Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-hvd4g Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-10T04:41:22.185Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Life in the Antarctic sea ice zone

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 October 2009

Gotthilf Hempel
Gotthilf Hempel
Affiliation:
Alfred-Wegener-Institute für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Columbusstraße, D-2850 Bremerhaven, Germany
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Seasonal ice of the Southern Ocean, occupying some 15 x 106 km2, supports a distinctive biota based on algae that live on, within and immediately beneath the ice floes. How this annually-forming habitat recruits its biota, and the fate of the biota after the ice thaws in late summer, are little-known. Studies in the Weddell Sea in 1984–88 have shown that the seasonal ice is important as the wintering substrate of krill Euphausia superba which, together with other zooplankton and fish, supports a large breeding population of seals and penguins. Clearly a key habitat in the economy of the Southern Ocean, this seasonal ice is likely to be vulnerable to small climatic changes.

Type
Articles
Information
Polar Record , Volume 27 , Issue 162 , July 1991 , pp. 249 - 253
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bartsch, A. 1989. Die Eisalgenflora des Weddellmeeres (Antarktis): Artenzusammensetzung und Biomasse sowie Ökophysiologie ausgewählter Aden. Berichte zur Polarforschung 63: 1–110.Google Scholar
Bergström, B. I., Hempel, G., Marschall, H.-P., North, A., Siegel, V., AND Strömberg, J.-O. 1989. Spring distribution, size composition and behaviour of krill Euphausia superba in the western Weddell Sea. Polar Record 26 (157): 85–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bunt, J. S. 1963. Diatoms of Antarctic sea ice as agents of primary production. Nature 199: 1255–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bunt, J. S. 1964. Primary productivity under sea ice in Antarctic waters. II. Influenceof light and other factors on photosynthetic activities of Antarctic marine microalgae. Antarctic Research Series 1: 27–31.Google Scholar
Burkholder, P. R. and Mandelli, E. F. 1965. Productivity of microalgae in Antarctic sea ice. Science 149: 872–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clarke, D.B. and Ackley, S. F. 1984. Sea ice structure and biological activity in the Antarctic marginal ice zone. Journal of Geophysical Research 890: 2087–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dieckmann, G. S., Rohardt, G., Hellmer, H. and Kipfstuhl, J. 1986. The occurrence of ice platelets at 250 m depth near the Filchner Ice Shelf and its significance for sea ice biology. Deep-Sea Research 33: 141–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fischer, G., Fütterer, D., Gersonde, R., Honjo, S., Ostermann, D. and Wefer, G. 1988. Seasonal variability of particle flux in the Weddell Sea and its relation to ice cover. Nature 335: 426–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garrison, D. L and Buck, K. R. 1989. The biota of Antarctic pack ice in the Weddell Sea and Antarctic Peninsula regions. Polar Biology 10: 211–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garrison, D. L., Sullivan, C. W. and Ackley, S. F. 1986. Sea ice microbial communities in Antarctica. Bioscience 26: 243–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garrison, D. L, Close, A. R. and Reimnitz, E. 1990. Microorganisms concentrated by frazil ice: evidence from laboratory experiments and field measurements. In: Ackley, S. F. and Weeks, W. F. (editors). Sea ice properties and processes. Proceedings of the W. F. Weeks Sea Ice Symposium. CRREL Monograph 90–1: 92–96.Google Scholar
Gieskes, W. W. C., Veth, C., Woehrmann, A. and Graefe, M. 1987. Secchi disc visibility world record shattered. EOS 68(9): 123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hempel, G. (editor). 1985. Die Expedition Antarktis III mit FS Polarstern 1984/85. Berichte zur Polarforschung 25: 1–209.Google Scholar
Hempel, I. (editor). 1989. The Expedition ANTARKTIS Vll/1 and 2 (EPOS) of RV Polarstem in 1988/89. Berichte zur Polarforschung 62: 1–182.Google Scholar
Hempel, I., Fransz, G., Hagen, W., Marschall, H.-P., Marschall, S., Mizdalski, E. and Schiel, S. 1987. Zooplankton. Berichte zur Polarforschung 39: 197–205.Google Scholar
Hempel, I., Schalk, P.H. and Smetacek, V. (editors). 1989. Expedition Antarktis VII/3 in 1988/89. Berichte zur Polarforschung 65: 1–199.Google Scholar
Horner, R. A. 1985. Sea ice biota. Boca Raton, CRC Press.Google Scholar
Lange, M. A., Ackley, S. F., Wadhams, P., Dieckmann, G. S. and Eicken, H. 1989. Development of sea ice in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Annals of Glaciology 12: 92–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marschall, H.-P. 1988. The overwintering strategy of Antarctic krill under the pack-ice of the Weddell Sea. Polar Biology 9: 129–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maykut, G. A. 1985. The ice environment. In Horner, R. A. (editor). Sea ice biota. Boca Raton, CRC Press: 21–82.Google Scholar
O'Brien, D. P. 1988. Direct observations of the behaviour of Euphausia superba and Euphausia crystallorophias (Crustacea: Euphausiacea) under the pack-ice during the Antarctic spring of 1985. Journal of Crustacean Biology 7: 337–448.Google Scholar
Schnack-Schiel, S. (editor). 1987. Die Winter-Expedition mit FS Polarstern in die Antarktis (ANTV/1-3). Berichte zur Polar Forschung 39: 1–259.Google Scholar
Smetacek, V., Scharek, R. and Nöthig, E.-M. 1990. Seasonal and regional variation in the pelagial and its relationship to the life history cycle of krill. In: Kerry, K. R. and Hempel, G. (editors). Antarctic ecosystems: ecological change and conservation Berlin, Springer-Verlag: 103–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spindler, M. 1990. A comparison of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice and the effects of different properties on sea ice biota. In: Bleil, U. and Thiede, J. (editors). Geological history of the polar oceans: Arctic versus Antarctic. Berlin, Kluver-Verlag: 173–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spindler, M. and Dieckmann, G.S. 1986. Distribution and abundance of the planktonic foraminifer Neogloboquadrina pachyderma in sea ice of the Weddell Sea (Antarctica). Polar Biology. 5: 185–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spindler, M., Dieckmann, G. S. and Lange, M. A. 1990. Seasonal and geographic variations in sea ice community structure of the Weddell Sea, Antarctica. In: Kerry, K. R. and Hempel, G. (editors). Antarctic ecosystems, ecological change and conservation. Berlin, Springer-Verlag: 129–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stonehouse, B. and Hempel, G. 1987. Aerial counts of penguins, seals and whales in the eastern Weddell Sea. Berichte zur Polarforschung 39: 227–30.Google Scholar
Stretch, H. H., Hamner, P. P., Hamner, W. M., Michel, W. C., Cook, J. and Sullivan, C. W. 1988. Foraging behavior of krill Euphausia superbaon sea ice microalgae. Marine Ecology Progress Series 44: 131–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wägele, J. W., Arntz, W., Gutt, J., Kühl, S., Lorenz, P., Spindler, M. and Wägele, H. 1985. Studies on Antarctic zoobenthos (ANT III/2 and 3). Berichte zur Polarforschung 25: 129–32.Google Scholar