Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-24T13:51:02.884Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Reframing Antarctica’s ice loss: impacts of cryospheric change on local human activity

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 March 2021

Zachary Provant
Affiliation:
Environmental Studies Program, University of Oregon, Eugene, USA
Evan Elderbrock
Affiliation:
Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Oregon, Eugene, USA
Andrea Willingham
Affiliation:
Museum of Natural and Cultural History, University of Oregon, Eugene, USA
Mark Carey*
Affiliation:
Environmental Studies Program, University of Oregon, Eugene, USA Robert D. Clark Honors College, University of Oregon, Eugene, USA
Alessandro Antonello
Affiliation:
College of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
Carlos Moffat
Affiliation:
School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Newark, USA
Dave Sutherland
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene, USA
Sakina Shahid
Affiliation:
Environmental Studies Program, University of Oregon, Eugene, USA
*
Author for correspondence: M. Carey, Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Physical scientists, social scientists, humanities scholars, and journalists have all framed Antarctica as a place of global importance—as a laboratory for scientific research, as a strategic site for geopolitical agendas, and more recently as a source of melting ice that could catastrophically inundate populations worldwide. Yet, the changing cryosphere impacts society within Antarctica as well, and this article expands the focus of Antarctic ice research to include human activities on and around the continent. It reframes Antarctica as a place with human history and local activities that are being affected by melting ice, even if the consequences are much smaller in scale than the effects of global sea level rise. Specifically focused on tourism and conservation along the west Antarctica Peninsula (wAP), this article demonstrates the impacts of changing glaciers and sea ice on the timing, location, and type of tourism as well as the ability of changing ice to mediate human experiences through conservation agendas. As future ice conditions influence Antarctic tourism and conservation, an attention to issues emerging within the wAP region offers a new perspective on climate change impacts and the management of Antarctic activities in the 21st-century Anthropocene.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ainley, D. G. (2002). The Adelie Penguin: bellwether of climate change. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ainley, D. G., Clarke, E. D., Arrigo, K., Fraser, W. R., Kato, A., Barton, K. J., & Wilson, P. R. (2005). Decadal-scale changes in the climate and biota of the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean, 1950s to the 1990s. Antarctic Science, 17(2), 171182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antarctic Treaty Secretariat. (1991). Protocol on environmental protection to the antarctic treaty. Madrid, Spain: Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty. Retrieved from: https://www.ats.aq/e/ep.htm Google Scholar
Antarctic Treaty Secretariat. (2020). Visitor site guidelines. Retrieved from https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Ats/VisitorSiteGuidelines Google Scholar
Antonello, A. (2017). Engaging and narrating the Antarctic Ice sheet: the history of an earthly body. Environmental History, 22(1), 77100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antonello, A. (2019). The Greening of Antarctica: Assembling an International Environment. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antonello, A., & Carey, M. (2017). Ice cores and the temporalities of the global environment. Environmental Humanities, 9(2), 181203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ASOC. (2011). 30 years of krill fisheries management - challenges remain. Retrieved from CCAMLR: https://www.asoc.org/news-and-publications/publications/489-30-years-of-krill-fisheries-management-challenges-remain Google Scholar
