Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7fkt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T02:19:54.877Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Causal Complexity and the Study of Politics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 January 2017

Bear F. Braumoeller*
Affiliation:
Department of Government, Littauer Center, Harvard University, North Yard, Cambridge, MA 02138. e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Theories that posit complex causation, or multiple causal paths, pervade the study of politics but have yet to find accurate statistical expression. To remedy this situation I derive new econometric procedures, Boolean probit and logit, based on the logic of complexity. The solution provides an answer to a puzzle in the rational deterrence literature: the divergence between theory and case-study findings, on the one hand, and the findings of quantitative studies, on the other, on the issue of the role of capabilities and willingness in the initiation of disputes. It also makes the case that different methodological traditions, rather than settling into “separate but equal” status, can instead inform and enrich one another.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Political Methodology Section of the American Political Science Association 2003 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abowd, J. M., and Farber, H. S. 1982. “Job Queues and the Union Status of Workers.” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 35:354367.Google Scholar
Achen, C. H. 1999. “Retrospective Sampling in International Relations.” Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Midwestern Political Science Association, Chicago, IL.Google Scholar
Achen, C. H. 2002. “Toward a New Political Methodology: Microfoundations and ART.” Annual Review of Political Science 5:423450.Google Scholar
Aldrich, J. H., and Nelson, F. D. 1984. Linear Probability, Logit, and Probit Models (Sage University Paper Series on Qualitative Applications in the Social Sciences, series no. 07-045). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Alker, H. R. Jr. 1966. “The Long Road to International Relations Theory: Problems of Statistical Nonadditivity.” World Politics 18:623655.Google Scholar
Banaszak, L. A. 1996. Why Movements Succeed or Fail: Opportunity, Culture, and the Struggle for Woman Suffrage (Princeton Studies in American Politics: Historical, International, and Comparative Perspectives). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Bartolini, S., and Mair, P. 1990. Identity, Competition, and Electoral Availability: The Stabilization of European Electorates 1885-1985. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bellman, R. E. 1961. Adaptive Control Processes: A Guided Tour. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Bennett, A., and George, A. 1997. “Research Design Tasks in Case Study Methods.” In MacArthur Foundation Workshop on Case Study Methods. Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs (BCSIA), Harvard University.Google Scholar
Blainey, G. 1973. The Causes of War. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Braumoeller, B., and Goertz, G. 2000. “The Methodology of Necessary Conditions.” American Journal of Political Science 44:844858.Google Scholar
Bueno de Mesquita, B. 1981. The War Trap. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Bueno de Mesquita, B. 1985. “The War Trap Revisited: A Revised Expected Utility Model.” American Political Science Review 79:156177.Google Scholar
Cioffi-Revilla, C., and Starr, H. 1995. “Opportunity, Willingness and Political Uncertainty: Theoretical Foundations of Politics.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 7:447476.Google Scholar
Colomer, J. M. 1991. “Transitions by Agreement: Modeling the Spanish Way.” American Political Science Review 85:12831302.Google Scholar
Converse, P. 1964. The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics. In Ideology and Discontent, ed. Apter, D. New York: Free Press, pp. 206261.Google Scholar
Cowhey, P. F. 1990. “The International Telecommunications Regime: The Political Roots of Regimes for High Technology.” International Organization 44:169199.Google Scholar
Dassel, K., and Reinhardt, E. 1999. “Domestic Strife and the Initiation of Violence at Home and Abroad.” American Journal of Political Science 43:5685.Google Scholar
Dion, D. 1998. “Evidence and Inference in the Comparative Case Study.” Comparative Politics 30:127145.Google Scholar
Doyle, M. W. 1983a. “Kant, Liberal Legacies, and Foreign Affairs.” Philosophy and Public Affairs 12:205235.Google Scholar
Doyle, M. W. 1983b. “Kant, Liberal Legacies, and Foreign Affairs, Part 2.” Philosophy and Public Affairs 12:323353.Google Scholar
Evangelista, M. 1995. “The Paradox of State Strength: Transnational Relations, Domestic Structures, and Security Policy in Russia and the Soviet Union.” International Organization 49:138.Google Scholar
