Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T08:45:48.614Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Russian Antarctic Expedition under the command of Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and its reception in Russia and the world

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 July 2016

E. Tammiksaar
E. Tammiksaar*
Affiliation:
Department of Geography, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, Tartu, Estonia; and Centre for Science Studies, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Baer House, Veski 4, Tartu, Estonia ([email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The existence of an icy continent around the South Pole is known to everybody today. But it is common to ascribe this kind of modern knowledge to navigators sailing in southern polar waters in the 19th century. A good illustration of this is the Russian Antarctic expedition (1819–1821) under the conduct of Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen (Russian version Faddej Faddeevich Bellinsgauzen), the reception of which in Russian society of the 19th and 20th centuries is analysed in this article. During the cold war, beginning at the end of the 1940s, the question of who discovered Antarctica turned from being a scientific problem into a subject of political struggle between the United States of America, Great Britain and the Soviet Union. This article provides an analysis of the Russian discovery in the area, while at the same time, attempting to give an answer to the main question of the history of Antarctic exploration which is: is it well-justified to establish the first discoverer of Antarctica? All the dates in the text are according to the Gregorian calendar.

Type
Research Article
Information
Polar Record , Volume 52 , Issue 5 , September 2016 , pp. 578 - 600
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adamov, A. 1951. Bessmertnyj podvig russkikh moryakov [Heroic achievement of Russian navigators]. Nauka i zhizn’ 18 (1): 41–43.Google Scholar
Agassiz, L. 1837a. Des glaciers, des moraines, et des blocs erratiques. Bibliothèque universelle de Gèneve 12: 369–394.Google Scholar
Agassiz, L. 1837b. Discours prononcé à l'ouverture des séances de la Société Helvétique des Sciences naturelles. Actes de la Société Helvétique des Sciences naturelles 2: 5–32.Google Scholar
Agassiz, L. and Bettannier, J.. 1840. Études sur les glaciers. Neuchâtel: Nicolet.Google Scholar
Andreev, A.I. 1949a. Ékspediciya F.F. Bellinsgauzena – M.P. Lazareva v Yuzhnyj Ledovityj okean v 1819–1821 gg. i otkrytie russkimi moryakami Antarktidy [The Bellingshausen–Lazarev expedition to the Antarctic Ocean in 1819–1821 and discoveries of Antarctica by Russian sailors]. In: Andreev, A.I. (editor). Plavaniya shlyupov ’Vostok’ i ’Mirnyj’ v Antarktiku v 1819, 1820 i 1821 godakh [The voyages of the sloops ‘Vostok’ and ‘Mirnyj’ to the Antarctic in 1819–1821]. Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo geograficheskoj literatury: 5–16.Google Scholar
Andreev, A.I. (editor). 1949b. Plavaniya shlyupov ’Vostok’ i ’Mirnyj’ v Antarktiku v 1819, 1820 i 1821 godakh [The voyages of of the sloops ‘Vostok’ and ‘Mirnyj’ to the Antarctic in 1819–1821]. Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo geograficheskoj literatury.Google Scholar
Anon. (Anonymous). 1853. Nekrolog. Admiral Faddej Faddeevich Bellinsgauzen [Obituary. Admiral Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen]. Morskoj sbornik 19 (7): 26–32.Google Scholar
Anon. (Anonymous). 1911. The first American discoveries in the Antarctic, 1819. American Historical Review 16 (4): 794–798.Google Scholar
Anon. (Anonymous). 1949. Ot izdatel'stva [From the publisher]. In: Andreev, A.I. (editor). Plavaniya shlyupov ’Vostok’ i ’Mirnyj’ v Antarktiku v 1819, 1820 i 1821 godakh [The voyages of of the sloops ‘Vostok’ and ‘Mirnyj’ to the Antarctic in 1819–1821]. Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo geograficheskoj literatury 3–4.Google Scholar
ARH. 1939. On some misrepresentations of Antarctic history. The Geographical Journal 94 (4): 309–330.Google Scholar
Armstrong, T. 1950. Recent Soviet interest in Bellingshausen's Antarctic voyage of 1819–21. Polar Record 5 (39): 475–478.Google Scholar
Armstrong, T. 1951. Four eye-witness accounts of Bellingshausen's Antarctic voyage of 1819–21. Polar Record 6 (41): 85–87.Google Scholar
Armstrong, T. 1971. Bellingshausen and the discovery of Antarctica. Polar Record 15 (99): 887–891.Google Scholar
Baer, K.E. v. 1842. Letter to F.G. v. Bellingshausen, St Petersburg, 8. September 1842. Giessen: Universitätsbibliothek Giessen, Handschriftenabteilung. Nachlass von Baer. Bd. 24 (Schachtel).Google Scholar
Baer, K.E. v. 2001. Materialien zur Kenntniss des unvergänglichen Boden-Eises in Sibirien. Berichte und Arbeiten aus der Universitätsbibliothek und dem Universitätsarchiv Giessen 51.Google Scholar
Balch, E.S. 1902. Antarctica. Philadelphia: Larv and Scott.Google Scholar
Balch, E.S. 1925. The first sighting of west Antarctica. Geographical Review 15 (4): 650–653.Google Scholar