Atkinson, A., Hill, S., Pakhomov, E., Siegel, V., Reiss, C., Loeb, V., … Sailley, S. (2019). Krill (Euphausia superba) distribution contracts southward during rapid regional warming. Nature Climate Change, 9, 142147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atkinson, A., Siegel, V., Pakhomov, E., & Rothery, P. (2004). Long-term decline in krill stock and increase in salps within the Southern Ocean. Nature, 432(7013), 100103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Atkinson, A., Siegel, V., Pakhomov, E. A., Jessopp, M. J., & Loeb, V. (2009). A re-appraisal of the total biomass and annual production of Antarctic krill. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 56(5), 727740.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bender, N. A., Crosbie, K., & Lynch, H. J. (2016). Patterns of tourism in the Antarctic Peninsula: a 20 year analysis. Antarctic Science, 28(3), 194203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bjørst, L. R. (2010). The tip of the iceberg: Ice as a non-human actor in the climate change debate. Études/Inuit/Studies, 34(1), 133150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bjørst, L. R., & Ren, C. (2015). Steaming up or staying cool? Tourism development and greenlandic futures in the light of climate change. Arctic Anthropology, 52(1), 91101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bloom, L. (1993). Gender on Ice: American Ideologies of Polar Expeditions. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Brooks, C. M., Ainley, D. G., Abrams, P. A., Dayton, P. K., Hofman, R. J., Jacquet, J., & Siniff, D. B. (2018). Antarctic fisheries: factor climate change into their management. Nature, 558, 177180.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burns, J. M., Costa, D. P., Fedak, M. A., Hindell, M. A., Bradshaw, C. J. A., Gales, N. J., … Crocker, D. E. (2004). Winter habitat use and foraging behavior of crabeater seals along the Western Antarctic Peninsula. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 51(17–19), 22792303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burton-Johnson, A., Black, M., Fretwell, P. T., & Kaluza-Gilbert, J. (2016). An automated methodology for differentiating rock from snow, clouds and sea in Antarctica from Landsat 8 imagery: a new rock outcrop map and area estimation for the entire Antarctic continent. The Cryosphere, 10(4), 16651677.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, C. (2017). My top 10 reasons why everyone needs to visit Antarctica. Retrieved from https://eclipsetravel.com.au/my-top-10-reasons-why-everyone-needs-to-visit-antarctica/ Google Scholar
Carey, M. (2007). The history of ice: how glaciers became an endangered species. Environmental History, 12(3), 497527.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carey, M. (2016). The trouble with climate change and national parks. In Howkins, A., Orsi, J., & Fiege, M. (Eds.), National parks beyond the nation: global perspectives on “America’s Best Idea” (pp. 258277). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Conservation Measure 91-04 (2011): General framework for the establishment of CCAMLR Marine Protected Areas, 91-04 C.F.R. (2011).Google Scholar
Conservation Measure 91-05 (2016): Ross Sea region marine protected area, 91-05 C.F.R. (2016).Google Scholar
CCAMLR. (2019). Krill fisheries. Retrieved from https://www.ccamlr.org/en/fisheries/krill Google Scholar
Chown, S. L., Huiskes, A. H. L., Gremmen, N. J. M., Lee, J. E., Terauds, A., Crosbie, K., … Bergstrom, D. M. (2012). Continent-wide risk assessment for the establishment of nonindigenous species in Antarctica. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 109(13), 49384943.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cimino, M. A., Lynch, H. J., Saba, V. S., & Oliver, M. J. (2016). Projected asymmetric response of Adélie penguins to Antarctic climate change. Scientific Reports, 6(1), 19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clarke, A., Murphy, E. J., Meredith, M. P., King, J. C., Peck, L. S., Barnes, D. K. A., & Smith, R. C. (2007). Climate change and the Marine ecosystems of the Western Antarctic Peninsula. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, 362, 149166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cogley, J. G., Hock, R., Rasmussen, L. A., Arendt, A. A., Bauder, A., Braithwaite, R. J., … Zemp, M. (2011). Glossary of glacier mass balance and related terms. IHP-VII Technical Documents in Hydrology, 86, 0114.Google Scholar
Committee for Environmental Protection. (2016). Non-native species manual. Retrieved from https://ats.aq/documents/atcm34/ww/atcm34_ww004_e.pdf Google Scholar
