Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-29T17:51:47.520Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Tourist images of Greenland and the Arctic: a perception analysis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 April 2009

Anna Hübner*
Affiliation:
Lindenstrasse 6a, 23827 Garbek, Germany

Abstract

Within the scope of climate change and the worldwide shift in travel patterns, the Arctic has become a highly favoured tourist destination. However, the literature on studying destination images of the northern polar regions lacks analysis of prevailing perceptions and of corresponding images held by tourists without previous travel experience. Therefore, this research, recently carried out in Germany, attempts to delineate tourists' perceptions of Greenland on the one hand and the Arctic as a whole on the other as destinations. Similarities, positive and negative differences of the cognitive and affective stages are generated and an overview of perceived dimensions and factors influencing the images are given. Although the results strongly coincide with each other, there are minor differences found in favour of Greenland. With the findings it is hoped to provide a better insight into the images held by potential visitors to the Arctic and to help those engaged in marketing Greenland as a tourist destination to identify an efficient strategy.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aaker, D. 1991. Managing brand equity. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Aaker, J.L. 1997. Dimensions of brand personality. Journal of Marketing Research 34 (3): 347356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ace, C. 2001. Successful marketing communications. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.Google Scholar
Ajzen, I. 1980. Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
ArcticStat. 2007. Circumpolar north. Québec: Université Laval. URL: http://www.arcticstat.org/default.aspx?p=329 (accessed 22 November 2007).Google Scholar
ARD (Arbeitsgemeinschaft der öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunkanstalten der Bundesrepublik Deutschland [Consortium of public-law broadcasting institutions of Germany>]). 2007. Klimawandel [Climate change]. Hamburg: ARD. URL: http://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/klimawandel/index.html (accessed 14 March 2008).]).2007.+Klimawandel+[Climate+change].+Hamburg:+ARD.+URL:+http://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/klimawandel/index.html+(accessed+14+March+2008).>Google Scholar
Baker, M.J., and Cameron, E.. 2008. Critical success factors in destination marketing. Tourism and Hospitality Research 8 (2): 7997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baloglu, S. 2000. A path-analytical model of visitation intention involving information sources, socio-psychological motivations and destination images. In: Woodside, A.G., Crouch, G.I., Mazanec, J.A., Oppermann, M., and Sakai, M.Y. (editors). Consumer psychology of tourism, hospitality and lesiure. Oxford: CABI Publishing: 6390.Google Scholar
Baloglu, S., and Brindberg, D.. 1997. Affective images of tourism destinations. Journal of Travel Research 35 (4): 1115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baloglu, S., and McCleary, K.W.. 1999. A model of destination image formation. Annals of Tourism Research 26 (4): 868897.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bauer, T.G. 2001. Tourism in the Antarctic: opportunities, constraints, and future prospects. New York: The Haworth Hospitality Press.Google Scholar
Beerli, A., and Martín, J.D.. 2004. Tourists' characteristics and the perceived image of tourist destinations: a quantitative analysis – a case study of Lanzarote, Spain. Tourism Management 25: 623636.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buhalis, D. 2000. Marketing the competitive destination of the future. Tourism Management 21: 97116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coshall, J.T. 2000. Measurement of tourists' images: the repertory grid approach. Journal of Travel Research 39(1): 8589.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crompton, J.L., and Kim, S.S.. 2001. The influence of cognitive distance in vacation choice. Annals of Tourism Research 28 (2): 512515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DRV (Deutscher ReiseVerband [German Travel Association]) 2007. Fakten und Zahlen zum deutschen Reisemarkt 2007. [Facts and figures of the German travel market]. Berlin: DRV. URL: http://www.drv.de/fileadmin/user_upload/_temp_/Fakten_und_Zahlen_2007.pdf (accessed 7 March 2008).Google Scholar