Balleny, J. 1839. Discoveries in the Antarctic Ocean. The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London 9: 517–519.Google Scholar
Bellingshausen, F.G. v. 1902. Forschungsfahrten im Südlichen Eismeer 1819–1821. Leipzig: Hirzel.Google Scholar
Bellingshausen, F.G. v. 1945. The voyage of Captain Bellingshausen to the Antarctic seas, 1819–1821 (editor Debenham, F.). London: Hakluyt Society. Vol. 1–2.Google Scholar
Bellinsgauzen, F.F. 1823. Donesenie kapitana 2 ranga Billinsgauzena iz Porta Zhaksona o svoem plavanii [Dispatch from Captain Bellingshausen from Port Jackson about his voyage]. Zapiski, izdavaemyya gosudarstvennym admiral'teiskim departamentom otnosyashchiyasya i moreplevaniyu, naukam i slovestnosti 5: 201–219.Google Scholar
Bellinsgauzen, F.F. 1831a. Atlas k puteshestviyu Kapitana Bellinsgauzena v Yuzhnom Ledovitom more i vo krug sveta v prodolzhenij 1819, 1820 i 1821 godov [Atlas to voyage of Captain Bellingshausen in the Southern Ice Ocean and a voyage around the world, during the years 1819, 1820 and 1821]. St. Petersburg: Fridrits.Google Scholar
Bellinsgauzen, F.F. 1831b. Dvukratnye izyskaniya v Yuzhnom Ledovitom okeane i plavanie vokrug sveta v prodolzhenie 1819, 20, i 21 godov, sovershennye na shlyupakh ‘Vostoke’ i ‘Mirnom’ [Two seasons of exploration in the Southern Ice Ocean and a voyage around the world, during the years 1819, 1820 and 1821 made on the ships ‘Vostok’]and ‘Mirny’]. St. Petersburg: Fridrits. 2 vols.Google Scholar
Bellinsgauzen, F.F. 1949. Dvukratnye izyskaniya v Yuzhnom Ledovitom okeane i plavanie vokrug sveta v prodolzhenie 1819, 1820, i 1821 godov, sovershennoe na shlyupakh ‘Vostok’ i ‘Mirnom’ [Two seasons of exploration in the Southern Ice Ocean and a voyage around the world, during the years 1819, 1820 and 1821 made on the ships ‘Vostok’ and ‘Mirny’] (editor Shvede, E.E.). Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo geografichsekoj literatury (2nd Edn).Google Scholar
Belov, M.I. 1961. Otchetnaya karta pervoi russkoj antarkticheskoj ekspeditsii [Report map of the first Russian Antarctic Expedition]. Informatsionnyj byulleten’ Sovetskoj Antarkticheskoj ekspeditsii 31: 5–14.Google Scholar
Belov, M.I. 1962. Shestaya chast’ sveta otkryta russkimi moryakami [The sixth part of the world discovered by Russian mariners]. Izvestiya Vsesoyuznogo geograficheskogo obshchestva 94 (2): 105–114.Google Scholar
Belov, M.I. 1963. O kartakh pervoj russkoj Antarkticheskoj ekspedicii [About the navigation charts of the first Russian Antarctic expedition]. In: Pervaya russkaya antarkticheskaya ekspediciya 1819–1821 gg. i ee otchentaya navigacionnaya karta [The first Russian Antarctic expedition of 1819 to 1821 and the navigational chart from this report]. Leningrad: Izdatel'stvo Morskoj transport 5–56, navigation maps No 1–15.Google Scholar
Berg, L.S. 1929. Ocherk istorii russkoj geograficheskoj nauki [Study of the history of Russian geographical science]. Leningrad: Izdatel'stvo Akademii nauk SSSR. vol. 4.Google Scholar
Berg, L.S. 1946. Ocherki po istorii russkikh geograficheskikh otkrytij [Studies in the history of Russian geographical discoveries]. Moscow-Leningrad: Izdatel'stvo Akademii nauk SSSR.Google Scholar
Berg, L.S. 1949. Russkie otkrytiya v Antarktike i sovremennyj interes k nej [Russian discoveries in the Antarctic and interest in them today]. Mocow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo geograficheskoj literatury.Google Scholar
[erghaus, H.], B. 1863. Briefwechsel Alexander von Humboldt's mit Heinrich Berghaus aus den Jahren 1825 bis 1858. Leipzig: Hermann Costenoble Vol. 2.Google Scholar
Biscoe, J. 1833. Recent discoveries in the Antarctic Ocean. The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London 3: 104–112.Google Scholar
Biscoe, J. 1901. From the Journal of a voyage towards the South Pole on board the brig Tula, under the command of John Biscoe, with the cutter Lively in company. In: The Antarctic manual for the use of the expedition in 1901 (editor Murray, G.). London: Royal Geographical Society: 305–335.Google Scholar
Brosses, C. de. 1756. Historie des navigations aux Terres Australes. Paris: Durand. 2 vols.Google Scholar
Buffon, G.-L.L. 1778. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière. Paris: De l'imprimerie Royale Vol. 5, supplément.Google Scholar
Buinitskij, V.Kh. 1953. Antarktika [Antarctica]. Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo geograficheskoj literatury.Google Scholar
Bulkeley, R. 2011. Cold war whaling: Bellingshausen and the Slava flotilla. Polar Record 47 (241): 135–155.Google Scholar
Bulkeley, R. 2013. Bellingshausen's first accounts of his Antarctic voyage of 1819–1821. Polar Record 49 (248): 9–25.Google Scholar
Bulkeley, R. 2014. Bellingshausen and the Russian Antarctic Expedition 1819–21. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Campbell, R.J. 2000. The discovery of the South Shetland islands: the voyages of the brig ‘Williams’ 1819–1820 as recorded in contemporary documents and the journal of Midshipman C.W. Poynter. London: Hakluyt Society, Third Series 4.Google Scholar
