Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-12T21:05:33.644Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Australian interests, bifocalism, bipartisanship, and the Antarctic Treaty System

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 December 2012

Marcus Haward  and
Nicholas Cooper
Marcus Haward
Affiliation:
Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Private Bag 129, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001, Australia ([email protected])
Nicholas Cooper
Affiliation:
Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Private Bag 129, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001, Australia ([email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article explores the character of domestic political support for the Australian Antarctic Territory and Australia's involvement in the Antarctic Treaty System, using the linked frames of bifocalism and bipartisanship. After first unpacking these concepts it explores how they have shaped the extent and form of Australia's Antarctic endeavours from the 1930s to the present day. It is argued that the analysis shows that bipartisan commitment to Australian interests in Antarctica is framed through bifocalism: first, Australian national interests are closely linked to maintenance of the Antarctic Treaty and Antarctic Treaty System, and second, presentation of these national interests is not inimical to commitments to the Antarctic Treaty and Antarctic Treaty System.

Type
Research Article
Information
Polar Record , Volume 50 , Issue 1 , January 2014 , pp. 60 - 71
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

In this list, CPD stands for commonwealth parliamentary debates.Google Scholar
Anon. 1981. Antarctica in the 1980s. Australian Foreign Affairs Record 51, 1: 4–13.Google Scholar
Antarctic Science Advisory Committee. 1997. Australia's Antarctic program beyond 2000: a framework for the future. Canberra: Department of Environment.Google Scholar
Antonello, A. 2011. Three early Australian explorers. In: Haward, M., and Griffiths, T. (editors). Australia and the Antarctic Treaty System: fifty years of influence. Sydney: UNSW Press: 26–31.Google Scholar
Australia. 2004. Note from the Permanent Mission of Australia to the Secretary-General of the United Nations accompanying lodgement of Australia's submission. Note no. 89/2004. URL: http//:www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/aus04/Documents/aus_doc_es_attachment.pdf (accessed 21 October 2012).Google Scholar
Australian Antarctic Division. 2000. Looking South. Kingston: Australian Antarctic Division.Google Scholar
Australian Antarctic Division. 2012. Wilkins Aerodrome. URL: http://www.antarctica.gov.au/living-and-working/travel-and-logistics/aviation/intercontinental-operations/wilkins-aerodrome (accessed 21 October 2012).Google Scholar
Baird, R. 2004. Can Australia assert an extended continental shelf off the Australian Antarctic Territory consistent with the Law of the Sea and within the constraints of the Antarctic Treaty? Maritime Studies 138: 1–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowden, T. 1997. The silence calling: Australians in Antarctica 1947–97. St Leonards: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Brook, J. 1984. Australia's policies towards Antarctica. In: Harris, S. (editor). Australia's Antarctic policy options. CRES Monograph 11, Canberra: ANU: 255–264.Google Scholar
Campbell, B. 2008. Recent developments: Australia's continental shelf confirmed. Australian Resources and Energy Law Journal 27 (2): 145–146.Google Scholar
Carroll, J.E. 1983. Of icebergs, oil wells, and treaties: hydrocarbon exploitation offshore Antarctica. Stanford Journal of International Law 19: 207–227.Google Scholar
Casey, R. 1959. Current Notes on International Affairs 30 (12): 667.Google Scholar
Collis, C. 2004. The Proclamation Island moment: making Antarctica Australian. Law Text Culture 8: 39–56.Google Scholar
Commonwealth of Australia. 1992. Australian law in Antarctica. Report of the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs, Canberra: AGPS.Google Scholar
Commonwealth of Australia. 2005. Antarctica: Australia's pristine frontier. Report of the Joint Standing Committee on the National Capital and External Territories, Canberra: The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia.Google Scholar
CPD House of Representatives. 1933. Vol. 139, 13th Parliament, 1st Session, 26 May 1933. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.Google Scholar
CPD House of Representatives. 1954a. Vol. H of R 5, 21st Parliament, 1st Session, 14 October 1954. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.Google Scholar