Fearon, J. D. 1994a. “Domestic Political Audiences and the Escalation of International Disputes.” American Political Science Review 88:577592.Google Scholar
Fearon, J. D. 1994b. “Signaling versus the Balance of Power and Interests: An Empirical Test of a Crisis Bargaining Model.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 38:236269.Google Scholar
Fearon, J. D. 1995. “Rationalist Explanations for War.” International Organization 49:379414.Google Scholar
Geller, D. S., and Singer, J. D. 1998. Nations at War: A Scientific Study of International Conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
George, A. L., and Smoke, R. 1974. Deterrence in American Foreign Policy: Theory and Practice. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Goertz, G. 1994. Contexts of International Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Goldmark, J. C. 1904. “Street Labor and Juvenile Delinquency.” Political Science Quarterly 19:417438.Google Scholar
Good, I. J. 1985. “Causal Propensity: A Review.” In PSA 1984, Vol. 2, eds. Asquith, P. D. and Kitcher, P. East Lansing, MI: Philosophy of Science Association, pp. 829850.Google Scholar
Greene, W. H. 2000. Econometric Analysis, 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Hirlinger, M. W. 1992. “Citizen-Initiated Contacting of Local Government Officials: A Multivariate Explanation.” Journal of Politics 54:553564.Google Scholar
Hirschman, A. O. 1970. Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Hobbes, T. 1651 (1997). Leviathan, New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, S. H. 1959. “International Relations: The Long Road to Theory.” World Politics 11:346377.Google Scholar
Huntington, S. P. 1958. “Arms Races: Prerequisites and Results.” Public Policy 8:4183.Google Scholar
Huntington, S. P. 1991. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Huth, P. 1996. Standing Your Ground: Territorial Disputes and International Conflict. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Huth, P., and Russett, B. 1984. “What Makes Deterrence Work? Cases from 1900-1980.” World Politics 36:496526.Google Scholar
Huth, P. K. 1988. Extended Deterrence and the Prevention of War. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Jennings, M. K., and Andersen, E. A. 1996. “Support for Confrontational Tactics among AIDS Activists: A Study of Intra-Movement Divisions.” American Journal of Political Science 40:311334.Google Scholar
Jervis, R. 1978. “Cooperation Under the Security Dilemma.” World Politics 30:167214.Google Scholar
Jervis, R. 1997. System Effects: Complexity in Political and Social Life. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Kinder, D. R., and Mendelberg, T. 1995. “Cracks in American Apartheid: The Political Impact of Prejudice Among Desegregated Whites.” Journal of Politics 57:402424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, G. 1989. Unifying Political Methodology: The Likelihood Theory of Statistical Inference. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kiser, E., and Levi, M. 1996. Using Counterfactuals in Historical Analysis: Theories of Revolution. In Counterfactual Thought Experiments in World Politics: Logical, Methodological, and Psychological Perspectives, eds. Tetlock, P. E. and Belkin, A. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 187207.Google Scholar
Krutz, G. S., Flesher, R., and Bond, J. R. 1998. “From Abe Fortas to Zoe Baird: Why Some Presidential Nominations Fail in the Senate.” American Political Science Review 92:871881.Google Scholar
Levy, J. 1983. “Misperception and the Causes of War: Theoretical Linkages and Analytical Problems.” World Politics 36:7699.Google Scholar
Lijphart, A. 1963. “The Analysis of Bloc Voting in the General Assembly: A Critique and a Proposal.” American Political Science Review 57:902917.Google Scholar
Lupia, A., and Strom, K. 1995. “Coalition Termination and the Strategic Timing of Parliamentary Elections.” American Political Science Review 89:648665.Google Scholar
Mackie, J. L. 1965. “Causes and Conditions.” American Philosophical Quarterly 2:245264.Google Scholar
Maddala, G. S. 1994. Limited-Dependent and Qualitative Variables in Economics (Econometric Society Monographs). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Maltzman, F., and Wahlbeck, P. J. 1996. “Strategic Policy Considerations and Voting Fluidity on the Burger Court.” American Political Science Review 90:581592.Google Scholar
Manton, K. G., Stallard, E., and Tolley, H. D. 1991. “Limits to Human Life Expectancy: Evidence, Prospects, and Implications.” Population and Development Review 17:603637.Google Scholar
Manton, K. G., Tolley, H. D., and Poss, S. S. 1976. “Life Table Techniques for Multiple-Cause Mortality.” Demography 13:541564.Google Scholar
Maoz, Z. 1983. “Resolve, Capabilities, and the Outcomes of Interstate Disputes, 1816-1976.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 27:195229.Google Scholar
