Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T19:10:48.591Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Attracting skilled labour to the North: Migration loss and policy implications across Russia’s diverse Arctic regions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 April 2019

Ol’ga Khoreva ,
Roman Konchakov ,
Carol Scott Leonard ,
Aleksandr Tamitskiy  and
Konstantin Zaikov Open the ORCID record for Konstantin Zaikov [Opens in a new window]
Ol’ga Khoreva
Affiliation:
Department for Spatial Development and Regional Studies, School of Public Administration, Faculty of Social Sciences, National Research University “Higher School of Economics (HSE)”, Myasnitskaya ul., 20, Moscow 101000, Russian Federation
Roman Konchakov
Affiliation:
Department of Economic History, Centre for Studies of Economic and Social History, Presidential Academy of the National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia
Carol Scott Leonard
Affiliation:
Centre for Russian Studies, Institute for Public Policy, Presidential Academy of the National Economy, Institute for Territorial Development and Urban Planning, National Research University “Higher School of Economics (HSE)”, Myasnitskaya ul., 20, Moscow 101000, Russian Federation Emeritus, St Antony’s College, Oxford OX2 6J8UK
Aleksandr Tamitskiy
Affiliation:
Department of Regional Studies, International Relations and Political Science, Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Naberezhnaya Severnoy Dviny, 17, Arkhangelsk 163002, Russian Federation
Konstantin Zaikov*
Affiliation:
Arctic Centre for Strategic Studies, Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Naberezhnaya Severnoy Dviny, 17, Arkhangelsk 163002, Russian Federation
*
Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This paper identifies education, skills training and improved social infrastructure as key development issues to address population decline in regions of steady out-migration from the Russian Arctic. Migration flows have mostly stabilised after the sharp and unexpectedly large population decline in the Arctic in the 1990s, during the transition to a market economy. However, the trends set in motion during that collapse, including falling general levels of education, declining size of all but the largest cities, and ageing of the populace, are becoming more serious for some regions, even where government resettlement programmes exist. As young professionals continue to leave, resettling compatriots and hiring shift labour may contribute to the vitality of more resilient regions, for example, Krasnoyarsk and Yamalo-Nenets. However, the European part of the Russian Arctic, despite its critical importance to commerce and to military security, and despite assistance programmes and subsidies, is conforming more to the ageing, less productive contours of neighbouring Arctic states on the periphery of Europe.

Keywords

Labour migrationPopulation mobilityLabour mobilityArctic labour marketMigration policy mechanismMigration policy
Type
Research Article
Information
Polar Record , Volume 54 , Issue 5-6 , September 2018 , pp. 324 - 338
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bachtler, J., & Yuill, D. (2001). Policies and strategies for regional development: a shift in paradigm? (pp. 1–41). Glasgow: University of Strathclyde, European Policies Research Centre.Google Scholar
Beine, M., Docquier, F., & Rapoport, H. (2001). Brain drain and economic growth: theory and evidence. Journal of Development Economics, 64(1), 275–289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradshaw, M. J. (1995). The Russian North in transition: general introduction. Post-Soviet Geography, 36(4), 195–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bykovskiy, V. A., & Kobylkin, D. N. (2001). Yamal ot nastoyashchego k budushchemu: rubezhi modernizatsii [Yamal from the present to the future: frontiers of modernization]. Ekonomika regiona [Economy of the Region], 3, 281–287.Google Scholar
Danilova, R. I., Golubeva, E. Y. and Emelyanova, A. S. (2011). Demographic aspects of the social safety of the elderly population in the Barents Euro-Arctic region. Advances in Gerontology, 1(3), 195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Haas, H. (2010). Migration and development: a theoretical perspective 1. International Migration Review, 44(1), 227–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dudarev, A., Chupakhin, V., & Øyvind Odland, J. (2013). Health and society in Chukotka: an overview. International Journal of Circumpolar Health, 72(1), 20469.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dudarev, A. A., Dorofeyev, V. M., Dushkina, E. V., Alloyarov, P. R., Chupakhin, V. S., Sladkova, Y. N., … & Evengard, B. (2013). Food and water security issues in Russia III: Food-and waterborne diseases in the Russian Arctic, Siberia and the Far East, 2000–2011. International Journal of Circumpolar Health, 72(1), 21856.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Einarsson, E., Larsen, J. N., Nilsson, A., & Young, O. R. (2004). Arctic human development report. Akureyri, Iceland: Stefansson Arctic Institute.Google Scholar