Downs, R.M., and Stea, D.. 1977. Maps in minds: reflections on cognitive mapping. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Echtner, C.M., and Ritchie, J.R.. 2003. The meaning and measurement of destination image. The Journal of Tourism Studies 14 (1): 3748.Google Scholar
Eisenmenger, M., Poetzsch, O., and Sommer, B. (editors). 2007. 11 Koordinierte Bevoelkerungsvorausberechnung. Annahmen und Ergebnisse [Germany's population by 2050. Results of the 11th coordinated population projection]. Wiesbaden: Destatis-Deutsches Statistisches Bundesamt [Federal Statistical Office]. URL:http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/EN/Navigation/Statistics/Bevoelkerung/Bevoelkerung.psml (accessed 8 November 2007).Google Scholar
Fink, A. 1995. How to sample in surveys. London: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Finn, M., Elliott-White, M., and Walton, M.. 2000. Tourism and leisure research methods. Harlow: Pearson Education.Google Scholar
Gallarza, M.G., Saura, I.G., and García, H.C.. 2002. Destination image: towards a conceptual framework. Annals of Tourism Research 29 (1): 5678.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gartner, W.C. 1996. Tourism development: principles, processes, and policies. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.Google Scholar
Gunn, C.A. 1972. Vacationscapes: designing tourist regions. Austin: University of Texas.Google Scholar
Gunn, C.A. 1988. Vacationscapes: designing tourist regions. 2nd edition. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.Google Scholar
Haahti, A.J. 1986. Finland's competitive position as a destination. Annals of Tourism Research 13 (1): 1135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, C.M., and Johnston, M.E.. 1995. Polar tourism: tourism in the Arctic and Antarctic regions. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons Ltd.Google Scholar
Hankinson, G. 2005. Destination brand images: a business tourism perspective. Journal of Service Marketing 19 (1): 2432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hooley, G., Saunders, J., and Piercy, N.. 2004. Marketing strategy and competitive positioning. 3rd edition. Harlow: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Hosany, S., Yuksel, E., and Muzaffer, U.. 2006. Destination image and destination personality: an application of branding theories to tourism places. Journal of Business Research 59: 638642.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hsu, C., and Powers, T.. 2002. Marketing hospitality. New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc.Google Scholar
IAATO (International Association of Antarctica Tourism Operators). 2007. 2006–2007 Statistics. Providence: IAATO. URL: http://www.iaato.org/tourism_stats.html (accessed 28 February 2008).Google Scholar
Ibrahim, E.E., and Gill, J.. 2005. A positioning strategy for a tourist destination, based on analysis of customers' perceptions and satisfactions. Marketing Intelligence and Planning 23 (2): 172188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2007. Climate change 2007. Synthesis report. Valencia, Spain: IPCC (report prepared for the IPCC XXVII plenary meeting 2007). URL: http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4_syr.pdf (accessed 28 February 2008).Google Scholar
Jenkins, O.H. 1999. Understanding and measuring tourist destination images. International Journal of Tourism Research 1: 115.3.0.CO;2-L>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaæ, B.C. 2006. Greenland/Kalaallit Nunaat. In: Baldacchino, G. (editor). Extreme tourism: lessons from the worlds cold water islands. Oxford: Elsevier Ltd: 100112.Google Scholar
Keller, K.L., and Kotler, P.. 2006. Marketing management. 12th edition. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Liping, C. 2002. Cooperative branding for rural destinations. Annals of Tourism Research 29 (3): 720742.Google Scholar
Mason, P. 1997. Tourism codes of conduct in the Arctic and sub-Arctic region. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 5 (2): 152164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mintel (Mintel Marketing Intelligence). 2006. Niche market tourism – International – August 2006. URL: http://academic.mintel.com/sinatra/oxygen_academic/search_results/show&/display/id=214643/display/id=229967#hit1 (accessed 11 October 2007).Google Scholar
