Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T13:49:26.608Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The domestic politics of disputed Arctic boundaries: the Canadian case

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2013

James Manicom*
Affiliation:
The Centre for International Governance Innovation, 57 Erb St. W. Waterloo, ON, N2L 6C2, Canada ([email protected])

Abstract

This article presents a model for the analysis of the domestic-international nexus of Arctic politics. It offers a preliminary attempt at mapping the domestic politics of Arctic boundary disputes in Canada. It explores the potential impact of domestic politics on such disputes by identifying the interests of domestic stakeholders in the Canadian Arctic. The paper views maritime boundary negotiations as a ‘two-level game’ in which negotiations occur internationally and domestically. The paper argues that the domestic level negotiation is contingent on how the issues are ‘framed’ between policymakers and their constituents. The paper identifies ways that domestic actors can reduce the number of acceptable outcomes in a two-level game, thereby impeding cooperation.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Akiyama, M. 2007. Use of seas and management of ocean space: analysis of the policy making process for creating the Basic Ocean Law. Ocean Policy Studies 5: 128.Google Scholar
Alcantara, C. 2012. Preferences, perceptions, and veto players: explaining devolution negotiation outcomes in the Canadian territorial north. Polar Record. DOI: 10.1017/S0032247412000125.Google Scholar
Anderson, A. 2009. After the ice: life, death and geopolitics in the new Arctic. New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Blanchfield, M. 2010. Cannon launches PR tour to highlight Canada's Arctic claims. Canadian Press 6 April 2010.Google Scholar
Borgerson, S.G. 2008. Arctic meltdown: the economic and security implications of climate change. Foreign Affairs 87: 6377.Google Scholar
Bosold, D. and Oppermann, K.. 2006. Talking win–sets: combining two–level games and discourse analysis. Reading: Political Studies Association (Paper presented at the 56th Political Studies Association conference, Reading).Google Scholar
Boswell, R. 2009. Arctic route to be renamed ‘Canadian Northwest Passage’. Canwest News Service 3 December 2009.Google Scholar
Byers, M. 2010. Cold peace: Arctic cooperation and Canadian foreign policy. International Journal 65: 899912.Google Scholar
Byers, M. 2009. Who owns the Arctic? Understanding sovereignty disputes in the north. Toronto: Douglas & Mcintyre.Google Scholar
Canseco, M. 2008. Arctic sovereignty and Russia: Canadians concerned about Russia; want action on Arctic sovereignty. Vanvouver: Angus Reid Strategies.Google Scholar
Chong, D. and Druckman, J. N.. 2007. Framing theory. Annual Review of Political Science 10: 103126.Google Scholar
Chung, C. 2007. Resolving China's island disputes: a two–level game analysis. Journal of Chinese Political Science 12: 4970.Google Scholar
Chung, C. 2004. Domestic politics, international bargaining and China's territorial disputes. London: RoutledgeCurzon.Google Scholar
Conservative Party of Canada. 2008. The true north strong and free: Stephen Harper's plan for Canadians. URL: http://www.scribd.com/doc/6433536/Stephen-Harpers-Plan-for-CanadianGoogle Scholar
Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development. 2009. Canada's northern strategy: our north, our heritage, our future. Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada.Google Scholar
Ebinger, C.K. and Zambetakis, E.. 2009. The geopolitics of Arctic melt. International Affairs 85: 12151232.Google Scholar
Econ. 2007. Arctic shipping 2030: from Russia with oil, stormy passage, or Arctic great game? Oslo: Norshipping. URL: http://www.econ.no/stream_file.asp?iEntityId=3244Google Scholar
Ekos (Ekos Research Associates). 2011. Rethinking the top of the world: Arctic security public opinion survey. Toronto: The Walter and Duncan Gordon Foundation and the Munk School of Global Affairs.Google Scholar
Feehan, J. P. 2009. Natural resources devolution in the territories: current status and unresolved issues. In: Abele, F., Courchene, T.J., Seidle, F.L. and St–Hilare, F. (editors). Northern exposure: peoples, powers and prospects in Canada's north. Montreal: Institute for Research on Public Policy: 345372.Google Scholar
Fenge, T. 2007–2008. Inuit and the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement: supporting Canada's Arctic sovereignty. Policy Options 29: 8488.Google Scholar
Flanagan, T. 2009. Harper's team: behind the scenes in the Conservative rise to power. 2nd ed. Montreal: McGill–Queen's University Press.Google Scholar
Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada. 2010. Statement on Canada's Arctic foreign policy: exercising sovereignty and promoting Canada's northern strategy. URL: http://www.international.gc.ca/polar-polaire/assets/pdfs/CAFP_brochure_PECA-eng.pdfGoogle Scholar
Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada. 2012. Canada and Kingdom of Denmark reach tentative agreement on Lincoln Sea boundary. Media Release, 28 November 2012. URL: http://www.international.gc.ca/media/aff/news–communiques/2012/11/28a.aspx?view=d (accessed 3 January 2013).Google Scholar
Funston, B.W. 2008. SSWG report on Arctic energy. Arctic Council: Sustainable Development Working Group. URL: http://portal.sdwg.org/content.php?doc=76Google Scholar
Gourevitch, P. 2002. Domestic politics and international relations. In: Carlsnaes, W., Risse–Kappen, T. and Simmons, B.A. (editors). Handbook of international relations. London: Sage Publications Ltd: 309328.Google Scholar
Government of the Russian Federation. 2008. The foundations of the Russian Federation's state policy in the Arctic until 2020 and beyond. URL: http://www.perunconsulting.com/2010/11/25/russias–arctic–policy/ (accessed 4 January 2013).Google Scholar
Grant, S.D. 1988. Sovereignty or security? Government policy in the Canadian north, 1936–1950. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.Google Scholar
Grant, S.D. 2010. Polar imperative: a history of Arctic sovereignty in North America. Vancouver: Douglas and McIntyre.Google Scholar
Harper, S. 2006. Securing Canadian sovereignty in the Arctic. 12 August 2006. Iqaluit, Nunavut. URL: www.pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=1275 (accessed 23 February 2011).Google Scholar
Harper, S. 2007. Prime Minister Stephen Harper announces new Arctic offshore patrol ships. 9 July 2007. URL: http://www.pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=1742 (accessed 3 January 2012).Google Scholar
Harper, S. 2007. Address by Prime Minister Harper in reply to the Speech from the Throne. 16 October 2007. URL: http://www.pco–bcp.gc.ca (accessed 11 August 2012).Google Scholar
Harper, S. 2008. Prime Minister Harper announces the geo–mapping for northern energy and minerals program. 26 August 2008. URL www.pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=2256 (accessed 5 May 2009).Google Scholar
Howard, R. 2009. The Arctic gold rush: the new race for tomorrow's natural resources. London: Continuum.Google Scholar
Hudson, V.M. 2007. Foreign policy analysis: classic and contemporary theory. Lanham: Rowan and Littlefield Publishers.Google Scholar
Huebert, R. 2010. The newly emerging Arctic security environment. Calgary: Canadian Defence and Foreign Affairs Institute.Google Scholar
Huebert, R. and Yeager, B.B.. 2008. A new sea: the need for a regional agreement on management and conservation of the Arctic marine environment. Oslo: WWF International Arctic Programme.Google Scholar
Huth, P.K. 1996. Standing your ground: territorial disputes and international conflict. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
ICC (Inuit Circumpolar Council). 2009. A circumpolar Inuit declaration on sovereignty in the Arctic. URL: http://inuitcircumpolar.com/files/uploads/icc-files/declaration12x18vicechairssigned.pdfGoogle Scholar
ICC (Inuit Circumpolar Council). 2010. Nuuk declaration. ICC General Assembly, 28 June – 2 July. URL: http://inuitcircumpolar.com/files/uploads/icc-files/nuukdeclaration.pdfGoogle Scholar
ICC (Inuit Circumpolar Council). 2011. A circumpolar declaration on resource development principles in Inuit Nunaat. URL: http://inuitcircumpolar.com/files/uploads/icc-files/Declaration_on_Resource_Development_A3_FINAL.pdfGoogle Scholar
ICG (International Crisis Group). 2012. Stirring up the South China Sea (I). Asia Report 223 (23 April 2012).Google Scholar
ITK (Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami). 2008. An integrated Arctic strategy. URL: https://www.itk.ca/sites/default/files/Integrated-Arctic-Stratgey.pdfGoogle Scholar
Jean, M. 2008. Protecting Canada's future. 19 November 2008. URL: http://www.sft–ddt.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=1364 (accessed 11 August 2012).Google Scholar
Jean, M. 2010. Speech from the Throne. 10 March 2010. URL: http://www.speech.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=1388 (accessed 11 August 2012).Google Scholar
Koivurova, T. 2010. Sovereign states and self–determining peoples: carving out a place for transnational indigenous peoples in a world of sovereign states. International Community Law Review 12: 191212.Google Scholar
Lackenbauer, P.W. 2010. Mirror images? Canada, Russia, and the circumpolar world. International Journal 65: 879897.Google Scholar
Lackenbauer, P.W. 2009. From polar race to polar saga: an integrated strategy for Canada and the circumpolar world. Foreign Policy for Canada's Tomorrow. 3. URL: http://opencanada.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/From-Polar-Race-to-Polar-Saga-Whitney-Lackenbauer1.pdfGoogle Scholar
Levy, J.S. 1997. Prospect theory and the cognitive–rational debate. In: Geva, N. and A., Mintz (editors). Decision–making on war and peace: the cognitive–rational debate. Boulder: Lynne Reinner Publishers: 3350.Google Scholar
Liberal Party of Canada. 2010. Canada in the world: a global networks strategy.Google Scholar
Loukacheva, N. 2007. The Arctic promise: legal and political autonomy of Greenland and Nunavut. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Loukacheva, N. 2009. Arctic indigenous people's internationalism: in search of a legal justification. Polar Record 45: 5158.Google Scholar