CPD House of Representatives. 1954b. Vol. H of R 5, 21st Parliament, 1st Session, 21 October 1954. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.Google Scholar
CPD House of Representatives. 1957. Vol. H of R 17, 22nd Parliament, 2nd Session, 5 December 1957. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.Google Scholar
CPD House of Representatives. 1958. Vol. H of R 18, 22nd Parliament, 3rd Session, 25 March 1958. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.Google Scholar
CPD House of Representatives. 1960a. Vol. H of R 28, 23rd Parliament, 2nd Session, 28 September 1960. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.Google Scholar
CPD House of Representatives. 1960b. Vol. H of R 29, 23rd Parliament, 2nd Session, 18 October 1960. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.Google Scholar
CPD House of Representatives. 1977. Vol. H of R 107, 30th Parliament, 2nd Session, Appropriation Bill 1977, 26 October 1977. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.Google Scholar
CPD House of Representatives. 1981a. Vol. H of R 121, 32nd Parliament, 1st Session, 1 April 1981. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.Google Scholar
CPD House of Representatives. 1981b. Vol. H of R 123, 32nd Parliament, 1st Session, 26 May 1981. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.Google Scholar
CPD House of Representatives. 1991a. Vol. H of R 176, 36th Parliament, 1st Session, 6 March 1991. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.Google Scholar
CPD House of Representatives. 1991b. Vol. H of R 176, 36th Parliament, 1st Session, 13 March 1991. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.Google Scholar
CPD Senate. 1933. Vol. 140, 13th Parliament, 1st Session, 1 June 1933. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.Google Scholar
CPD Senate. 1954a. Vol. S 4, 21st Parliament, 1st Session, 22 September 1954. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.Google Scholar
CPD Senate. 1954b. Vol. S 4, 21st Parliament, 1st Session, 30 September 1954. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.Google Scholar
CPD Senate. 1956a. Vol. S 7, 22nd Parliament, 1st Session, 28 February 1956. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.Google Scholar
CPD Senate. 1956b. Vol. S 8, 22nd Parliament, 1st Session, 22 May 1956. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.Google Scholar
CPD Senate. 1956c. Vol. S 8, 22nd Parliament, 1st Session, 12 June 1956. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.Google Scholar
CPD Senate. 1958. Vol. S 12, 22nd Parliament, 3rd Session, 15 May 1958. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.Google Scholar
CPD Senate. 1960. Vol. S 18, 23rd Parliament, 2nd Session, 21 September 1960. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.Google Scholar
CPD Senate. 1980. Vol. S 85, 31st Parliament, 1st Session, 23 May 1980. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.Google Scholar
CPD Senate. 1981. Vol. S 89, 32nd Parliament, 1st Session, 7 April 1981. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.Google Scholar
CPD Senate. 1989. Vol. S 133, 35th Parliament, 1st Session, 3 May 1989. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.Google Scholar
Dodds, K.J. 2011. Sovereignty watch: Claimant states, resources, and territory in contemporary Antarctica. Polar Record 47 (242): 231–243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dodds, K., and Hemmings, A.D.. 2009. Frontier vigilantism: Australia and contemporary representations of Australian Antarctic territory. Australian Journal of Politics and History 55: 513–529.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dudeney, J.R., and Walton, D.W.H.. 2012. Leadership in politics and science within the Antarctic Treaty. Polar Research 31: 11075.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Economou, N. 2012. Political parties as electoral players. In: Smith, R., Vromen, A. and Cook, I. (editors). Contemporary politics in Australia: theories, practices and issues. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press: 132–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, H.R. 1994. International regime formation and leadership: the origins of the Antarctic Treaty. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Hobart: University of Tasmania, Department of Political Science.Google Scholar
Hancock, I.R. 2012. Kent Hughes, Sir Wilfrid Selwyn (Billy) (1895–1970). In: Australian dictionary of biography. Centre of Biography, Australian National University. URL: http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/kent-hughes-sir-wilfrid-selwyn-billy-10723/text19001 (accessed 21 October 2012).Google Scholar