Murphy, A., and Murphy, P.. 2004. Strategic management for tourism communication: bridging the gaps. Clevedon: Channel View Publications.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mykletun, R., Crotts, J., and Mykletun, A.. 2001. Positioning an island destination in the peripheral area of the Baltics: a flexible approach to market segmentation. Tourism Management 22: 493500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nyegaard, H.H. 2007. Climate change and the Greenland society. Copenhagen: Worldwide Fund for Nature, Denmark. URL: http://www.wwf.dk/dk/Service/Bibliotek/Natur+i+Gr%c3%b8nland/Rapporter+mv./climate_change_and_the_greenland_so_1.pdf (accessed 2 March 2008).Google Scholar
Oppermann, M. 2000. Where psychology and geography interface in tourism research and theory. In: Woodside, A.G., Crouch, G.I., Mazanec, J.A., Oppermann, M., and Sakai, M.Y. (editors). Consumer psychology of tourism, hospitality and lesiure. Oxford: CABI Publishing: 1937.Google Scholar
Pagnan, J.L. 2003. The impact of climate change on Arctic tourism. A preliminary review. (Paper presented at the World Tourism Organisation first International Conference on Climate Change and Tourism. Djerba, Tunisia. 9–11 April 2003). URL: http://www.world-tourism.org/sustainable/climate/pres/jeanne-pagnan.pdf (accessed 31 July 2007).Google Scholar
Pike, S. 2002. Destination image analysis: a review of 142 papers from 1973–2000. Tourism Management 23: 541549.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pike, S., and Ryan, C.. 2004. Destination positioning analysis through a comparison of cognitive, affective, and conative perceptions. Journal of Travel Research 42 (4): 333342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prebensen, N.K. 2007. Exploring tourists' images of a distant destination. Tourism Management 28 (3): 747756.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prideaux, B., and Cooper, C.. 2002. Marketing and destination growth: a symbiotic relationship or simple coincidence. Journal of Vacation Marketing 9 (1):3551.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ritchie, J.R., and Crouch, G.. 2003. The competitive destination: a sustainable tourism perspective. Gateshead: Athenaeum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
San Martin, H., and Rodriguez del Bosque, I.. 2008. Exploring the cognitive-affective nature of destination image and the role of psychological factors in its formation. Tourism Management 29: 263277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheth, J.N., Mittal, B., and Newman, B.I.. 1999. Customer behavior and beyond. Fort Worth: The Dryden Press.Google Scholar
Snyder, J. 2007. Tourism in the polar regions: the sustainable challenge. Paris:–United Nations Environmental Programme. URL: http://www.unep.fr/pc/tourism/documents/Polar_Tourism_EN.pdf (accessed 27 February 2008).Google Scholar
Statistics Greenland. 2007. Greenland in figures: statistics Greenland. Nuuk: Statistics Greenland. URL: http://www.statgreen.gl/dk/aarbog/Greenland%20in%20figures%202007.pdf (accessed 18 October 2007).Google Scholar
Stewart, E.J., Draper, D., and Johnston, M.E.. 2004. A review of tourism research in the polar regions. Arctic 58 (4): 112.Google Scholar
Theobald, W.F. 2005. The meaning, scope, and measurement of travel and tourism. In: Theobald, W.F. (editor). Global tourism. 3rd edition. Burlington: Butterworth-Heinemann: 524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
UNWTO (United Nations World Tourism Organisation). 2007. Climate change and tourism: responding to global challenges (Paper released at the 2nd International Conference on Climate Change and Tourism. Davos, Switzerland). URL: http://www.unwto.org/media/news/en/pdf/davos_rep_advan_summ_26_09.pdf (accessed 7 March 2008).Google Scholar
Welt am Sonntag. 2007. Klimawandel – Thema des Jahres [Climate change – topic of the year]. Welt am Sonntag 52: 16.Google Scholar
White, C.J. 2004. Destination image: to see or not to see? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 16 (5): 309314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodside, A.G. 2000. Introduction: theory and research on the consumer psychology of tourism, hospitality and leisure. In: Woodside, A.G., Crouch, G.I., Mazanec, J.A., Oppermann, M., and Sakai, M.Y. (editors). Consumer psychology of tourism, hospitality and leisure. Oxford: CABI Publishing: 117.Google Scholar
Zehrer, A., Pechlaner, H., and Raich, F.. 2007. Destination Alps and its communicated brand image. Anatolia: an International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research 18 (2): 319333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar