Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7fkt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T18:35:25.290Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Uqsuqtuurmiut inuita tuktumi qaujimaningit (Inuit knowledge of caribou from Gjoa Haven, Nunavut): Collaborative research contributions to co-management efforts

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 October 2018

Gita Ljubicic Open the ORCID record for Gita Ljubicic [Opens in a new window] ,
Simon Okpakok ,
Sean Robertson  and
Rebecca Mearns
Gita Ljubicic*
Affiliation:
Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
Simon Okpakok
Affiliation:
P.O. Box 81, Gjoa Haven, Nunavut X0B 1J0, Canada
Sean Robertson
Affiliation:
Faculty of Native Studies, University of Alberta, 2-31 Pembina Hall, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H8, Canada
Rebecca Mearns
Affiliation:
Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
*
E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Caribou (tuktuit) are embedded in northern life, and have been part of Inuit culture and seasonal rounds for generations. In Inuit Nunangat (Inuit homelands), tuktuit are the most prevalent of country foods consumed, and remain interconnected with Inuit values, beliefs and practices. Despite co-management mandates to consider Inuit and scientific knowledge equally, the intertwined colonial legacies of research and wildlife management render this challenging. In Uqsuqtuuq (Gjoa Haven, Nunavut), community members identified the importance of documenting Inuit knowledge in order to be taken more seriously by researchers and government managers. To address this priority we worked with Uqsuqtuurmiut (people of Uqsuqtuuq) to articulate which types of tuktuit are found on or near Qikiqtaq (King William Island), provide a historical perspective of tuktuit presence/absence in the region, and describe seasonal movements of tuktuit on and off the island. In reflecting on potential intersections of our work with the Government of Nunavut strategy “Working Together for Caribou”, we identify several considerations in support of Qanuqtuurniq (information and knowledge acquisition): defining information needs, recognising and valuing Inuit knowledge, and developing and implementing credible research. By sharing lessons from our collaborative process we aim to contribute to broader cross-cultural research and co-management efforts in Nunavut.

Keywords

Inuit knowledgecaribou (tuktuit)collaborative researchco-managementGjoa Haven (Uqsuqtuuq)Nunavut
Type
Research Article
Information
Polar Record , Volume 54 , Issue 3 , May 2018 , pp. 213 - 233
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aaluk, L. (2012a). Interview in Gjoa Haven, Nunavut. Interviewed by Robertson, S. Interview date: 29 August 2012.Google Scholar
Aaluk, P. (2012b). Interview in Gjoa Haven, Nunavut. Interviewed by Robertson, S. Interpreted by Aaluk, L. Interview date: 22 August 2012.Google Scholar
Adams, M., Carpenter, J., Housty, J., Neasloss, D., Paquet, P., Walkus, J., & Darimont, C. T. (2014). Towards increased engagement between academic and indigenous community partners in ecological research. Ecology and Society, 19(3), 5.Google Scholar
Aglukkaq, W. (2012a). Interview in Gjoa Haven, Nunavut. Interviewed by Mearns, R., & Robertson, S. Interview date: 27 July 2012.Google Scholar
Aglukkaq, K. (2012b). Interview in Gjoa Haven, Nunavut. Interviewed by Mearns, R., & Robertson, S. Interview date: 15 August 2012.Google Scholar
Aglukkaq, M. (2012c). Interview in Gjoa Haven, Nunavut. Interviewed by Mearns, R., & Robertson, S. Interpreted by Aaluk, L. Interview date 17 August 2012.Google Scholar
Akkikungnaq, P. (2013). Interview in Gjoa Haven, Nunavut. Interviewed by Robertson, S. Interview date: 24 July 2013.Google Scholar
Akoak, J. (2012). Interview in Gjoa Haven, Nunavut. Interviewed by Mearns, R., & Robertson, S. Interpreted by Mearns, R. Interview date: 16 August 2012.Google Scholar
Anavilok, A. (2012). Interview in Gjoa Haven, Nunavut. Interviewed by Mearns, R., & Robertson, S. Interview date: 15 August 2012.Google Scholar
Anderson, D. G., & Nuttall, M. (Eds). (2004). Cultivating Arctic Landscapes: Knowing and Managing Animals in the Circumpolar North. London: Berghahn Books.Google Scholar
Aqilriaq, M. (2012). Interview in Gjoa Haven, Nunavut. Interviewed by Mearns, R., & Robertson, S. Interpreted by Okpakok, S. Interview date: 24 July 2012.Google Scholar
Aporta, C. (2009). The trail as home: Inuit and their pan-Arctic network of routes. Human Ecology, 37(2), 131–146.Google Scholar
Aqslaluk, S. (2013). Interview in Gjoa Haven, Nunavut. Interviewed by Robertson, S. Interpreted by Okpakok, S. Interview date: 19 July 2013.Google Scholar
Arqviq, J. (2012). Interview in Gjoa Haven, Nunavut. Interviewed by Mearns, R., & Robertson, S. Interview date: 15 August 2012.Google Scholar
Atkichok, J. (2012). Interview in Gjoa Haven, Nunavut. Interviewed by Mearns, R., & Robertson, S. Interpreted by Okpakok, S. Interview date: 26 July 2012.Google Scholar
Atkichok, M. (2013). Interview in Gjoa Haven, Nunavut. Interviewed by Robertson, S. Interpreted by Aaluk, L. Interview date: 24 July 2013.Google Scholar
Bates, P. (2007). Inuit and scientific philosophies about planning, prediction, and uncertainty. Arctic Anthropology, 44(2), 87–100.Google Scholar
Bayha, W. (2012). Using Indigenous stories in caribou co-management. Rangifer, 32(20), 25–29.Google Scholar
Beaulieu, D. (2012). Dene traditional knowledge about the caribou cycles in the Northwest Territories. Rangifer, 32(20), 59–67.Google Scholar
Bennett, K. (2002). Interviews and focus groups. In Shurmer-Smith, P. (Ed.), Doing Cultural Geography (pp. 151–164). London: SAGE Publications Ltd.Google Scholar
Bennett, J., & Rowley, S. (Eds). (2004). Uqalurait: An Oral History of Nunavut. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press.Google Scholar
Berkes, F. (2012). Sacred Ecology. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Brice-Bennett, C. (1976). Inuit land use in the east-central Canadian Arctic: Gjoa Haven. In Freeman, M. M. R. (Ed.), Inuit Land Use and Occupancy Project – Volume One: Land Use and Occupancy (pp. 76–81). Ottawa: Department of Indian and Northern Affairs.Google Scholar
Campbell, C. (2004). A genealogy of the concept of ‘wanton slaughter’ in Canadian wildlife biology. In Anderson, D. G., & Nuttall, M. (Eds), Cultivating Arctic Landscapes: Knowing and Managing Animals in the Circumpolar North (pp. 154–171). London: Berghahn Books.Google Scholar
Carter, T. (2012). Interview in Gjoa Haven, Nunavut. Interviewed by Robertson, S. Interview date: 3 August 2012.Google Scholar
Castleden, H., Morgan, V. S., & Lamb, C. (2012). “I spent the first year drinking tea”: Exploring Canadian university researchers’ perspectives on community-based participatory research involving Indigenous peoples. The Canadian Geographer, 56(2), 60–179.Google Scholar
Collignon, B. (2006). Knowing Places: The Inuinnait, Landscapes and the Environment. Edmonton: Canadian Circumpolar Institute Press.Google Scholar