McDermott, M. 1997. “Voting Cues in Low-Information Elections: Candidate Gender as a Social Information Variable in Contemporary United States Elections.” American Journal of Political Science 41:270283.Google Scholar
McKenzie, R. T., and Silver, A. 1967. The Delicate Experiment: Industrialism, Conservatism, and Working-Class Tories in England. In Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-National Perspectives, eds. Lipset, S. M. and Rokkan, S. New York: The Free Press, pp. 115125.Google Scholar
Moore, B. Jr. 1966. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Moravcsik, A. 1997. “Taking Preferences Seriously: A Liberal Theory of International Politics.” International Organization 51:513553.Google Scholar
Morrow, J. 1999. The Strategic Setting of Choices: Signaling, Commitment, and Negotiation in International Politics. In Strategic Choice and International Relations, eds. Lake, D. A. and Powell, R. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 77114.Google Scholar
Morrow, J. D. 1991. “Alliances and Asymmetry: An Alternative to the Capability Aggregation Model of Alliances.” American Journal of Political Science 35:904933.Google Scholar
Most, B., and Starr, H. 1989. Inquiry, Logic, and International Politics. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Most, B. A., and Starr, H. 1984. “International Relations Theory, Foreign Policy Substitutability, and ‘Nice’ Laws.” World Politics 36:383406.Google Scholar
Mueller, J. 1988. “The Essential Irrelevance of Nuclear Weapons: Stability in the Postwar World.” International Security 13:4569.Google Scholar
Nagler, J. 1994. “Scobit: An Alternative Estimator to Logit and Probit.” American Journal of Political Science 38:230255.Google Scholar
Organski, A. F. K., and Kugler, J. 1980. The War Ledger. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Peterson, M. A. 1990. Legislating Together: The White House and Capitol Hill from Eisenhower to Reagan. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Poirier, D. J. 1980. “Partial Observability in Bivariate Probit Models.” Journal of Econometrics 12:209217.Google Scholar
Posen, B. 1984. The Sources of Military Doctrine: France, Britain and Germany Between the World Wars. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Prentice, R. L. 1976. “A Generalization of the Probit and Logit Methods for Dose Response Curves.” Biometrics 32:761768.Google Scholar
Przeworski, A., and Vreeland, J. R. 2002. “A Statistical Model of Bilateral Cooperation.” Political Analysis 10:101112.Google Scholar
Ragin, C. C. 1987. The Comparative Method: Moving Beyond Qualitative and Quantitative Strategies. Berkeley, University of California Press.Google Scholar
Ragsdale, L., and Rusk, J. G. 1993. “Who Are Nonvoters? Profiles from the 1990 Senate Elections.” American Journal of Political Science 37:721746.Google Scholar
Reed, W. 2000. “A Unified Statistical Model of Conflict Onset and Escalation.” American Journal of Political Science 44:8493.Google Scholar
Riker, W. H., and Sened, I. 1991. “A Political Theory of the Origins of Property Rights: Airport Slots.” American Journal of Political Science 35:951969.Google Scholar
Salmon, W. 1998. Causality and Explanation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Schelling, T. C. 1966. Arms and Influence. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Schmidt, P. 1984. “Limited-Dependent and Qualitative Variables in Econometrics (Review).” Journal of the American Statistical Association 79:738.Google Scholar
Shain, Y., and Linz, J. J., eds. 1995. Between States: Interim Governments and Democratic Transitions (Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sikkink, K. 1993. “Human Rights, Principled Issue-Networks, and Sovereignty in Latin America.” International Organization 47:411441.Google Scholar
Skocpol, T. 1979. States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Smith, A. 1999. “Testing Theories of Strategic Choice: The Example of Crisis Escalation.” American Journal of Political Science 43:12541283.Google Scholar
Sniderman, P. M., Carmines, E. G., Layman, G. C., and Carter, M. 1996. “Beyond Race: Social Justice as a Race Neutral Ideal.” American Journal of Political Science 40:3355.Google Scholar
Stein, J. G. 1987. “Extended Deterrence in the Middle East: American Strategy Reconsidered.” World Politics 39:326352.Google Scholar
Tetlock, P. E., and Belkin, A., eds. 1996. Counterfactual Thought Experiments in World Politics: Logical, Methodological, and Psychological Perspectives. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Venn, J. 1866. The Logic of Chance. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Western, B. 1998. “Causal Heterogeneity in Comparative Research: A Bayesian Hierarchical Modelling Approach.” American Journal of Political Science 42:12331259.Google Scholar
Zaller, J. R. 1992. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Braumoeller supplementary material

Supplementary Material

Download Braumoeller supplementary material(File)
File 47.4 KB