Caras, R.A. 1962. Antarctica land of frozen times. Philadelphia-New York: Chilton Books.Google Scholar
Charpentier, J. de. 1835. Sur la cause probable du transport des blocs erratiques de la Suisse. Paris: Chez Carilian-Goeury.Google Scholar
Cook, J. 1777. A voyage towards the south pole and round the world; performed in His Majesty's Ships the ‘Resolution’ and ‘Adventure’, in the years 1772, 1773, 1774, and 1775. London: Strahan and Cadell. Vol. 2.Google Scholar
Cook, F.A. 1901. Captain Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, 1819–1821. The discovery of Alexander I, Peter I, and other islands. Bulletin of the American Geographical Society 33 (1): 36–41.Google Scholar
Dal’, V.I. 1881. Tol'kovyj slovar’ zhivogo velikorusskogo yazyka [Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language]. St. Petersburg-Moscow: Tipografiya M.O. Volfa. (2nd Edn.) Vol. 2.Google Scholar
de Navarrete, M.F. 1825. Coleccion de los viages y descubrimientos, que hicieron por mar los Españoles desde fines del siglo XV, con varios documentos inéditos concernientes á la historia de la marina castellana y de los establecimientos españoles en Indias. Madrid: en la Imprenta Real Vol. 1.Google Scholar
de Traversay, J.B. [1818–1819]. Notes about J. Cook's second voyage. St Petersburg: Russian State Navy Archives 315-1-476, sh. 1–3v.Google Scholar
de Travesay, J.B. 1819. 1 division partie de Russie en juin 1819; 2 division partie de Russie en juin 1819. St Petersburg: Russian State Navy Archives 25-1-114, sh. 50–64v.Google Scholar
Debenham, F. 1923. Antarctic. The vast plateau of the frozen south. Countries of the world 2: 189–204.Google Scholar
Debenham, F. 1945. Introduction. In: Bellingshausen, F.G.v. The voyage of Captain Bellingshausen to the Antarctic seas, 1819–1821 (editor Debenham, F.). London: Hakluyt Society 1 (91): 11–30.Google Scholar
Debenham, F. 1959. Antarctica. The story of a continent. London: Herbert Jenkins.Google Scholar
Dokladnaya. . . 1950. Dokladnaya zapiska ministra inostrannykh del SSSR A.Ya. Vyshinskogo I. V. Stalinu po voprosu o memorandume ryadu pravitel'stv o rezhime Antarktike, 20. 02. 1950 [Report by A. Ya. Vyshinskij, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, to I.V. Stalin concerning the memorandum to several governments on the future regime in the Antarctic, 20.02.1950], URL: http://www.alexanderyakovlev.org/fond/issues-doc/71711.Google Scholar
Drygalski, E. v. 1896. Die Südpolar-Forschung und die Probleme des Eises. In: Kollm, G. (editor). Verhandlungen des Elften Deutschen Geographentages zu Bremen am 17., 18. und 19. April 1895. Berlin: Reimer: 18–29.Google Scholar
Drygalski, E.v. 1898. Die Aufgaben der Forschung an Nordpol und Südpol. Geographische Zeitschrift 4 (3): 121– 133.Google Scholar
Drygalski, E. v. 1901. Plan und Aufgaben der Deutschen Südpolar-Expedition. In: Kollm, G. (editor). Verhandlungen des Siebenten Internationalen Geographen-Kongresses, Berlin 1899. Berlin: Kühl 2: 631–642.Google Scholar
Drygalski, E. v. 1904. Zum Kontinent des eisigen Südens. Berlin: Reimer.Google Scholar
Dumont d'Urville, J.S.C. 1987. An account in two volumes of two voyages to the South Seas. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. Vol. 2.Google Scholar
Dvadtsat’. . . 1856. Dvadtsat’ pyatoe prisuzhdenie premii P.N. Demidova [Twenty fifth award of the P.N. Demidov’ Prize]. St Petersburg: Department of the Archives of the Academy of Sciences of Russia 2-5a-39.Google Scholar
Euller, J. 1960. Antarctic world. London-New York-Toronto: Abelard-Schuman.Google Scholar
Firsov, I.I. 1963. Pervootkryvatel’ golubogo kontinenta [The first discoverer of the blue continent]. Vladimir: Knizhnoe izdatel'stvo.Google Scholar
Fleming, J.V. 2003. Columbus, Christopher (1451–1506) Italo-Hispanic navigator. In: Literature of Travel and Exploration. An Encyclopedia (editor Speake, J.). New York, London: Fitzroy Dearborn 1: 271–273.Google Scholar
Fogg, G.E., Smith, D. 1990. The explorations of Antarctica. The last unspoilt Continent. London: Cassell.Google Scholar
Fricker, K. 1898. Antarktis. Berlin: Schall and Grund.Google Scholar
Fricker, K. 1904. The Antarctic regions. London: Swan Sonnenschein and Co.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gan, I. 2011. ‘The first practical Soviet steps towards getting a foothold in the Antarctic’: the Soviet Antarctic whaling flotilla Slava . Polar Record 47 (240): 21–28.Google Scholar
G[ershau, P.] 1892. Admiral Faddej Faddeevich Bellinsgauzen r. 1778 g. umer 1852 g. [Admiral Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen born 1778 died 1852]. Russkaya starina 75 (3): 373–395.Google Scholar
Gould, R.T. 1925. The first sighting of the Antarctic continent. The Geographical Journal 65 (3): 220–225.Google Scholar
Gould, R.T. 1941. The charting of the South Shetland Islands 1819–28. The Mariner's Mirror 27 (3): 206–242.Google Scholar
Grigor'ev, S. G. 1937. Vokrug yuzhnogo polyusa [Around the South Pole]. Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe uchebno-pedagogicheskoe izdatel'stvo. (3rd Edn).Google Scholar