Damas, D. (2002). Arctic Migrants/Arctic Villagers: The Transformation of Inuit Settlement in the Central Arctic. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press.Google Scholar
Dedats’eetsaa. (2017). “We watch everything”: A Methodology for Boots on the Ground Caribou Monitoring. Behchokǫ: Dedats’eetsaa (Tłıcho Research and Training Institute).Google Scholar
Donaldson, S. G., Van Oostdam, J., Tikhonov, C., Feeley, M., Armstrong, B., Ayotte, P., … Shearer, R. G. (2010). Environmental contaminants and human health in the Canadian Arctic. Science of the Total Environment, 408(22), 5165–5234.Google Scholar
Dumond, M., & Lee, D. S. (2013). Dolphin and Union caribou herd status and trend. Arctic, 66(3), 329–337.Google Scholar
Dumond, M., Sather, S., & Harmer, R. (2013). Observation of Arctic island barren-ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) migratory movement delay due to human induced sea-ice breaking. Rangifer, 33(21), 115–122.Google Scholar
Eleehetook, P. (2012). Interview in Gjoa Haven, Nunavut. Interviewed by Robertson, S. Interpreted by Aaluk, L. Interview date: 22 August 2012.Google Scholar
Eleehetook, R. (2013). Interview in Gjoa Haven, Nunavut. Interviewed by Robertson, S. Interpreted by Okpakok, S. Interview date: 19 July 2013.Google Scholar
Ferguson, M. A., & Messier, F. (1997). Collection and analysis of traditional ecological knowledge about a population of Arctic tundra caribou. Arctic, 50(1), 17–28.Google Scholar
Ferguson, M. A., Williamson, R. G., & Messier, F. (1998). Inuit knowledge of long-term changes in a population of Arctic tundra caribou. Arctic, 51(3), 201–219.Google Scholar
Fox, S. (2002). These are things that are really happening: Inuit perspectives on the evidence and impacts of climate change in Nunavut. In Krupnik, I., & Jolly, D. (Eds), The Earth is Faster Now: Indigenous Observations of Arctic Environmental Change (pp. 12–53). Fairbanks: Arctic Research Consortium of the United States in cooperation with the Arctic Studies Center, Smithsonian Institution.Google Scholar
Freeman, M. M. R. (Ed.). (1976). Inuit Land Use and Occupancy Project (Three Volumes). Ottawa: Department of Indian and Northern Affairs.Google Scholar
Gearheard, S., & Shirley, J. (2007). Challenges in community–research relationships: Learning from natural science in Nunavut. Arctic, 60(1), 62–74.Google Scholar
Government of Canada, & Tunngavik Federation of Nunavut. (1993). Agreement Between the Inuit of the Nunavut Settlement Area and Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Iqaluit: Government of Canada and Tunngavik Federation of Nunavut.Google Scholar
Government of Nunavut. (2011). Working Together for Caribou: Nunavut Caribou Strategy. Iqaluit: Government of Nunavut.Google Scholar
Government of Nunavut. (2013). Incorporating Inuit Societal Values. Iqaluit: Government of Nunavut.Google Scholar
Gunn, A., & Ashevak, J. (1990). Distribution, Abundance and History of Caribou and Muskoxen North and South of Boothia Isthmus, NWT, May–June 1985 (File Report No. 90). Coppermine: Department of Renewable Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories.Google Scholar
Gunn, A., & Dragon, J. (1998). Status of Caribou and Muskox Populations Within the Prince of Wales Island–Somerset Island–Boothia Peninsula complex, NWT, July–August 1995 (File Report No. 122). Yellowknife: Department of Resources, Wildlife and Economic Development, Government of the Northwest Territories.Google Scholar
Gunn, A., & Fournier, B. (2000a). Identification and Substantiation of Caribou Calving Grounds on the NWT Mainland and Islands (File Report No. 123). Yellowknife: Department of Resources, Wildlife and Economic Development, Government of the Northwest Territories.Google Scholar
Gunn, A., & Fournier, B. (2000b). Caribou Herd Delimitation and Seasonal Movements Based on Satellite Telemetry on Victoria Island 1987–89 (File Report No. 125). Yellowknife: Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Government of Northwest Territories.Google Scholar
Gunn, A., Buchan, A., Fournier, B., & Nishi, J. (1997). Victoria Island Caribou Migrations Across Dolphin and Union Strait and Coronation Gulf from the Mainland Coast, 1976–94. Yellowknife: Department of Resources, Wildlife and Economic Development, Government of the Northwest Territories.Google Scholar
Gunn, A., Fournier, B., & Nishi, J. (2000). Abundance and Distribution of the Queen Maud Gulf Caribou Herd, 1986–98 (File Report No. 126). Yellowknife: Department of Resources, Wildlife and Economic Development, Government of the Northwest Territories.Google Scholar
Gunn, A., Miller, F., Barry, S., & Buchan, A. (2006). A near-total decline in caribou on Prince of Wales, Somerset, and Russell Islands, Canadian Arctic. Arctic, 59(1), 1–13.Google Scholar
Gunn, A., D’Hont, A., Williams, J., & Boulanger, J. (2013). Satellite Collaring in the Bathurst Herd of Barren-ground Caribou: 1996–2005 (Manuscript Report No. 225). Yellowknife: Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories.Google Scholar
Hamlet of Gjoa Haven (2011). History. Retrieved from http://gjoahaven.net/home/history.htmlGoogle Scholar
Healey, G., & Tagak, A. (2014). PILIRIQATIGIINNIQ ‘Working in a collaborative way for the common good’: A perspective on the space where health research methodology and Inuit epistemology come together. International Journal of Critical Indigenous Studies, 7(1), 1–14.Google Scholar
Hiqiniq, J. (2012). Interview in Gjoa Haven, Nunavut. Interviewed by Mearns, R., & Robertson, S. Interpreted by Okpakok, S. Interview date: 27 July 2012.Google Scholar
Hummel, M., & Ray, C. (2008). Caribou and the North: A Shared Future. Toronto: Dundurn Press Ltd.Google Scholar
Hummiktuq, L. (2012). Interview in Gjoa Haven, Nunavut. Interviewed by Robertson, S. Interpreted by Aaluk, L. Interview date: 23 August 2012.Google Scholar
Huntington, H. P. (1998). Observations on the utility of the semi-directive interview for documenting traditional ecological knowledge. Arctic, 51(3), 237–242.Google Scholar
Huntington, H. P., Brown-Schwalenberg, P. K., Frost, K. J., Fernandez-Giminez, M. E., Norton, D. W., & Rosenberg, D. H. (2002). Observations on the workshop as a means of improving communication between holders of traditional and scientific knowledge. Environmental Management, 30(6), 778–792.Google Scholar
Intergroup. (2008). Economic Valuation and Socio-cultural Perspectives of the Estimated Harvest of the Beverly and Qamanirjuaq Caribou Herds. Stonewall: Beverly and Qamanirjuaq Caribou Management Board.Google Scholar
Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami & Nunavut Research Institute. (2007). Negotiating Research Relationships with Inuit Communities: A Guide for Researchers. Ottawa and Iqaluit: Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami and Nunavut Research Institute.Google Scholar
Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami. (2018). National Inuit Strategy on Research. Ottawa: Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami.Google Scholar