Haward, M. 2009. The Law of the Sea Convention and the Antarctic Treaty System; constraints or complementarity? In: Hong, S.-Y., and van Dyke, J. (editors). Maritime boundary disputes, settlement processes, and the Law of the Sea. Leiden: Martinus Nijoff: 231–251.Google Scholar
Haward, M. 2010. Australia and the Antarctic Treaty – 50 years on: invited reflections on the Antarctic Treaty. Polar Record 46 (236): 11–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haward, M., and Bergin, A.. 2010. Vision, not vigilantism: reply to Dodds and Hemmings. Australian Journal of Politics and History 56 (4): 612–616.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haward, M., and Jackson, A.. 2011. Australia's Antarctic future. In: Haward, M., and Griffiths, T. (editors). Australia and the Antarctic Treaty System: fifty years of influence. Sydney: UNSW Press: 334–345.Google Scholar
Haward, M., and Mason, D.. 2011. Australia, the United Nations and the question of Antarctica. In: Haward, M., and Griffiths, T. (editors). Australia and the Antarctic Treaty System: fifty years of influence. Sydney: UNSW Press: 202–221.Google Scholar
Haward, M., Rothwell, D.R., Jabour, J., Hall, R., Kellow, A., Kriwoken, L., Lugten, G., and Hemmings, A.. 2006. Australia's Antarctic agenda. Australian Journal of International Affairs 60 (3): 439–456.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jabour, J. 2006. High latitude diplomacy: Australia's Antarctic extended continental shelf. Marine Policy 30: 197–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, A., and Boyce, P.. 2011. Mining and ‘World Park Antarctica’. In: Haward, M., and Griffiths, T. (editors). Australia and the Antarctic Treaty System: fifty years of influence. Sydney: UNSW Press: 243–273.Google Scholar
Joyner, C.C. 2011. United States foreign policy interests in Antarctica. The Polar Journal 1 (1): 17–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kawaja, M. 2010. Politics and diplomacy of the Australian Antarctic 1901–1945. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Canberra: Australian National University School of History, Research School of the Social Sciences.Google Scholar
Kaye, S., Haward, M., and Hall, R.. 2011. Managing marine living resources: the 1970s–1990s. In: Haward, M., and Griffiths, T. (editors). Australia and the Antarctic Treaty System: fifty years of influence. Sydney: UNSW Press: 164–180.Google Scholar
Keohane, R. 1984. After hegemony: cooperation and discord in the world political economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Kriwoken, L., Jabour, J., and Hemmings, A. (editors). 2007. Looking south: Australia's Antarctic agenda. Sydney: Federation Press.Google Scholar
Merriam-Webster. 2011. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. URL: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bipartisan (accessed 14 August 2011).Google Scholar
Nasht, S. 2006. The last explorer: Hubert Wilkins, Australia's unknown hero. Sydney: Hachette Australia.Google Scholar
Price, A.G. 1962. The winning of Australian Antarctica. Sydney: Angus and Robertson.Google Scholar
Roxon, N. 2012. Historic continental shelf proclamation. Joint Media Release, Hon. Nicola Roxon MP, Attorney-General, 25 May, Canberra. URL: http://www.attorneygeneral.gov.au/Media-releases/Pages/2012/Second%20Quarter/25-May-2012—Historic-continental-shelf-proclamation.aspx www.attorneygeneral.gov.au/Media-releases/Pages/2012/Second%20Quarter/25-May-2012—Historic-continental-shelf-proclamation.aspx (accessed 21 October 2012).Google Scholar
Stoddart, M. 2001. The scientific program – the present. In: Jabour-Green, J., and Haward, M. (editors). The Antarctic: past, present and future, proceedings of a conference celebrating the 40th anniversary of the entry into force of the Antarctic Treaty. Research report #28. Hobart: Antarctic CRC: 61–70.Google Scholar
Stokke, O.S., and Vidas, D.. 1996. Conclusions. In: Stokke, O.S., and Vidas, D. (editors). Governing the Antarctic: the effectiveness and legitimacy of the Antarctic Treaty System. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Symonds, P., Alcock, M., and French, C.. 2009. Setting Australia's limits. AusGeo News 93: 1–8.Google Scholar
Tepper, R., and Haward, M.. 2005. The development of Malaysia's position on Antarctica: 1982–2004. Polar Record 41 (217): 113–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Triggs, G. 1986. International law and Australian sovereignty in Antarctica. Sydney: Legal Books.Google Scholar