Grigor'ev, A.A. 1949. Geograficheskaya nauka v SSSR [Geographical science in USSR]. In: Vavilov, S.I. (editor). Voprosy istorii otechestvennoj nauki. Obshchee sobranie Akademii nauk SSSR posvyashchennoe istorii otechestvennoj nauki 5–11 yanvarya 1949 g. [Questions of the history of Soviet science. General Assembly of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR devoted to the history of Soviet science, 5–11 January 1949]. Moscow-Leningrad: Akademiya nauk SSSR: 335–352.Google Scholar
Grigor'ev, A.A. and Lebedev, D.M.. 1949. Otkrytie Antarkticheskogo materika russkoj ekspediciej Bellinsgauzena-Lazareva 1819–1821 gg [The discovery of the Antarctic continent by the Russian expedition of Bellinsgauzen-Lazarev]. Izvestiya Akademii nauk SSSR, seriya geograficheskaya i geofizicheskaya 13(3): 118–193.Google Scholar
Hatherton, T. 1965. Antarctica. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Headland, R.K. 2009. A chronology of Antarctic exploration. A synopsis of events and activities from the earliest times until the International Polar Years, 2007–09. London: Quaritch.Google Scholar
Hinks, A.R. 1941. Antarctica discovered: a reply. Geographical Review 31 (3): 491–498.Google Scholar
Hobbs, W.H. 1939. The discoveries of Antarctica within the American sector, as revealed by maps and documents. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series 31 (1).Google Scholar
Hobbs, W.H. 1941. Explorers of the Antarctic. New York: House of Field.Google Scholar
Johnston, A.K. 1848. The physical atlas a series of maps & notes illustrating the geographical distribution of natural phenomena. Based on the Physikalischer Atlas of Professor H. Berghaus. Edinburgh: Johnston.Google Scholar
Jones, A.G.E. 1982. Antarctica observed: who discovered the Antarctic continent? Whitby: Caedmon of Whitby.Google Scholar
Jones, J.W. 1850. Introduction. In: Hakluyt, R. Divers voyages touching the discovery of America and the islands adjacent. London: Hakluyt Society: 1–111.Google Scholar
Kalesnik, S.V. 1949. Russkie otkrytiya v Antarktike [Russian discoveries in Antarctic]. Slavyane 4: 19–21.Google Scholar
Karelin, D.B. 1949. Antarktika [Antarctica]. Moscow: Leningrad: Detgiz.Google Scholar
Kämtz, F.L. 1848. Ob uspekhakh zemlevedeniya s pervoj poloviny XVIII stoletiya [About success in earth science in the first half of XVIII century]. In: Karmannaya knizhka dlya lyubitelej zemlevedeniya izdavaemaya ot Russkogo geograficheskogo obshchestva [Pocket edition of the Russian geographical society for those interested in geography]. St. Petersburg: Tipografiya Vtorogo otdeleniya sobstvennoj E.I.V. kancelyarii: 5–157.Google Scholar
Keyserling, A. v. and Krusenstern, P.T. v.. 1843. Wissenschaftliche Beobachtungen auf einer Reise in das Petschora-Land, im Jahre 1843. St. Petersburg: C. Kray.Google Scholar
Krüger, T. 2013. Discovering the ice ages. International reception and consequences for a historical understanding of climate. Leiden-Boston: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krusenstern, A.J. v. 1821. Einleitung. In: Kotzebue, O. v. Entdeckungs-Reise in die Süd-See und nach der Berings-Strasse zur Erforschung einer nordöstlichen Durchfahrt. Weimar: Gebrüder Hoffmann 1: 3–19.Google Scholar
Krusenstern, A.J. v. 1830. Reisen der Russen nach der Südsee und Uebersicht der während der Regierung Alexander I. gemachten geographischen Entdeckungen. St Petersburg: Russian State Navy Archives 14-1-63.Google Scholar
Krusenstern, A.J. v. 1833. Ueber die Entdeckung des südlichen Continents. Annalen der Erd-, Völker- und Staatenkunde 8 (4): 95–96.Google Scholar
Krusenstjern, E. v. 1982. Losgeknöpft durch die Welt. Bericht eines abenteuerlichen Lebens [des Paul von Krusenstern des Jüngeren] im19. Jahrhundert. Zusammengefügt aus Tagebüchern, Briefen und Dokumenten. Hannover-Döhren: Verlag Harro von Hirschheydt.Google Scholar
Kruzenshtern, I.F. 1830. Obozrenie vsekh sovereshennykh Russkimi moreplavatelyami puteshestvij vokrug Sveta, i vazhnejshikh otkrytij, sdelannykh imi v posledniya 25 let, v Yuzhnom Okeane i na beregakh Ledovitogo moray [Survey of all circumnavigation voyages carried out by Russian navigators and their most important discoveries in the Antarctic Ocean and on the coasts of the Arctic Ocean during the last 25 years]. Syn Otechestva 9 (15, 17–18): 49–57; 95–117; 153–170.Google Scholar
Kruzenshtern, P.I. 1879. Puteshestviya k Severnomu Uralu v 1874–76 godakh [Trips to the North Ural Mountains during 1874–76]. St.Petersburg: Slavyanskaya pechatnya.Google Scholar
Landis, M.J. 2001. Antarctica exploring the extreme. 400 years of adventure. Chicago: Chicago Review Press.Google Scholar
Lebedev, V.L. 1957. Antarktika [Antarctica]. Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo geograficheskoj literatury.Google Scholar
Lebedev, V.L. 1959. Antarctica. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House.Google Scholar
Lebedev, V.L. 1960. Geograficheskie nablyudeniya v Antarktike, ekspediciya Kuka 1772–1775 gg. i Bellinsgauzena-Lazareva 1819–1821 gg [Geographical observations in the Antarctic: the expeditions of Cook, 1772–1775, and of Bellingshausen and Lazarev, 1819–1821]. Antarktika: doklady komissii 1: 7–24.Google Scholar