Jenkins, D., Campbell, M., Hope, G., Goorts, J., & McLoughlin, P. (2011). Recent Trends in Abundance of Peary Caribou (Rangifer Tarandus Pearyi) and muskoxen (Ovibos Moschatus) in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago Nunavut (Wildlife Report, No. 1, Version 2). Pond Inlet: Department of Environment, Government of Nunavut.Google Scholar
Johnson, C. A., Neave, E., Blukacz-Richards, A., Banks, S. N., & Quesnelle, P. E. (2016). Knowledge Assessment (Community and Scientific) to Inform the Identification of Critical Habitat for Peary Caribou, Rangifer tarandus pearyi, in the Canadian Arctic. Ottawa: Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science and Technology.Google Scholar
Kamamalik, P. (2013). Interview in Gjoa Haven, Nunavut. Interviewed by Robertson, S. Interpreted by Aaluk, L. Interview date: 25 July 2013.Google Scholar
Kamookak, G. (2012). Interview in Gjoa Haven, Nunavut. Interviewed by Mearns, R., & Robertson, S. Interpreted by Okpakok, S. Interview date: 25 July 2012.Google Scholar
Keanik, J. (2012). Interview in Gjoa Haven, Nunavut. Interviewed by Robertson, S. Interview date: 29 July 2012.Google Scholar
Kendrick, A. (2002). Caribou co-management: Realizing conceptual differences. Rangifer, 22(13), 7–13.Google Scholar
Kendrick, A., Lyver, P. O’B., & Łutsël K’é Dene First Nation. (2005). Denésǫłıné (Chipewyan) knowledge of barren-ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) movements. Arctic, 58(2), 175–191.Google Scholar
Kendrick, M., & Manseau, M. (2008). Representing traditional knowledge: Resource management and Inuit knowledge of barren-ground caribou. Society and Natural Resources, 21(5), 404–418.Google Scholar
Kenny, T., & Chan, H. (2017). Estimating wildlife harvest based on reported consumption by Inuit in the Canadian Arctic. Arctic, 70(1), 1–12.Google Scholar
Kitikmeot Inuit Association. (no date). Gjoa Haven. Retrieved from https://kitia.ca/community-profiles/gjoa-haven.Google Scholar
Konana, B. (2012). Interview in Gjoa Haven, Nunavut. Interviewed by Mearns, R., & Robertson, S. Interpreted by Aaluk, L. Interview date: 14 August 2012.Google Scholar
Kulchyski, P., & Tester, F. J. (2007). Kiumajut (Talking Back): Game Management and Inuit Rights, 1950–70. Vancouver: UBC Press.Google Scholar
Laidler, G. J., & Elee, P. (2008). Human geographies of sea ice: Freeze/thaw processes around Cape Dorset, Nunavut, Canada. Polar Record, 44(228), 51–76.Google Scholar
Laidler, G. J., & Grimwood, B. (2010). Report on the Results of a Research Planning Workshop in Gjoa Haven: Qanuittumik takuvit? Ottawa and Gjoa Haven. Available at http://www.straightupnorth.ca/Sikuliriji/GH-SummReports.html.Google Scholar
Laidler, G. J., Hirose, T., Kapfer, M., Ikummaq, T., Joamie, E., & Elee, P. (2011). Evaluating the Floe Edge Service: How well can SAR imagery address Inuit community concerns around sea ice change and travel safety? The Canadian Geographer, 55(1), 91–107.Google Scholar
Ljubicic, G., Oberndorfer, E., & Smith, G. (2017). The curious case of King William Island, Nunavut: An island overlooked in caribou research. Arctic, 70(1), 107–117.Google Scholar
Ljubicic, G., Okpakok, S., Robertson, S., & Mearns, R. (2018). Inuit approaches to naming and distinguishing caribou: Considering language, place, and homeland toward improved co-management. Arctic, 71(3), 309–333.Google Scholar
Ljubicic, G., Robertson, S., Mearns, R., & Okpakok, S. (2016). Results Summary Report for Community Organizations and Contributors for the Project “Connecting Inuit Elders and Youth: Learning about caribou, community, and well-being in Gjoa Haven, Nunavut”. Ottawa, Gjoa Haven. Available at http://www.straightupnorth.ca/Sikuliriji/GH-SummReports.html.Google Scholar
