.donga.com/rel/3/all/20120720/47906284/1 (accessed August 21, 2017).Google Scholar
Government of Republic of Korea. 2013. 2013 Seong-in-ji-ye-san-seo [2013 Gender Sensitive Budget Estimate (in Korean)]. Seoul: Government of Republic of Korea.Google Scholar
Hinojosa, Magda. 2012. Selecting Women, Electing Women: Political Representation and Candidate Selection in Latin America. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Hyundai Research Institute. 2013. Weekly Economic Review, May 16, 2013. Seoul, Korea. http://hri.co.kr/upload/publication/20135208722%5B1%5D.pdf (accessed August 21, 2017).Google Scholar
Jalalzai, Farida. 2010. “Madam President: Gender, Power, and the Comparative Presidency.” Journal of Women, Politics & Policy 31 (2): 132–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jalalzai, Farida. 2013. Shattered, Cracked, or Firmly Intact: Women and the Executive Glass Ceiling Worldwide. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jalalzai, Farida. 2016. Women Presidents of Latin America: Beyond Family Ties? New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Jalalzai, Farida, and dos Santos, Pedro G.. 2015. “The Dilma Effect? Women's Representation under Dilma Rousseff's Presidency.” Politics & Gender 11 (1): 117–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jung, GaYoung. 2015. “Jeong-bu bo-yuk-jeong-chaek gae-pyeon um-ji-gim-e t-si-kkeul-t bu-mo-deul t-o-rak-ga-rak bo-yuk-jeong-chaek mi-deul su eop-da-t bul-sin [Controversies over the Government's Attempt to Change Childcare Policies (in Korean)].” Baby News, January 28, 2015. http://m.zum.com/news/society/19408800 (accessed August 21, 2017).Google Scholar
Kim, Hwa-Young, and Kim, Youn-Jeong. 2012. “Park Geun-Hye, eo-meo-ni-ga-teun hui-saeng pi-ryo, jeong-bu-yo-ji-ge yeo-seong jung-yong [Park Promised to Recruit More Women to High-Ranking Posts in the New Government (in Korean)].” Yonhap News, October 28, 2012. http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/politics/2012/10/28/0505000000AKR20121028061100001.HTML (accessed August 21, 2017).Google Scholar
Kim, Hyung Joon. 2014. “A Study on the Trend in Voting Behavior and Political Orientation of Female Voters: Focusing on the 2012 Korean Presidential Election.” The Women's Studies 86 (1): 71101.Google Scholar
Kim, Jong-Wook, Hun-Tae Kim, Byung-Jin Ahn, Cheol-Hee Lee, Han-Wool Jeong 2010. Park Geun-Hye Hyungsang: Jinbo Nongael Daejoong Sokeui Park Geun-Hye Rool Haemyong Haha. Seoul: Wisdom House.Google Scholar
Kim, Kyunghee, and Song, Inja. 2008. Je 3cha yeo-seong-jeong-chaek-gi-bon-gye-hoek chu-jin-gwa-je-ui seong-in-ji bul-lyu-gi-jun ma-ryeon nyeon-gu [Study on Establishing Classification Criteria of Gender-Awareness Policies of the Third Women Development Masterplan (in Korean)]. Ministry of Gender Equality and Family, Seoul, Korea: Ministry of Gender Equality.Google Scholar
Kirk, Don. 2001. “Candidate for President Invokes Korea of Her Father.” New York Times, December 19, 2001. http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/19/world/candidate-for-president-invokes-korea-of-her-father.html (accessed August 26, 2017).Google Scholar
Korean National Election Commission. 2012. “Presidential Candidates’ Campaign Platform.” National Election Commission. http://policy.nec.go.kr/download/136596630_3.pdf (accessed August 27, 2017).Google Scholar
Korean National Election Commission. 2016. “Online Resource Center Database.” http://info.nec.go.kr (accessed August 21, 2017).Google Scholar
Krook, Mona Lena, and O'Brien, Diana Z.. 2012. “All the President's Men? The Appointment of Female Cabinet Ministers Worldwide.” The Journal of Politics 74 (3): 840–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, Jung-won, and Lee, Hye-min. 2014. Bo-yuk-jeong-chae-gui seong-gwa-wa gwa-je [Accomplishments and Challenges of Childcare Policies (in Korean)]. Korea Institute of Child Care and Education, Seoul, Korea: Korea Institute of Child Care and Education.Google Scholar