Lynge, A. 2007. Adaptation and survival. 7 September 2007 (Address to symposium, Religion, Science and Environment. 1st Plenary, The Greenlandic Story).Google Scholar
McDorman, T.L. 1989. Canadian offshore oil and gas: jurisdiction and management issues in the 1980s and beyond. In: McRae, D. and Munro, G.. Canadian oceans policy: national strategies and the new law of the sea. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press: 3968.Google Scholar
Manicom, J. 2008. The interaction of material and ideational factors in the East China Sea dispute: impact on future dispute management. Global Change, Peace and Security 20: 375391.Google Scholar
Manicom, J. 2011. Maritime boundary disputes in East Asia: lessons for the Arctic. International Studies Perspectives 12: 327340.Google Scholar
Manicom, J. in press. Identity politics and the Russia–Canada continental shelf dispute: an impediment to cooperation? Geopolitics. DOI: 10.1080/14650045.2012.685790.Google Scholar
Mifflin, M. 2007. Arctic sovereignty: a view from the north. Policy Options May: 55–58.Google Scholar
Milner, H. 1997. Interests, institutions, and information: domestic politics and international relations. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Mintz, A. and DeRouen, K. Jr. 2010. Understanding foreign policy decision making. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Moravcsik, A. 1993. Introduction: integrating international and domestic theories of international bargaining. In: Evans, P.B., Jacobson, H.K. and Putnam, R.D. (editors). Double edged diplomacy: international bargaining and domestic politics. Berkeley: University of California Press: 342.Google Scholar
Nanos Research. 2012. Long–term priorities. 24 May 2012. URL: www.nanosresearch.comGoogle Scholar
National Resources Canada Press Release. 2008. Government of Canada welcomes new mapping data on Canada's north. URL: http://www.nrcan–rncan.gc.ca/media/newcom/2008/200856–eng.php (accessed 30 June 2010).Google Scholar
NCLA (Nunavut Land Claims Agreement). 1993. Agreement between the Inuit of of the Nunavut settlement area and Her Majesty the Queen in right of Canada. URL: http://nlca.tunngavik.com/ (accessed 25 January 2012).Google Scholar
Palmer, A.C. 2009. Under what conditions can oil and gas developments in the Arctic be acceptable, and to whom? Polar Record 45: 113117.Google Scholar
Putnam, R.D. 1988. Diplomacy and domestic politics: the logic of two–level games. International Organization 42: 427460.Google Scholar
Riddell–Dixon, E. 2008. Canada and Arctic politics: the continental shelf extension. Ocean Development and International Law 39: 343359.Google Scholar
Sale, R. and Potapov, E.. 2010. The scramble for the Arctic: ownership, exploitation and conflict in the far north. London: Frances Lincoln Ltd.Google Scholar
Shirk, S.L. 2007. China: fragile superpower. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Simon, M. 2009. Inuit and the Canadian Arctic: sovereignty begins at home. URL: www.tvo.org/theagenda/resources/pdf/MarySimonSpeech10_2A1370.pdf (accessed 23 February 2011).Google Scholar
Soroka, S. and Wlezien, C.. 2004. Opinion representation and policy feedback: Canada in comparative perspective. Canadian Journal of Political Science 37: 531560.Google Scholar
Storey, I. 2008. Trouble and strife in the South China Sea part II: the Philippines and China. China Brief 8: 58.Google Scholar
Stewart, C. 2010. Testimony to the Senate Standing Committee on Energy, the Environment and Natural Resources. Director, Arctic Program, WWF Canada, The current state and future of Canada's energy sector (including alternative energy). Ottawa. 3 June 2010. Senate session 40–3.Google Scholar
Trumbore, P.F. 1998. Public opinion as a domestic constraint in international negotiations: two–level games in the Anglo–Irish peace process. International Studies Quarterly 42: 545565.Google Scholar
VanderZwaag, D., Huebert, R., and Ferrara, S.. 2001. The Arctic environmental protection strategy, Arctic Council and multilateral environmental initiatives: tinkering while the Arctic environment totters. Denver Journal of International Law and Policy 30: 131171.Google Scholar
Weeks, J.L. 2008. Autocratic audience costs: regime type and signaling resolve. International Organization 62: 3564.Google Scholar
White, G. 2009. Nunavut and the Inuvialuit settlement region: differing models of northern governance. In: Abele, F., Courchene, T.J., Seidle, F.L. and St–Hilare, F. (editors). Northern exposure: peoples, powers and prospects in Canada's north. Montreal: Institute for Research on Public Policy: 298316.Google Scholar
Wikileaks. 2011. Cable 10OTTAWA21. Wikileaks. URL: http://wikileaks.org/cable/2010/01/10OTTAWA21.html (accessed 9 July 2011).Google Scholar
Wilson, G. 2007. Inuit diplomacy in the circumpolar North. Canadian Foreign Policy 13: 6580.Google Scholar
Zellen, B.S. 2009. On thin ice: the Inuit, the state and the challenge of Arctic sovereignty. Lanham: Lexington Books.Google Scholar