Louis, R. P. (2007). Can you hear us now? Voices from the margin: Using Indigenous methodologies in geographic research. Geographical Research, 45(2), 130–139.Google Scholar
Lyver, P. O’B., & Gunn, A. (2004). Calibration of hunters’ impressions with female caribou body condition indices to predict probability of pregnancy. Arctic, 57(3), 233–241.Google Scholar
Lyver, P. O’B., & Łutsël K’é Dene First Nation. (2005). Monitoring barren-ground caribou body condition with Denésǫłıné traditional knowledge. Arctic, 58(1), 44–54.Google Scholar
Parlee, B., Manseau, M., & Łutsël K’é Dene First Nation. (2005). Using traditional knowledge to adapt to ecological change: Denésǫłıné monitoring of caribou movements. Arctic, 58(1), 26–37.Google Scholar
McFarlane, K., Miller, F. L., Barry, S. J., & Wilson, G. A. (2014). An enigmatic group of Arctic island caribou and the potential implications for conservation of biodiversity. Rangifer, 34(1), 73–94.Google Scholar
McGrath, J. (2003). Interview: Janet McGrath on IQ. Meridien, Spring/Summer, 5–9.Google Scholar
McGrath, J. T. (2011). Isumaksaqsiurutigijakka: Conversations with Aupilaarjuk towards a theory of Inuktitut knowledge renewal (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada.Google Scholar
McGregor, D., Bayha, W., & Simmons, D. (2010). “Our responsibility to keep the land alive”: Voices of northern Indigenous researchers. Pimatisiwin: A Journal of Aboriginal and Indigenous Community Health, 8(1), 101–122.Google Scholar
Mearns, R. P. (2017). Nunavut, uqausivut, piqqusivullu najuqsittiarlavu (caring for our land, language and culture): The use of land camps in Inuit knowledge renewal and research (Unpublished master’s dissertation). Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada.Google Scholar
Miller, F. L. (1991). Updated Status Report on the Peary Caribou, Rangifer Tarandus pearyi, in Canada. Status report no. 249. Ottawa: Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada.Google Scholar
Nagy, J., Gunn, A., & Wright, W. (2009). Population Estimates for Peary Caribou (Minto Inlet Herd), Dolphin and Union Caribou, and Muskox on Northwest Victoria Island, NT, July 2005 (Manuscript Report No. 203). Inuvik: Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Government of Northwest Territories.Google Scholar
Nesbitt, L., & Adamczewski, J. (2009). Decline and Recovery of the Bathurst Caribou Herd (Summary Report). Yellowknife: Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Government of Northwest Territories.Google Scholar
Nickels, S., Furgal, C., Buell, M., & Moquin, H. (2006). Unikkaaqatigiit - Putting the Human Face on Climate Change: Perspectives from Inuit in Canada. Ottawa: Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, Nasivvik Centre for Inuit Health and Changing Environments at Universite Laval, and the Ajunnginiq Centre at the National Aboriginal Health Organization.Google Scholar
Nimiqtaqtuq, L. (2012). Interview in Gjoa Haven, Nunavut. Interviewed by Mearns R., & Robertson, S. Interpreted by Okpakok, S. Interview date: 27 July 2012.Google Scholar
Nirlungayuk, G. (2012). “They’re going to come back”. Rangifer, 32(20), 81–82.Google Scholar
Okpakok, S. (2012). Interview in Gjoa Haven, Nunavut. Interviewed by Mearns R., & Robertson, S. Interview date: 23 July 2012.Google Scholar
Pokiak, D. (2012). Surviving with tuktu (caribou). Rangifer, 32(20), 83–84.Google Scholar
Polfus, J. L., Manseau, M., Simmons, D., Neyelle, M., Bayha, W., Andrew, F., … Wilson, P. (2016). Łeghágots’enetę (learning together): the importance of indigenous perspectives in the identification of biological variation. Ecology and Society, 21(2), 18.Google Scholar