Emelyanova, A., & Rautio, A. (2012). Aging population of the Barents Euro-Arctic region. European Geriatric Medicine, 3(3), 167–173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emelyanova, A., & Rautio, A. (2013). Perspectives for population ageing in the Russian North. Journal of Population Ageing, 6(3), 161–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fauzer, V. V., Rozhkin, E. N., & Zagainova, G. V. (2001). Respublika Komi vXXveke: demografiya, rasselenie, migratsiya [The Komi Republic in the 20th century: demography, settlement, migration]. Syktyvkar, Institute of SocioEconomic and Energy Problems of the North of Komi Scientific Center of Ural Branch of RAS Publ.Google Scholar
Federal Law no. 425-FZ. (2014, December 22). O vnesenii izmeneniy v Zakon Rossiyskoy Federatsii “O zanyatosti naseleniya v Rossiyskoy Federatsii” [On amendments to the law of the Russian Federation “On employment in the Russian Federation]. Retrieved from http://rulaws.ru/laws/Federalnyy-zakon-ot-22.12.2014-N-425-FZGoogle Scholar
Federal Service of State Statistics. (2012a). Demograficheskiy ezhegodnik Rossii - 2012 god [Demographic yearbook of Russia 2012. Net migration rates in the Russian Regions]. Retrieved from http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/B12_16/Main.htmGoogle Scholar
Federal Service of State Statistics. (2012b). Demograficheskiy ezhegodnik Rossii - 2012 god [Demographic yearbook of Russia 2012. Migration rates in the Russian Federation in 2010. General migration results in the subjects of the Russian Federation in 2010]. Retrieved from http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b11_107/Main.htmGoogle Scholar
Federal Service of State Statistics. (2014a) Migratsionnye pokazateli v Rossiyskoy Federatsii v 2014 godu. Raspredelenie migrantov v vozraste 14 let i starshe po urovnyu obrazovaniya i Rossiyskim regionam Arktiki v 2014 godu [Migration rates in the Russian Federation in 2014. Distribution of migrants aged 14 and over by the level of education and the Russian Arctic Regions in 2014]. Retrieved from http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b15_107/Main.htmGoogle Scholar
Federal Service of State Statistics. (2014b). Demograficheskiy ezhegodnik Rossii - 2014 god [Demographic yearbook of Russia 2014. Net migration rates in the Russian Regions]. Retrieved from http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/B14_16/Main.htmGoogle Scholar
Federal Service of State Statistics. (2015a). Demograficheskiy ezhegodnik Rossii - 2015 god [Demographic yearbook of Russia 2015. General migration results in the subjects of the Russian Federation in 2014]. Retrieved from http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/B15_16/Main.htmGoogle Scholar
Federal Service of State Statistics. (2015b). Demograficheskiy ezhegodnik Rossii - 2015 god [Demographic yearbook of Russia 2015. Net migration rates in the Russian Regions in 2014 (net migration rate per 10 000 people). Retrieved from http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/B15_16/Main.htmGoogle Scholar
Gerber, T. P. (2005). Internal migration dynamics in Russia, 1985-2001: determinants, motivations and consequences. Washington, DC: National Council for Eurasian and East European Research.Google Scholar
Giltman, M. (2016). Does location affect employment? Evidence from the High North of Russia. Journal of Urban and Regional Analysis, 8(1), 21.Google Scholar
Gurvich, K. L. (2015). Conceptual resources for studying migration issues in the circumpolar regions: mobility, stratification and globalization optics. Arktika i Sever, 18, 6–23.Google Scholar
Hamilton, L. C., Colocousis, C. R., & Johansen, S. T. (2004). Migration from resource depletion: the case of the Faroe Islands. Society & Natural Resources, 17(5), 443–453.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, L. C., & Mitiguy, A. M. (2009). Visualizing population dynamics of Alaska’s Arctic communities. Arctic, 62(4), 393–398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, L. C., Saito, K., Loring, P. A., Lammers, R. B., & Huntington, H. P. (2016). Climigration? Population and climate change in Arctic Alaska. Population and Environment, 38(2), 115–133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hansen, K. G., Rasmussen, R. O., Olsen, L. S., Roto, J., & Fredricsson, C. (2012). Megatrends in the Arctic: new inspiration into current policy strategies. Stockholm: Nordregio.Google Scholar