Constable, A., Melbourne-Thomas, J., Trebilco, R., & Press, A. J. (2017). ACE CRC position analysis: managing change in Southern Ocean ecosystems. Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, Hobart, Australia. Google Scholar
Constable, A. J., de la Mare, W. K., Agnew, D. J., Everson, I., & Miller, D. (2000). Managing fisheries to conserve the Antarctic marine ecosystem: practical implementation of the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR). ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57(3), 778791.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, A. J., Holland, P. R., Meredith, M. P., Murray, T., Luckman, A., & Vaughan, D. G. (2016). Ocean forcing of glacier retreat in the western Antarctic Peninsula. Science, 353(6296), 283286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cook, A. J., & Vaughan, D. G. (2010). Overview of areal changes of the ice shelves on the Antarctic Peninsula over the past 50 years. The Cryosphere, 4(1), 7798.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dodds, K. (2016). Foreword. In Roberts, P., Howkins, A., & van der Watt, L.-M. (Eds.), Antarctica and the humanities (pp. vvii). London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Dodds, K., Hemmings, A. D., & Roberts, P. (2017). Handbook on the politics of Antarctica. Cheltenham, UK, Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ducklow, H. W., Baker, K., Martinson, D. G., Quetin, L. B., Ross, R. M., Smith, R. C., … Fraser, W. (2007). Marine pelagic ecosystems: the West Antarctic Peninsula. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 362(1477), 6794.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ducklow, H. W., Frasier, W. R., Meredith, M. P., Stammerjohn, S. E., Doney, S. C., Martinson, D. G., … Amsler, C. D. (2013). West Antarctic Peninsula: an ice-dependent coastal marine ecosystem in transition. Oceanography, 26(3), 190203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duffy, G. A., & Lee, J. R. (2019). Ice-free area expansion compounds the non-native species threat to Antarctic terrestrial biodiversity. Biological Conservation, 232, 253257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ECMWF. (2020). Sea ice cover for June 2019. Retrieved from https://climate.copernicus.eu/sea-ice-cover-june-2019# Google Scholar
Erceg, D. (2017). Explorers of a different kind: a history of Antarctic tourism 1966–2016. Canberra, Australia: Australian National University.Google Scholar
Flores, H., Atkinson, A., Kawaguchi, S., Krafft, B., Milinevsky, G., Nicol, S., … Werner, T. (2012). Impact of climate change on Antarctic krill. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 458, 119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forcada, J., & Trathan, P. N. (2009). Penguin responses to climate change in the Southern Ocean. Global Change Biology, 15, 16181630.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forcada, J., Trathan, P. N., Boveng, P. L., Boyd, I. L., Burns, J. M., Costa, D. P., … Southwell, C. J. (2012). Responses of Antarctic pack-ice seals to environmental change and increasing krill fishing. Biological Conservation, 149(1), 4050.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fraser, W. R., & Hofmann, E. E. (2003). A predator’s perspective on causal links between climate change, physical forcing and ecosystem response. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 265, 115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hemmings, A. D. (2018). The hollowing of Antarctic governance. In Goel, P. S., Ravindra, R., & Chattapadhyay, S. (Eds.), Science and geopolitics of the white world: Arctic-Antarctic-Himalaya (pp. 1731). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, S. L., Murphy, E. J., Reid, K., Trathan, P. N., & Constable, A. J. (2006). Modelling Southern Ocean ecosystems: krill, the food-web, and the impacts of harvesting. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 81(4), 581608.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hinke, J. T., Cossio, A. M., Goebel, M. E., Reiss, C. S., Trivelpiece, W. Z., & Watters, G. M. (2017). Identifying risk: concurrent overlap of the antarctic krill fishery with krill-dependent predators in the Scotia Sea. PLoS ONE, 12(1), 124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hinke, J. T., Trivelpiece, S. G., & Trivelpiece, W. Z. (2014). Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) survival rates and their relationship to environmental indices in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Polar Biology, 37(12), 17971809.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hollander, Z. (2019). Vanishing ice: Alaska’s shrinking glaciers drive a new brand of tourism. Anchorage Daily News. Retrieved from https://www.adn.com/alaska-news/2019/06/02/vanishing-ice-alaskas-shrinking-glaciers-drive-a-new-brand-of-tourism/ Google Scholar
Holmes, E. (2018). 15 Destinations to see before they disappear. Retrieved from https://www.travelocity.com/inspire/15-destinations-to-see-before-they-disappear/ Google Scholar
Howkins, A. (2016). Frozen Empires: An Environmental History of the Antarctic Peninsula. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hughes, K. A., Pescott, O. L., Peyton, J., Adriaens, T., Cottier-Cook, E. J., Key, G., … Roy, H. E. (2019). Invasive non-native species likely to threaten biodiversity and ecosystems in the Antarctic Peninsula region. Global Change Biology, 26, 27022716.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IAATO. (2017). Antarctica: key facts on tourism 2017–2018. Retrieved from https://iaato.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/IAATO-Fact-Sheet-2017-18.pdf Google Scholar
IAATO. (2018). Tourism statistics. Retrieved from https://iaato.org/tourism-statistics Google Scholar
IAATO. (2019a). IAATO overview of Antarctic tourism: 2018–19 season and preliminary estimates for 2019–20 season. Retrieved from https://iaato.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/IP140-IAATO-Overview-of-Antarctic-Tourism-2018-19-Season-and-Preliminary-Estimates-for-2019-20-Season.pdf Google Scholar
IAATO. (2019b). Report on IAATO operator use of Antarctic Peninsula landing sites and ATCM visitor site guidelines, 2018–19 season. Retrieved from Prague, Czech Republic:Google Scholar
IAATO. (2020). Data & statistics. Retrieved from https://iaato.org/information-resources/data-statistics/ Google Scholar
IPCC. (2019). IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate. In H.-O. Poörtner, D.C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, N. M. Weyer (Eds.). Retrieved from https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/ Google Scholar
Jabour, J. (2011). Introduction to international Antarctica. Akureyri, Iceland: University of Akureyri.Google Scholar
Johnston, D. W., Bowers, M. T., Friedlaender, A. S., & Lavigne, D. M. (2012). The effects of climate change on Harp Seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus). PLoS One, 7(1), e29158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, J. M., Gille, S. T., Goosse, H., Abram, N. J., Canziani, P. O., Charman, D. J., … Vance, T. R. (2016). Assessing recent trends in high-latitude Southern Hemisphere surface climate. Nature Climate Change, 6, 917926.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kawaguchi, S., & Nicol, S. (2007). Learning about Antarctic Krill from the fishery. Antarctic Science, 19(2), 219237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kawaguchi, S., Nicol, S., & Press, A. J. (2009). Direct effects of climate change on the Antarctic krill fishery. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 16(5), 424427.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kawaguchi, S., Nicol, S., Taki, K., & Naganobu, M. (2005). Fishing ground selection in the Antarctic krill fishery: trends in patterns across years, seasons and nations. CCAMLR Science Journal of the Scientific Committee and the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, 13, 117141.Google Scholar
Kempker, S. (2016). 10 Places to see before they disappear. Retrieved from https://www.wildjunket.com/10-places-to-see-before-they-disappear/ Google Scholar
Kennicutt, M. C. II, Bromwich, D., Liggett, D., Njåstad, B., Peck, L., Rintoul, S. R., … Chown, S. L. (2019). Sustained Antarctic research: a 21st century imperative. One Earth, 1(1), 95113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kennicutt, M. C., Chown, S. L., Cassano, J. J., Liggett, D., Peck, L. S., Massom, R., … Sutherland, W.J. (2015). A roadmap for Antarctic and Southern Ocean science for the next two decades and beyond. Antarctic Science, 27(1), 318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, J. C., & Harangozo, S. A. (1998). Climate change in the Western Antarctic Peninsula since 1945: observations and possible causes. Annals of Glaciology, 27, 571575.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klevjer, T. A., & Kaartvedt, S. (2011). Krill (Meganyctiphanes norvegica) swim faster at night. Limnology and Oceanography, 56(3), 765774.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kock, K.-H., Reid, K., Croxall, J., & Nicol, S. (2007). Fisheries in the Southern Ocean: an ecosystem approach. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, 362(1488), 23332349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kohlbach, D., Lange, B. A., Schaafsma, F. L., David, C., Vortkamp, M., Graeve, M., … Flores, H. (2017). Ice algae-produced carbon is critical for overwintering of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba . Frontiers in Marine Science, 4, 310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kristjánsdóttir, K. R., Ólafsdóttir, R., & Ragnarsdóttir, K. V. (2018). Stakeholder participation in developing sustainability indicators for a European northern periphery tourism system. Journal of Rural and Community Development, 12, 210235.Google Scholar
Lamers, M., Haase, D., & Amelung, B. (2008). Facing the elements: analysing trends in Antarctic tourism. Tourism Review, 63(1), 1527.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leane, E., & Maddison, B. (2018). A biography of Iceberg B09B. Australian Humanities Review, 63, 99115.Google Scholar
Leane, E., & McGee, J. (Eds.). (2020). Anthropocene Antarctica: perspectives from the humanities, law and social sciences. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Lee Cusick, A. (2017). FjordPhyto: Antarctic citizen science project. UC San Diego: Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation. Retrieved from https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9m05m5g3 Google Scholar
Lee, J. R., Raymond, B., Bracegirdle, T. J., Chadés, I., Fuller, R. A., Shaw, J. D., & Terauds, A. (2017). Climate change drives expansion of Antarctic Ice-free habitat. Nature, 547, 4967.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lemelin, H., Dawson, J., Stewart, E. J., Maher, P., & Lueck, M. (2010). Last-chance tourism: the boom, doom, and gloom of visiting vanishing destinations. Current Issues in Tourism, 13(5), 477493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liggett, D., McIntosh, A., Thompson, A., Gilbert, N., & Storey, B. (2011). From frozen continent to tourism hotspot? Five decades of Antarctic tourism development and management, and a glimpse into the future. Tourism Management, 32(2), 357366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lynch, H. J., Crosbie, K., Fagan, W. F., & Naveen, R. (2009). Spatial patterns of tour ship traffic in the Antarctic Peninsula region. Antarctic Science, 22(02), 123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lynch, H. J., Naveen, R., Trathan, P. N., & Fagan, W. F. (2012). Spatially integrated assessment reveals widespread changes in penguin populations on the Antarctic Peninsula. Ecology, 93(6), 1367.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lynnes, A. S., Reid, K., & Croxall, J. P. (2004). Diet and reproductive success of Adelie and chinstrap penguins: linking response of predators to prey population dynamics. Polar Biology, 27(9), 544554.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maksym, T. (2019). Arctic and Antarctic Sea Ice change: contrasts, commonalities, and causes. Annual Review of Marine Science, 11(1), 187213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCormack, S. A. (2017). Simplification of complex ecological networks – species aggregation in Antarctic food web models. Proceedings of the 22nd International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.Google Scholar
Meredith, M. P., & King, J. C. (2005). Rapid climate change in the ocean west of the Antarctic Peninsula during the second half of the 20th century. Geophysical Research Letters, 32(19), L19604.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mettler, K. (2019, 25 Feb.). An iceberg twice the size of New York City is about to break off of Antarctica. Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2019/2002/2025/an-iceberg-twice-size-new-york-city-is-about-break-off-antarctica/ Google Scholar
Molina-Montenegro, M. A., Carrasco-Urra, F., Rodrigo, C., Convey, P., Valladares, F., & Gianoli, E. (2012). Occurrence of the non-native annual bluegrass on the Antarctic mainland and its negative effects on native plants. Conservation Biology, 26(4), 717723.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Montes-Hugo, M., Doney, S. C., Ducklow, H. W., Fraser, W., Martinson, D., Stammerjohn, S. E., & Schofield, O. (2009). Recent changes in phytoplankton communities associated with rapid regional climate change along the western Antarctic Peninsula. Science, 323(5920), 14701473.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morales, J. P. (2018). Lemaire channel. Retrieved from https://www.barkeuropa.com/logbook/detail/lemaire-channel Google Scholar
Morlighem, M., Rignot, E., Mouginot, J., Seroussi, H., & Larour, E. (2014). Deeply incised submarine glacial valleys beneath the Greenland ice sheet. Nature Geoscience, 7(6), 418422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morton, A. (2019, 9 July). Glacial melting in Antarctica may become irreversible. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/2009/glacial-melting-in-antarctica-may-become-irreversible.Google Scholar
Murphy, E. J., Cavanagh, R. D., Drinkwater, K. F., Grant, S. M., Heymans, J. J., Hofmann, E. E., … Johnston, N. M. (2016). Understanding the structure and functioning of polar pelagic ecosystems to predict the impacts of change. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 283(1844), 20161646.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murphy, E. J., Thorpe, S. E., Watkins, J. L., & Hewitt, R. (2004). Modeling the krill transport pathways in the Scotia Sea: spatial and environmental connections generating the seasonal distribution of krill. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 51(12–13), 14351456.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nash, R. (2019). SCAR Krill action group – 2019 meeting report. Retrieved from https://scar.org/library/science-4/life-sciences/skag/5395-skag-2019-meeting-report/ Google Scholar
Nicol, S. (2006). Krill, currents, and Sea Ice: Euphausia superba and its changing environment. BioScience, 56(2), 111120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicol, S., & Foster, J. (2016). The fishery for Antarctic Krill: its current status and management regime. In Biology and Ecology of Antarctic Krill (pp. 387421). Cham: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Reilly, J. (2013). Antarctic climate futures: how Terra Incognita becomes Terra Clima . The Polar Journal, 3(2), 384398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Reilly, J. (2017). The technocratic Antarctic: an ethnography of scientific expertise and environmental governance. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Reilly, J., & Salazar, J. F. (2017). Inhabiting the Antarctic. The Polar Journal, 7(1), 925.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olech, M., & Chwedorzewska, K. J. (2011). Short note: the first appearance and establishment of an alien vascular plant in natural habitats on the forefield of a retreating glacier in Antarctica. Antarctic Science, 23(02), 153154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Packham, C. (2018). Fishing for krill is an eco-disaster: we must protect the Antarctic. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/mar/13/fishing-krill-eco-disaster-ocean-sanctuary-protect-antarctic Google Scholar
Perovich, D. K., Light, B., Eicken, H., Jones, K. F., Runciman, K., & Nghiem, S. V. (2007). Increasing solar heating of the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas, 1979–2005: attribution and role in the ice-albedo feedback. Geophysical Research Letters, 34(19), L19505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Picard, D. (2015). White magic: an anthropological perspective on value in Antarctic tourism. Tourist Studies, 15(3), 300315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piñones, A., & Fedorov, A. V. (2016). Projected changes of Antarctic krill habitat by the end of the 21st century. Geophysical Research Letters, 43(16), 85808589.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pritchard, H. D., Ligtenberg, S. R. M., Fricker, H. A., Vaughan, D. G., van den Broeke, M. R., & Padman, L. (2012). Antarctic ice-sheet loss driven by basal melting of ice shelves. Nature, 484(7395), 502505.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pritchard, H. D., & Vaughan, D. G. (2007). Widespread acceleration of tidewater glaciers on the Antarctic Peninsula. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112(F3), F03S29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pyne, S. J. (1998). The Ice: a journey to Antarctica. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Rignot, E., Mouginot, J., Scheuchl, B., Van Den Broeke, M., van Wessem, M. J., & Morlighem, M. (2019). Four decades of Antarctic Ice Sheet mass balance from 1979–2017. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 116(4), 10951103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rintoul, S. R., Chown, S. L., DeConto, R. M., England, M. H., Fricker, H. A., Masson-Delmotte, V., … Xavier, J. C. (2018). Choosing the future of Antarctica. Nature, 558(7709), 233241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roberts, P. (2011). The European Antarctic: science and strategy in Scandinavia and the British Empire. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, P., Howkins, A., & van der Watt, L.-M. (2016). Antarctica: a continent for the humanities. In Roberts, P., Howkins, A., & van der Watt, L.-M. (Eds.), Antarctica and the humanities (pp. 123). London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Rombolá, E., Marschoff, E., & Coria, N. (2006). Interannual study of Chinstrap penguin’s diet and reproductive success at Laurie Island, South Orkney Islands, Antarctica. Polar Biology, 29(6), 502509.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rossi, M. (2019). People are flocking to see melting glaciers before they’re gone—bringing both benefit and harm. Environmental Health News. Retrieved from https://ensia.com/features/melting-glaciers-tourism-impacts/ Google Scholar
Rozema, P. D., Venables, H. J., van de Poll, W. H., Clarke, A., Meredith, M. P., & Buma, A. G. J. (2017). Interannual variability in phytoplankton biomass and species composition in northern Marguerite Bay (West Antarctic Peninsula) is governed by both winter sea ice cover and summer stratification. Limnology and Oceanography, 62(1), 235252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saba, G. K., Fraser, W. R., Saba, V. S., Iannuzzi, R. A., Coleman, K. E., Doney, S. C., … Schofield, O. M. (2014). Winter and spring controls on the summer food web of the coastal West Antarctic Peninsula. National Communication, 5, 4318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santa Cruz, F., Ernst, B., Arata, J. A., & Parada, C. (2018). Spatial and temporal dynamics of the Antarctic krill fishery in fishing hotspots in the Bransfield Strait and South Shetland Islands. Fisheries Research, 208, 157166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SCAR. (2019). Scientific research programmes. Retrieved from https://www.scar.org/science/srp/ Google Scholar
Schmidt, K., & Atkinson, A. (2016). Feeding and food processing in Antarctic Krill (Euphausia superba Dana). In Siegel, V. (Ed.), Biology and Ecology of Antarctic Krill (pp. 175224). New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmidtko, S., Heywood, K. J., Thompson, A. F., & Aoki, S. (2014). Multidecadal warming of Antarctic waters. Science, 346(6214), 12271231.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shah, R. M. (2013). Mitigating the impact of human activities in Antarctica for better quality of life. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 101, 284291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaw, J. D., Terauds, A., Riddle, M. J., Possingham, H , . P., & Chown, S. L. (2014). Antarctica’s protected areas are inadequate, unrepresentative, and at risk. PLoS ONE, 12(6), 15.Google ScholarPubMed
Sidder, A. (2016). Antarctica could lose most of its penguins to climate change. National Geographic. Retrieved from https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2016/06/adelie-penguins-antarctica-climate-change-population-decline-refugia/#close Google Scholar
Silvano, A., Rintoul, S., & Herraiz-Borreguero, L. (2016). Ocean-Ice shelf interaction in East Antarctica. Oceanography, 29(4), 130143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snyder, J. (2007). Tourism in the polar regions: the sustainability challenge. Paris: United Nations Environmental Programme.Google Scholar