Polfus, J. L., Simmons, D., Neyelle, M., Bayha, W., Andrew, F., Andrew, L., … Manseau, M. (2017). Creative convergence: exploring biocultural diversity through art. Ecology and Society, 22(2), 4.Google Scholar
Poole, K. G., Gunn, A., Patterson, B. R., & Dumond, M. (2010). Sea ice and migration of the Dolphin and Union caribou herd in the Canadian Arctic: An uncertain future. Arctic, 63(4), 414–428.Google Scholar
Porter, W. (2012). Interview in Gjoa Haven, Nunavut. Interviewed by Robertson, S. Interview date: 15 August 2012.Google Scholar
Puqiqnak, U. (2012). Interview in Gjoa Haven, Nunavut. Interviewed by Robertson, S. Interpreted by Aaluk, L. Interview date: 14 August 2012.Google Scholar
Putuguq, B. (2013). Interview in Gjoa Haven, Nunavut. Interviewed by Robertson, S. Interpreted by Okpakok, S. Interview date: 22 July 2013.Google Scholar
Qitsualik, S. (2013). Interview in Gjoa Haven, Nunavut. Interviewed by Robertson, S. Interpreted by Okpakok, S. Interview date: 22 July 2013.Google Scholar
Sallerina, J. (2012). Interview in Gjoa Haven, Nunavut. Interviewed by Mearns, R., & Robertson, S. Interview date: 16 August 2012.Google Scholar
Sangris, F. (2012). Renewing our traditional laws through joint ekwǫ (caribou) management. Rangifer, 32(20), 75–80.Google Scholar
Schusler, T. M., Decker, D. J., & Pfeffer, M. J. (2003). Social learning for collaborative natural resource management. Society & Natural Resources, 16(4), 309–326.Google Scholar
Siksik, J. (2012). Interview in Gjoa Haven, Nunavut. Interviewed by Mearns, R., & Robertson, S. Interpreted by Aaluk, L. Interview date: 17 August 2012.Google Scholar
Siutinnuaq, N. (2012). Interview in Gjoa Haven, Nunavut. Interviewed by Robertson, S. Interview date: 17 August 2012.Google Scholar
Sahtu Renewable Resources Board. (2016). Belarewíle gots’é?ekwé (caribou for all time): A Délinę Got’inę plan of action. Tulit’a: Sahtu Renewable Resources Board.Google Scholar
Statistics Canada. (2012). Census Profile. 2011 Census (Gjoa Haven, Nunavut (Code 6208081) and Kitikmeot, Nunavut (Code 6208)). Retrieved from http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E.Google Scholar
Tavalok, T. (2012). Interview in Gjoa Haven, Nunavut. Interviewed by Mearns, R., & Robertson, S. Interpreted by Aaluk, L. Interview date: 14 August 2012.Google Scholar
Tester, F. J., & Irniq, P. (2008). Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit: Social history, politics and the practice of resistance. Arctic, Supp. 1, 48–61.Google Scholar
Tester, F., & Kulchyski, P. (1994). Tammarniit (Mistakes): Inuit Relocation in the Eastern Arctic, 1939–63. Vancouver: UBC Press.Google Scholar
Tłıchǫ Government. (2008). Monitoring Caribou: The Relationship Between Tłıchǫ Laws and Indicators of Change. Behchokǫ: report presented to the West Kitikmeot Slave Study Society, by the Tłıchǫ Government.Google Scholar
Thorpe, N. L. (1998). The Hiukitak school of Tuktu: Collecting Inuit ecological knowledge of caribou and calving areas through an elder–youth camp. Arctic, 51(4), 403–408.Google Scholar
Thorpe, N. (2004). Codifying knowledge about caribou: The History of Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit in the Kitikmeot region of Nunavut, Canada. In Anderson, D. G., & Nuttall, M. (Eds), Cultivating Arctic Landscapes: Knowing and Managing Animals in the Circumpolar North (pp. 57–78). London: Berghahn Books.Google Scholar