Lebedev, V.L. 1961. Kto otkryl Antarktidu? [Who discovered Antarctica?]. Antarktika: doklady komissii 2: 153– 166.Google Scholar
Lebedev, V.L. 1962. Reshenie spornykh voprosov antarkticheskoj istorii na novoj osnove [A new basis for settling disputed questions of Antarctic history]. Antarktika: doklady komissii 3: 176–179.Google Scholar
Lebedev, V.L. 1963. O raznom tolkovanii nekotorykh mest iz dokumentov ekspedicii Bellinsgauzena I Lazareva [On a different interpretation of certain passages in documents from the Bellingshausen-Lazarev expedition]. Antarktika: doklady komissii 4: 170–174.Google Scholar
Lenz, E. 1858. Fizicheskaya geografiya. Uchebnoe rukovodstvo dlya voenno-uchebnykh zavedenij. [Physical geography. Teaching guide for military schools]. St. Petersburg: Tipografiya Imperatorskoj Akademii nauk (2nd Edn).Google Scholar
Lewis, R. 1965. A continent of science. The Antarctic venture. London: Secker and Warburg.Google Scholar
Löwe, F. 1842. Bellingshausens Reise nach der Südsee und Entdeckungen im südlichen Eismeer. Archiv für wissenschaftliche Kunde von Russland 2: 125–174.Google Scholar
Lüdecke, C. (editor). 2015. Verborgene Eiswelten. Erich von Drygalskis Bericht über seine Grönlandexpeditionen 1891, 1892–1893. München: August Dreesbach Verlag.Google Scholar
Lüdecke, C. and Lajus, J.. 2010. The second International Polar Year 1932–1933. In: Barr, S. and Lüdecke, C. (editors). The history of the International Polar Years (IPYs). Heidelberg: Springer 135–173.Google Scholar
Lütke, F.B. v. 1856. Letter to A.Th. v. Middendorff, St. Petersburg, 23 January 1856. St Petersburg: Department of the Archives of the Academy of Sciences of Russia 34-1-9, sh. 3–4.Google Scholar
Markham, C. 1901. The Antarctic expeditions. In: Kollm, G. (editor). Verhandlungen des Siebenten Internationalen Geographen-Kongresses, Berlin 1899. Berlin: Kühl 2: 623–630.Google Scholar
Martin, L. 1938. The log of Palmer's discovery of Antarctica. Science, New Series 87 (2251): 165–166.Google Scholar
Martin, L. 1940. Antarctica discovered by a Connecticut Yankee, captain Nathaniel Brown Palmer. Geographical Review 30 (4): 529–552.Google Scholar
Maury, M.F. 1860. The physical geography of the sea and its meteorology. London: Sampson.Google Scholar
M'Cormick, R. 1847. Geological remarks on the Antarctic continent and southern islands. In: Ross, J.C. A voyage of dicovery and research in the Southern and Antarctic regions during the years 1839–43. London: Murray 2: 412–422.Google Scholar
Miljutin, V.A. 1853. Faddej Faddeevich Bellinsgauzen [Obituary. Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen]. Otchet Imperatorskogo Russkogo geograficheskogo obshchestva za 1852 g. St. Petersburg: Bezobrazov 3–6.Google Scholar
Mill, H.R. 1903. Bellingshausen's Antarctic voyage. Geographical Journal 21 (2): 150–159.Google Scholar
Mill, H.R. 1905. The siege of the South Pole. The story of Antarctic exploration. London: Alston Rivers.Google Scholar
Morell, B. 1832. A narrative of four voyages, to the south sea, north and south Pacific ocean, Chinese sea, Ethiopia and southern Atlantic ocean, Indian and Antarctic ocean. From the year 1822 to 1831. New York: Harper.Google Scholar
Murray, J. 1886. The exploration of the Antarctic regions. The Scottish Geographical Magazine 2 (9): 527–547.Google Scholar
Nähere. . . 1821. Nähere Nachrichten von der Entdeckungsreise des Russischen capitäns Bellingshausen (Aus dem ‘Invalid’ 100). Neue allgemeine geographische Ephemeriden 9 (4): 508–512.Google Scholar
Neumayer, G. 1885. Notwendigkeit und Durchführbarkeit der antarktischen Forschung vom Standpunkt der Entwicklung der geophysikalischen Wissenschaften, insbesondere des Erdmagnetismus und der Meteorologie. In: Michov, H. (editor).Verhandlungen des Fünften Deutschen Geographentages zu Hamburg am 9., 10. und 11. April 1885. Berlin: Reimer: 172–196.Google Scholar
Neumayer, G. 1896a. Die wissenschaftliche Erforschung des Südpolar-Gebietes. In: Kollm, G. (hrsg.). Verhandlungen des Elften Deutschen Geographentages zu Bremen am 17., 18. und 19. April 1895. Berlin: Reimer: 9–17.Google Scholar
Neumayer, G. 1896b. Ueber Südpolarforschung. In: Report of the sixth International Geographical Congress held in London, 1895. London: Murray: 109–162.Google Scholar
Neumayer, G. 1901. Auf zum Südpol! 45 Jahre Wirkens zur Förderung der Erforschung der Südpolar-Region 1855–1900. Berlin: Vita Deutsches Verlagshaus.Google Scholar
Nordman, F.D. 1877. Pamyatnik v Kronshtadte admiral Faddeyu Faddeevichu Bellinsgauzenu [Monument to Admiral Faddei Faddeevich Bellinsgauzen in Kronstadt]. St. Petersburg: Tipografiya Morskogo ministerstva.Google Scholar
[Novosil'skij, P.] 1853. Yuzhnyj polyus’. Iz zapisok byvshago morskogo oficera [The South Pole: from the memoirs of a former naval officer]. St. Petersburg: Weimar.Google Scholar
[Novosil'skij, P.] 1854. Shestoj continent ili kratkoe obozrenie plavanij k yugu ot Kuka do Rossa [The sixth continent, or, a brief account of voyages to the south from Cook to Ross]. St. Petersburg: Weimar (1st Edn).Google Scholar
Novosil'ski, P. 1855. O geograficheskikh otkrytiyakh v Yuzhnom Polyarnom more, v istekshej polovine XIX stoletiya [On geographical discoveries in the Southern Ice Ocean in the elapsed half of the 19 century]. Zhurnal ministerstva narodnogo prosveshcheniya 87, section II: 16–31.Google Scholar
Obshchee. . . 1855. Obshchee sobranie Imperatorskogo Russkogo geograficheskogo obshchestva 13 aprelya 1855 goda [General assembly of the Imperial Russian geographical society on 13 April 1855]. Vestnik Imperatorskogo Russkogo geograficheskogo obshchestva 13 (2), section VI: 19–20.Google Scholar
Osipov, Yu.S. and Esakov, V.D. (editors). 2000. Akademiya nauk v resheniyakh po Politbyuro CK RKP(b)–VKP(b) 1922–1952 [Academy of Sciences and resolutions of the political bureau of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist(Bolsheviks) Party – All Federation Communist(Bolsheviks) Party]. Moscow: ROSSPEN.Google Scholar
Ostrovskij, B.G. 1949. O pozabytykh istochnikakh i uchastnikakh Antarkticheskoj ekspedicii Bellinsgauzena-Lazareva [About forgotten sources and participants in the Antarctic expedition of Bellinsgauzen-Lazarev]. Izvestiya Vsesoyznogo Russkogo geograficheskogo obshchestva 81 (2): 239–249.Google Scholar
Ostrovski, B.G. 1966. M.P. Lazarev. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo CK VLKSM ‘Molodaya Gvardiya’.Google Scholar
Otchet. . . 1855. Otchet Imperatorskogo Russkogo geograficheskogo obshchestva za 1854 god [Report of the Imperial Russian geographical society of 1854]. St. Petersburg: Prats.Google Scholar
Otchet. . . 1856. Otchet Imperatorskogo Russkogo geograficheskogo obshchestva za 1855 god [Report of the Imperial Russian geographical society of 1855]. St. Petersburg: Prats.Google Scholar
Otkrytie. . . 1842. Otkrytie novogo materika v Yuzhnom polusharii [The discovery of a new continent in the southern hemisphere]. Zhurnal ministerstva narodnogo prosveshcheniya 35, section VII: 48–52.Google Scholar
Ovlashchenko, A. 2014. Antarkticheskij rubikon. Tema otkrytija Antarktidy v sovetskikh istochnikakh nachala 50-h godov [Continent of ice: the first Russian Antarctic Expedition and its resonance in Soviet historiography]. Saarbrücken: Palmarium Academic Publishing.Google Scholar
Ovlashchenko, A. 2016. Antarkticheskij renessans. Provedenie pervykh Kompleksnykh antarkticheskih ekspedicij i problema otkrytija Antarktidy (1955‒1960 gg.) [Renaissaince of Antarctica. Conducting first [Soviet] complex Antarctic expeditions and the question of the discovey of Antarctica in 1950s and 1960s]. Saarbrücken: Palmarium Academic Publishing.Google Scholar
Owen, R. 1941. The Antarctic ocean. New York-London: Whittlese House.Google Scholar
Perneder, E. 1990. Zwischen Konvention und Passion. Das Leben der Mimi von Krusenstern nach ihren Briefen und Tagebüchern. Berlin. Manuscript.Google Scholar
Petermann, A. 1850. The atlas of physical geography. London: Wm.S. Orr.Google Scholar
Petermann, A. 1863a. Neue Karte der Süd-Polar-Regionen. Mittheilungen aus Justus Perthes’ geographischer Anstalt über wichtige neue Erforschungen auf dem Gesammtgebiete der Geographie 9: 407–428.Google Scholar
Petermann, A. 1863b. Bereicherungen meiner Bibliothek vom 11. Februar 1863 an. Universität und Forschungsbibliothek Erfurt/Gotha. Sammlung Perthes, Schriftenleitung PGM. 540, Mappe 4, Bl. 90.Google Scholar
Pis'ma. . . 1918. Pis'ma Mikhaila Petrovicha Lazareva k Alekseyu Antonovichu Shestakovu v g. Krasnyj Smolenskoj gubernii’ [Letters from M.P. Lazarev to A.A. Shestakov at Krasnyj in the Smolensk Governorate]. Morskoj sbornik CDIII (1): 51–66.Google Scholar
Postanovlenie. . . 1949. Postanovlenie obshchego sobraniya Akademii Nauk SSSR 11 yanvarya 1949 goda [Resolution of the General Assembly of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR of 11 January 1949]. In: Vavilov, S.I. (editor)Voprosy istorii otechestvennoj nauki. Obshchee sobranie Akademii nauk SSSR posvyashchennoe istorii otechestvennoj nauki 5–11 yanvarya 1949 g. [Questions of the history of Soviet science. General Assembly of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR devoted to the history of science in homeland on 5–11 January 1949]. Moscow-Leningrad: Akademiya nauk SSSR 880–884.Google Scholar
Rabinovich, I.O. 1908. Shestaya chast’ sveta (Vopros ob Antarkticheskom materike) [The sixth part of the world]. St. Petersburg: Yunik.Google Scholar
Raikhenberg, M. 1941. Otkrytie pervoj zemli v Antarktike (K 120-letiyu okonchaniya russkoj ekspedicii F.F. Bellinsgauzena i M.P. Lazareva) [The first discovery of land in Antarctica (on the occasion of the 120th anniversary of the end of the Russian expedition of F.F. Bellinsgauzen and M.P. Lazarev]. Sovetskaya Arktika 2: 61–69.Google Scholar
Ratzel, F. 1885. Aufgaben geographischer Forschung in der Antarktis. In: Michov, H. (editor). Verhandlungen des Fünften Deutschen Geographentages zu Hamburg am 9., 10. und 11. April 1885. Berlin: Reimer 8–24.Google Scholar