Lee, Sook-Jin. 2013. “The Political Empowerment of Women and Making of Female President in Korea: Park Geun-Hye Regime Critically Viewed by the Perspective of Christian Feminist Ethics.” Christian Social Ethics 26: 5579.Google Scholar
Lee, Young-Im. 2016. “From First Daughter to First Lady to First Woman President: Park Geun-Hye's Path to the South Korean Presidency.” Feminist Media Studies 17(3): 377391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lim, Sunhee, Kim, Jaein, Jee, Hongmin, Kang, Namsik, and Jo, Yeonsook. 2007. Je-2-cha yeo-seong-jeong-chaek-gi-bon-gye-hoek (2003–2007) si-haeng-e tta-reun nyeon-do-byeol rye-san-byeon-dong mit seong-gwa-bun-seok [Budgets and Accomplishments of the Second Women Development Masterplan (2003–2007). Ministry of Gender Equality and Family, Seoul, Korea.Google Scholar
Ministry of Employment and Labor. 2015. “2015 Tonggyero boneun yeosungiu sam [Statistics on Women's Lives (in Korean).” Statistics Bureau.Google Scholar
Ministry of Employment and Labor. 2016. “Paternity Leave.” Ministry of Employment and Labor. http://www.moel.go.kr/policyinfo/woman/view.jsp?cate=4&sec=1 (accessed April 28, 2016).Google Scholar
Ministry of Gender Equality. 2001. Nam-nyeo-pyeong-deung-han min-ju in-gwon-bok-ji-guk-ga sil-hyeo-neul rwi-han nyeo-seong-jeong-chaek chu-jin-gye-hoek [Women Policies to Achieve a Democratic, Gender-Equal Welfare State (in Korean)]. Seoul: Ministry of Gender Equality.Google Scholar
Ministry of Gender Equality. 2002. Yeo-seong-jeong-chaek chu-jin-gye-hoek [Implementation Strategies for Women Policies (in Korean)]. Seoul: Ministry of Gender Equality.Google Scholar
Ministry of Gender Equality. 2003a. 2003 ju-yo-hyeon-an-eom-mu-bo-go [Major Women Policy Objectives of Year 2003 (in Korean)]. Seoul: Ministry of Gender Equality.Google Scholar
Ministry of Gender Equality. 2003b. Je-1-cha yeo-seong-jeong-chaek-gi-bon-gye-hoek (1998–2002) ju-yo chu-jin-seong-gwa [Major Accomplishments of the First Masterplan for Women Development Policies (in Korean)]. Seoul: Ministry of Gender Equality.Google Scholar
Ministry of Gender Equality. 2005. 2005nyeon-do eom-mu-gye-hoek [Major Women Policy Objectives of Year 2005 (in Korean)]. Seoul: Ministry of Gender Equality.Google Scholar
Ministry of Gender Equality. 2006. 2006nyeon-do ju-yo-eom-mu-gye-hoek [Major Women Policy Objectives of Year 2006 (in Korean)]. Seoul: Ministry of Gender Equality.Google Scholar
Ministry of Gender Equality. 2008. Mi-rae-reul ryeo-neun nyeo-seong, ham-kke-ha-neun pyeong-deung sa-hoe - yeo-seong-bu-nya guk-jeong-gwa-je sil-cheon gye-hoek [Major Women Policy Objectives of 2008 (in Korean)]. Seoul: Ministry of Gender Equality.Google Scholar
Ministry of Gender Equality. 2012. 2012nyeon-do eom-mu-chu-jin-gye-hoek [Major Women Policy Objectives of Year 2012 (in Korean)]. Seoul: Ministry of Gender Equality.Google Scholar
Ministry of Gender Equality and Family. 2007. Je-2-cha yeo-seong-jeong-chaek-gi-bon-gye-hoek [The Second Women Development Masterplan (in Korean)]. Seoul: Ministry of Gender Equality.Google Scholar
Ministry of Gender Equality and Family. 2013a. 2013–2017 je-4-cha yeo-seong-jeong-chaek-gi-bon-gye-hoek [The Fourth Women Development Masterplan (in Korean)]. Seoul: Ministry of Gender Equality.Google Scholar
Ministry of Gender Equality and Family. 2013b. 2013nyeon-do eom-mu-chu-jin-gye-hoek - yeo-seong-haeng-bok ga-jok-aeng-bok gung-min-haeng-bok gyeo-seong-ga-jok-bu-ga ap-jang-seo-get-seum-ni-da [Major Women Policy Objectives in 2013 (in Korean)]. Seoul: Ministry of Gender Equality.Google Scholar
Ministry of Gender Equality and Family. 2015. “Chungbo gonggae-gukhoi jaryo.” http://www.mogef.go.kr/korea/view/policy/policy05e.jsp (accessed August 10, 2015).Google Scholar
Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs. 2016. “Government Commission.” http://org.moi.go.kr/org/external/about/CommiteeIntro_sub01.jsp (Accessed January 1, 2016).Google Scholar
Ministry of Health and Welfare. 2016. “Childcare Statistics.” Statistics Bureau. http://www.index.go.kr/potal/main/EachDtlPageDetail.do?idx_cd=1583 (accessed April 28, 2016).Google Scholar
The National Assembly Information System. “Bill Tracking Database.” http://likms.assembly.go.kr/ (accessed January 1, 2015).Google Scholar
Oh, Yoo-seok. 2014. “Yeo-seong-dae-tong-nyeong si-dae yeo-seong-jeong-chae-gui pyeong-ga-wa jeon-mang [An Analysis of Women Policies of the Park Geun-Hye Government (in Korean)].” Minjoo sahoiwa jeongchaek yeongoo 26: 201–30.Google Scholar
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2016a. “Employment Rate (Indicator).” OECD Data. https://data.oecd.org/emp/employment-rate.htm (accessed May 3, 2016).Google Scholar
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2016b. “Gender Wage Gap (Indicator).” OECD Data. https://data.oecd.org/earnwage/gender-wage-gap.htm (May 3, 2016).Google Scholar
Park, Geun-Hye. 2007. Jeonmangeun Nareul Danryong Sikigo Huimangeun Nareul Woomjikinda [Park Geun-Hye's Autobiography (in Korean)]. Seoul: Wisdom House.Google ScholarPubMed
Schwindt-Bayer, Leslie A. 2010. “Comparison and Integration: A Path toward a Comparative Politics of Gender.” Perspectives on Politics 8 (1): 177–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siaroff, Alan. 2003. “Comparative Presidencies: The Inadequacy of the Presidential, Semi-Presidential and Parliamentary Distinction.” European Journal of Political Research 42 (3): 287312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Squires, Judith. 2008. “The Constitutive Representation of Gender: Extra-Parliamentary Representations of Gender Relations.” Representation 44 (22): 187204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Statistics Bureau. 2016a. Go-yong-dong-hyang [Trend in Labor Participation in South Korea as of March 2016 (in Korean)]. Seoul: Statistics Bureau. http://kostat.go.kr/portal/korea/kor_nw/2/3/2/index.board?bmode=read&bSeq=&aSeq=352658&pageNo=1&rowNum=10&navCount=10&currPg=&sTarget=title&sTxt= (accessed May 3, 2016).Google Scholar
Statistics Bureau. 2016b. “Share of Women Appointees in the Government Committees.” http://www.index.go.kr/potal/main/EachDtlPageDetail.do?idx_cd=1589 (accessed January 3, 2016).Google Scholar
Swers, Michele L. 2002. The Difference Women Make: The Policy Impact of Women in Congress. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thames, Frank C., and Williams, Margaret S.. 2013. Contagious Representation: Women's Political Representation in Democracies around the World. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Thompson, Mark P. 2002. “Female Leadership of Democratic Transitions in Asia.” Pacific Affairs 75 (4): 535–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiliarty, Sarah Elise. 2010. “How the Iron Curtain Helped Break through the Glass Ceiling: Angela Merkel's Campaigns in 2005 and 2009.” In Cracking the Highest Glass Ceiling: A Global Comparison of Women's Campaigns for Executive Office, ed. Murray, Rainbow. Santa Barbara: Praeger, 137–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
World Values Survey. 2015. “World Values Survey.” http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/wvs.jsp (accessed August 21, 2017).Google Scholar
Yang, Kwon-Mo. 1997. “Hannara Park Geun-Hye Yoo Dong-Geun-ssi yeongip chujin [Grand National Party Approaches Park and Yoo].” Kyonghyang Shinmun, December 3, 1997.Google Scholar
Yoon, Hongsik. 2014. “Family Policy in Park Geun-Hye Administration: The Expansion of Inequality in Gender and Classes.” Economy and Society 101: 87116.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Lee and Jalalzai supplementary material

Tables A1-A3

Download Lee and Jalalzai supplementary material(File)
File 21.5 KB
Supplementary material: File

Lee and Jalalzai supplementary material

Abstract

Download Lee and Jalalzai supplementary material(File)
File 13.9 KB