Thorpe, N. L., Eyegetok, S., Hakongak, N., & Qitirmiut Elders. (2001a). The Tuktu and Nogak project: A Caribou Chronicle. Ikaluktuuttiak: Final report to the West Kitikmeot/Slave Study Society.Google Scholar
Thorpe, N. L., Eyegetok, S., Hakongak, N., & the Kitikmeot Elders. (2001b). Thunder on the Tundra: Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit of the Bathurst Caribou. Vancouver: Generation Printing.Google Scholar
Tomaselli, M., Kutz, S. J., Gerlach, C., & Checkley, S. (2018). Local knowledge to enhance wildlife population health surveillance: conserving muskoxen and caribou in the Canadian Arctic. Biological Conservation, 217, 337–348.Google Scholar
Tondu, J. M. E., Balasubramaniam, A. M., Chavarie, L., Gantner, N., Knopp, J. A., Provencher, J. F., … Simmons, D. (2014). Working with northern communities to build collaborative research partnerships: Perspectives from early career researchers. Arctic (InfoNorth), 67(3), 419–429.Google Scholar
Usher, P. J. (2000). Traditional ecological knowledge in environmental assessment and management. Arctic, 53(2), 183–193.Google Scholar
Usher, P. J. (2004). Caribou crisis or administrative crisis? Wildlife and Aboriginal policies on the barren grounds of Canada, 1947–60. In Anderson, D. G., & Nuttall, M. (Eds), Cultivating Arctic Landscapes: Knowing and Managing Animals in the Circumpolar North (pp. 172–199). London: Berghahn Books.Google Scholar
Wenzel, G. W. (1999). Traditional ecological knowledge and Inuit: Reflections on TEK research and ethics. Arctic, 52(2), 113–124.Google Scholar
Wenzel, G. W. (2004). From TEK to IQ: Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit and Inuit cultural ecology. Arctic Anthropology, 41(2), 238–250.Google Scholar
West Kitikmeot Slave Study Society. (2001). Caribou Migration and the State of their Habitat. Final report submitted to West Kitikmeot Slave Study Society, prepared by Whaèhdǫǫ Nàowoò Kǫ (Dogrib Treaty 11 Council). Yellowknife.Google Scholar
Wilson, S. (2008). Research is Ceremony: Indigenous Research Methods. Winnipeg: Fernwood Publishing.Google Scholar
Workshop (2013a). Verification workshop in Gjoa Haven, Nunavut, involving William Aglukkaq and Paul Eleehetook. Facilitated by Robertson, S. Interpreted by Aglukkaq, W. Workshop date: 19 August 2013.Google Scholar
Workshop (2013b). Verification workshop in Gjoa Haven, Nunavut, involving Jacob Keanik, Jonathan Hiqiniq and Paul Aaluk. Facilitated by Robertson, S. Interpreted by Keanik, J. Workshop date: 20 August 2013.Google Scholar
Workshop (2013c). Verification workshop in Gjoa Haven, Nunavut, involving Tommy Tavalok and Jerry Arqviq. Facilitated by Robertson, S. Interpreted by Tavalok, B. Workshop date: 21 August 2013.Google Scholar
Workshop (2013d). Verification workshop in Gjoa Haven, Nunavut, involving George Kamookak, Joseph Akoak and David Siksik. Facilitated by Robertson, S. Interpreted by Carter, A. Workshop date: 22 August 2013.Google Scholar
Workshop (2016a). Verification workshop in Gjoa Haven, Nunavut, involving Susie Konana, David Siksik, Salomie Qitsualik, Donald Kogvik and Mary Aqilriaq. Facilitated by Ljubicic, G., Robertson, S., & Mearns, R. Interpreted by Okpakok, S., & Puqiqnak, L. Workshop date: 9–11 February 2016.Google Scholar
Workshop (2016b). Verification workshop in Gjoa Haven, Nunavut, involving Tommy Tavalok, David Siksik, Donald Kogvik and Paul Kamamalik. Facilitated by Val, E. Interpreted by Okpakok, S. Workshop date: 8 September 2016.Google Scholar
Zoe, J. B. (2012). Ekwǫ and Tłıchǫ Nàowo/caribou and Tłıchǫ language, culture and way of life: An evolving relationship and shared history. Rangifer, 32(20), 69–74.Google Scholar