Razdel. . . 1939. Razdel Antarktiki [Partition of Antarctica]. Problemy Arktiki 3 (5): 107.Google Scholar
Ross, J. 1819. A voyage of discovery, made under the orders of the Admiralty, in His Majesty's Ships ‘Isabella’ and ‘Alexander’. London: Lingman and others.Google Scholar
Ross, J.C. 1847. A voyage of dicovery and research in the Southern and Antarctic regions during the years 1839–43. London: Murray 1.Google Scholar
Rubin, M. 1982. Thaddeus Bellingshausen's scientific programme in the Southern Ocean. Polar Record 21 (132): 215–229.Google Scholar
[Russwurm, C.] 1870. Nachrichten über die adeliche und freiherrliche Familie von Bellingshausen. Zur Feier der Enthüllung des Denkmals für den Admiral Fabian von Bellingshausen. Reval (Tallinn): Lindfors’ Erben.Google Scholar
Samarov, A.A. (editor). 1952. M.P. Lazarev – Dokumenty [M.P. Lazarev – Documents]. Moscow: Voenno morskoe izdatel'stvo Voenno-Morskogo ministerstva Soyza SSR 1.Google Scholar
Schul-Atlas. . . 1846. Schul-Atlas über alle Theile der Erde nach dem neuesten Zustande, und über das Weltgebäude. Nach Stieler's Hand-Atlas verkleinert. Gotha: Perthes. Karte Nr. II.Google Scholar
Scoresby, W. 1818. On the Greenland or polar ice. Memoirs of the Wernerian Society 2: 261–388.Google Scholar
Scott, R.F. 1905. The voyage of the ‘Discovery’. London: Smith, Elder 1.Google Scholar
Seybt, J. 1847. Vorwort. In: Ross, J.C. Entdeckungsreise nach dem Süd-Polar-Meere in den Jahren 1839–1843. Leipzig: Lorck III–VI.Google Scholar
Shackleton, E. 1911. The heart of the Antarctic. London: William Heinemann.Google Scholar
Shister, E.L. 1948. V Antarktiku za kitami [To Antarctica for whale hunting]. Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo kul'turno-prosvetitel'noj literatury.Google Scholar
Shister, E.L. 1949. Pod sozvezdiem yuzhnogo kresta. Plavanie sovetskikh kitoboev v Antarktike [Under the Southern Cross. Soviet whale hunters in Antarctica]. Moscow-Leningrad: Izdatel'stvo Glavsevmorputi.Google Scholar
Shokal'skij, Yu.M. 1898. Polyanryya strany Yuzhnogo polushariya [Polar lands of the southern hemisphere]. In: Arsen'ev, K.K. and Petrushevskij, F.F. (editors). Énciklopedicheskij slovar’. St. Petersburg: I.A. Efron 24: 492–494.Google Scholar
Shokal'skij, Yu.M. 1902. O polyarnykh stranakh [Polar regions]. Estestvoznanie i geografiya 2: 92–93.Google Scholar
Shokal'skij, Yu.M. 1928. Stoletie so vremeni otpravleniya Russkoj antarkticheskoj ekspedicii pod komandoj F. Bellinsgauzena i M. Lazareva 4 iyuliya 1819 g. iz Kronhstadta [Centenary of the despatch 4 July 1819 from Kronstadt of the Russian Antarctic Expedition commanded by F.G. v. Bellingshausen and M. Lazarev]. Izvestiya vsesoyuznogo geograficheskogo obshchestva 60 (2): 176–212.Google Scholar
Shpindler, I.B. v. 1903. Lekcii po fizicheskoj geografii. Kurs Nikolaevskoj Morskoj Akademii [Lectures in physical geography. Course in the Nikolayev Naval Academy]. St. Petersburg: Imperatorskaya Akademiya nauk 1.Google Scholar
Shvede, E.E. 1947. Puteshestvie kapitana Bellinsgauzena v antarkticheskie morya 1819–1821. Perevod s russkogo pod redakciej Franka Dibenhama [Review of Bellingshausen, F.G. v. 1945. The voyage of Captain Bellingshausen to the Antarctic seas 1819–1821]. Izvestiya Russkogo geograficheskogo obshchestva 79 (3): 357–358.Google Scholar
Shvede, E.E. 1949. Pervaya russkaya antarkticheskaya ekspediciya 1819–1821 gg. [The first Russian Antarctic Expedition, 1819–1821]. In: Bellinsgauzen, F.F. Dvukratnye izyskaniya v Yuzhnom Ledovitom okeane i plavanie vokrug sveta v prodolzhenie 1819, 1820, i 1821 godov, sovershennoe na shlyupakh ‘Vostoke’ i ‘ Mirnom’ [Two seasons of exploration in the Southern Ice Ocean and a voyage around the world, during the years 1819, 1820 and 1821] (editor Shvede, E.E.). Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo geografichsekoj literatury (2nd Edn): 7–30.Google Scholar
Shvede, E.E 1952. Otkrytie Antarktidy russkimi moreplavatelyami [Discovery of the Antarctic by Russian navigators]. Moscow: Znanie.Google Scholar
Shvede, E.E. 1958. Otkrytie Antarktidy russkimi moreplavatelyami v 1819–1821 gg. [The discovery of Antarctica by Russian navigators in 1819–1821]. In: Antarktika. Materialy po istorii issledovaniya i po fizicheskoj geografii [Antarctica. Materials on the exploration history and physical geography] (editors Pavlovskij, E.N. and Kalesnik, S.V.). Moskva: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo geograficheskoj literatury 6–53.Google Scholar
Shvede, E.E. 1960. Otkrytie Antarktidy russkimi moreplavatelyami v 1819–1821 gg. [The discovery of Antarctica by Russian mariners in 1819–1821]. In: Bellinsgauzen, F.F. Dvukratnye izyskaniya v Yuzhnom Ledovitom okeane i plavanie vokrug sveta v prodolzhenie 1819, 1820, i 1821 godov, sovershennoe na shlyupakh ‘Vostoke’ i ‘Mirnom’ [Two seasons of exploration in the Southern Ice Ocean and a voyage around the world, during the years 1819, 1820 and 1821 1821 made on the ships ‘Vostok’ and ‘Mirny’] (editor Shvede, E.E.). Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo geograficheskoj literatury (3rd Edn): 9–52.Google Scholar