Southwell, C., Kerry, K., Ensor, P., Woehler, E. J., & Rogers, T. (2003). The timing of pupping by pack-ice seals in East Antarctica. Polar Biology, 26(10), 648652.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stammerjohn, S., Massom, R., Rind, D., & Martinson, D. (2012). Regions of rapid sea ice change: an inter-hemispheric seasonal comparison. Geophysical Research Letters, 39(6), L06501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stammerjohn, S. E., Martinson, D. G., Smith, R. C., & Iannuzi, R. A. (2008). Sea Ice in the Western Antarctic Peninsula region: spatio-temporal variability from ecological and climate change perspectives. Deep-Sea Research II, 55, 20412058.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stenson, G. B., & Hammill, M. O. (2014). Can ice breeding seals adapt to habitat loss in a time of climate change? ICES Journal of Marine Science, 71(7), 19771986.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephens, T. (2018). The Antarctic treaty system and the Anthropocene. The Polar Journal, 8(1), 2943.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stewart, E. J., Wilson, J., Espiner, S., Purdie, H., Lemieux, C., & Dawson, J. (2016). Implications of climate change for glacier tourism. Tourism Geographies, 18(4), 377398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, M. (2018). Krill fishing poses serious threat to Antarctic ecosystem, report warns. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/mar/13/krill-fishing-poses-serious-threat-to-antarctic-ecosystem-report-warns Google Scholar
Terauds, A., & Lee, J. R. (2016). Antarctic biogeography revisited: updating the Antarctic Conservation Biogeographic Regions. Diversity and Distributions, 22(8), 836840.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The Guardian. (2019). Scientists prepare to drill for million-year-old ice in Antarctica. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/sep/2023/scientists-prepare-to-drill-for-million-year-old-ice-in-antarctica Google Scholar
Trathan, P. N., Fretwell, P. T., & Stonehouse, B. (2011). First recorded loss of an emperor penguin colony in the recent period of Antarctic regional warming: implications for other colonies. PLoS One, 6(2), e14738.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
TravelManager. (2018). 3 places you must see before it’s too late. Retrieved from https://www.travelmanagers.com.au/special-interest/three-places-must-see-late/ Google Scholar
Trivelpiece, W. Z., Hinke, J. T., Miller, A. K., Reiss, C. S., Trivelpiece, S. G., & Watters, G. M. (2011). Variability in krill biomass links harvesting and climate warming to penguin populati on changes in Antarctica. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 108(18), 76257628.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trivelpiece, W. Z., Trivelpiece, S. G., & Volkman, N. J. (1987). Ecological segregation of Adelie, Gentoo, and Chinstrap Penguins at King George Island, Antarctica. Ecological Society of America, 68(2), 351361.Google Scholar
Tulloch, V., Plagányi, É., Brown, C., Richardson, A., & Matear, R. (2019). Future recovery of baleen whales is imperiled by climate change. Global Change Biology, 24(4), 12631281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, J., Colwell, S. R., Marshall, G. J., Lachlan-Cope, T. A., Carleton, A. M., Jones, P. D., … Lagovkina, S. (2005). Antarctic climate change during the last 50 years. International Journal of Climatology, 25(3), 279294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vereda, M. (2016). Antarctica in the mind of visitors: representations of a remote destination. In Schillat, M., Jensen, M., Vereda, M., Sanchez, R. A., & Roura, R. (Eds.), Tourism in Antarctica: a multidisciplinary view of new activities carried out on the white continent (Vol. SpringerBriefs in Geography, pp. 119). Switzerland: Springer.Google Scholar
Vila, M., Costa, G., Angulo-Preckler, C., Sarda, R., & Avila, C. (2016). Contrasting views on Antarctic tourism: ‘Last Chance Tourism’ or ‘Ambassadorship’ in the last of the wild. Journal of Cleaner Production, 111, 451460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Virshup, A. (2020). How we picked the 2020 ‘Places to Go’ List. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/09/travel/top-destinations-52-places.html?auth=login-facebook Google Scholar
Welling, J. T., Árnason, P., & Ólafsdottír, R. (2015). Glacier tourism: a scoping review. Tourism Geographies, 17(5), 635662.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhao, H. (2018). 3 ‘last chance’ destinations drawing travelers worried about climate change. Retrieved from https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/23/climate-change-worries-push-travelers-to-these-last-chance-locales.html Google Scholar