Simonow, I.M. 1824. Beschreibung einer neuen Entdeckungsreise in das südliche Eismeer. Wien: Wallishausser.Google Scholar
Simonov, I.M. 1844. Zapiski i vospominaniya o puteshestvii po Anglii, Francii, Bel'gii i Germanii v 1842 g. [Jottings and recollections of a journey through England, Belgium and Germany in 1842]. Kazan: Universitetskaya tipografiya.Google Scholar
Smirnov, V.G. 1998. Proekt M. F. Mori ob issledovanii yuzhnykh polyarnykh stran [Project of M.F. Maury on the exploration of southern polar lands]. Izvestiya Russkogo geograficheskogo obshchestva 130 (5): 46–54.Google Scholar
Sokolov, A.V. and Kushnarev, E.G.. 1951. Tri krugosvetnykh plavaniya M.P. Lazareva [Three circumnavigation voyages of M.P. Lazarev]. Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo geograficheskoj literatury.Google Scholar
Sonin, A.S. 2011. Bor'ba s kosmopolitizmom v sovetskoj nauke [Struggle against cosmopolitism in Soviet science]. Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar
Sukhova, N.G. 2000. Istoriya izucheniya sledov lednikovogo perioda na territorii Rossii v XIX–nachale XX stoletiya [Search for the traces of the glacial age on the territory of Russia from the 19th to the beginning of the 20th century]. Izvestiya Russkogo geograficheskogo obshchestva 132 (6): 66–80.Google Scholar
Sukhova, N.G. and Tammiksaar, E.. 2015. Aleksandr Fedorovich Middendorf. K dvukhsotletiyu so dnya rozhdeniya [Alexander Theodor von Middendorff. On the occasion of his 200th birth anniversary]. St. Petersburg: Nestor-Istoriya.Google Scholar
Supan, A. 1901a. The first meteorological complete year from the South Polar regions. In: The Antarctic manual for the use of the expedition in 1901 (Murray, G. editor). London: Royal Geographical Society 45–50.Google Scholar
Supan, A. 1901b. Das antarktische Klima. In: Kollm, G. Verhandlungen des dreizehnten Deutschen Geographentages zu Breslau am 28., 29. und 30. Mai 1901. Berlin: Reimer 45–53.Google Scholar
Tammiksaar, E. 2002. The contributions of Karl Ernst von Baer to the investigation of the physical geography of the Arctic in the 1830s–1840s. Polar Record 38 (205): 121–140.Google Scholar
Tammiksaar, E. 2007. Petermann, August. Encyclopedia of the Antarctic (editor Riffenburgh, B.). New York-London: Routledge 2: 723–724.Google Scholar
Tammiksaar, E. 2014. Vene Lõunapooluseekspeditsioon poliitilistes tõmbetuultes [The heritage of the Russian South Pole expedition in political whirlwinds]. Akadeemia 26 (1–2): 72–95; 286–312 (English summary: 176–178; 360–361).Google Scholar
Tammiksaar, E. and Kiik, T.. 2013. Origins of the Russian Antarctic expedition: 1819–1821. Polar Record 49 (249): 180–192.Google Scholar
Tarnopol'skij, Ya. 1941. Dnevnik matrosa Egora Kiseleva [Diary of seaman Egor Kiselev]. Vokrug sveta 4: 40–43.Google Scholar
Tauber, G.M. 1949. Plavanie v Antarktike v 1947–1948 [Antarctic voyage in 1947–1948]. Izvestiya Vsesoyuznogo geograficheskogo obshchestva 81 (4): 369–385.Google Scholar
Trapeznikov, A. A. 2003. Velikie russkie. Russkie puteshestvenniki [Great Russians. Russian explorers]. Moscow: ROSMEN.Google Scholar
Treshnikov, A.F. 1963. Istoriya otkrytiya i issledovaniya Antarktidy [History of discovery and exploration of Antarctica]. Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo geograficheskoj literatury.Google Scholar
Trewby, M. (editor). 2002. Antarctica. An encyclopedia from Abbott ice shelf to zooplankton. Auckland: David Bateman.Google Scholar
Venetz, I. 1833. Abhandlung über die Veränderung der Temperatur in den Schweizer Alpen. Denkschriften der allgemeinen schweizerischen Gesellschaft für die gesamte Naturwissenschaften 1: 125–143.Google Scholar
Vvedenskij, N. 1940. V poiskakh Yuzhnogo materika: Russkaya antarkticheskaya ekspediciya 1819–1821 gg. [In search of a southern continent: the Russian Antarctic expedition of 1819–1821]. Leningrad-Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Glavsevmorputi.Google Scholar
Vvedenskij, N. 1941. K voprosu o russkikh otkrytiyakh v Antarktike v 1819–1821 godakh, v svete noveishikh geograficheskikh issledovanij [On the question of Russian discoveries in the Antarctic in 1819–1821, in the light of recent geographical research]. Izvestiya vsesoyuznogo geograficheskogo obshchestva 73 (1): 118–122.Google Scholar
Weddell, J. 1827. A voyage towards the South Pole, performed in the years 1822–24, containing an examination of the Antarctic Sea. London: Longman (2nd Edn).Google Scholar
Wilkes, C. 1844a. Narrative of the United States exploring expedition during the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842. Philadelphia: Sherman 2.Google Scholar
Wilkes, C. 1844b. Atlas to the narrative of the United States exploring expedition during the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842. London: Sherman.Google Scholar
Zhizneopisanie. 1853. Zhizhneopisanie sostoyavshego pri osobe ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva admirala Faddeya Faddeevicha Bellingsgauzena [Life of Admiral Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen]. Severnaya Pchela 91–92: 363–364; 367–368.Google Scholar