Heer, D. M. (1977). Three issues in Soviet population policy. Population and Development Review, 3(3), 229–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heleniak, T. (1999). Out-migration and depopulation of the Russian North during the 1990s. Post-Soviet Geography and Economics, 40(3), 155–205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heleniak, T. (2010). Population change in the periphery: changing migration patterns in the Russian North. Sibirica, 9(3), 9–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heleniak, T. (2013). Boom and bust: Population change in Russia’s Arctic cities. Policy note presented at the Arctic Urban Sustainability Conference, May 30–31, 2013. Polar Geography, 32(1–2), 31–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heleniak, T., & Bogoyavlensky, D. (2015). Arctic populations and migration. In Larsen, J. N. & Fondahl, G. (Eds.), Arctic human development report: regional processes and global linkages. Copenhagen: Nordisk Ministerråd.Google Scholar
Heleniak, T. E. (2009). The role of attachment to place in migration decisions of the population of the Russian North. Polar Geography, 32(1–2), 31–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howe, E. L. (2009). Patterns of migration in Arctic Alaska. Polar Geography, 32(1–2), 69–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howe, E. L., Huskey, L., & Berman, M. D. (2013). Migration in Arctic Alaska: empirical evidence of the stepping stones hypothesis. Migration Studies, 2(1), 97–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huppert, V. G. (2016). Brain drain in the Arctic: the retention of local high-skilled labour in Nuuk, Greenland Masters’ Thesis. Aalborg University, Denmark.Google Scholar
Huskey, L. (2009). Community migration in Alaska’s north: the places people stay and the places they leave. Polar Geography, 32(1–2), 17–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huskey, L., Berman, M., & Hill, A. (2004). Leaving home, returning home: migration as a labor market choice for Alaska Natives. The Annals of Regional Science, 38(1), 75–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huskey, L., & Southcott, C. (2010). Migration in the circumpolar North: Issues and Contexts. Edmonton: CCI Press.Google Scholar
Ishkanian, A. (2002). Mobile motherhood: Armenian women’s labor migration in the post-Soviet period. Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies, 11(3), 383–415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Korovkin, A. G. (2016). Macroeconomic assessment of the regional labor markets in the European part of the Russian Arctic. Studies on Russian Economic Development, 27(1), 54–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Korovkin, A. G., Dolgova, I. N., Edinak, E. A., & Korolev, I. B. (2015). Otsenka sostoyaniya i perspektiv razvitiya rynkov truda i migratsionnykh vzaimosvyazey regionov rossiyskoy Arktiki [Assessment of the state and prospects for the development of labour markets and migration linkages of the Russian Arctic regions]. Modernization. Innovation. Research, 6(4), 213–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kozlov, V. (2017, March 31). Russia turns its eyes and wealth to the Arctic. Business New Europe, 14–15. Retrieved from http://www.intellinews.com/russia-turns-its-eyes-and-wealth-to-the-arctic-118180Google Scholar
Larsen, J. N., & Fondahl, G. (Eds.). (2015). Arctic human development report: Regional processes and global linkages. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers.Google Scholar
Larsen, J., Fondahl, G., & Schweitzer, P. (2010). Arctic social indicators: A follow-up to the Arctic human development report. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers.Google Scholar
Laruelle, M. (2015). Russia’s Arctic strategies and the future of the Far North. Abingdon: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, E. S. (1966). A theory of migration. Demography, 3(1), 47–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leonard, C. S., Nazarov, Z., & Vakulenko, E. S. (2016). The impact of sub-national institutions: Recentralization and regional growth in the Russian Federation (2001–2008). Economics of Transition, 24(3), 421–446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Litvinenko, T. V., & Murota, T. (2008). Social consequences of post-Soviet transformation of natural resources utilization in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia. Doshisha Economic Review, 60(3), 83–101.Google Scholar
McLeman, R. A., & Hunter, L. M. (2010). Migration in the context of vulnerability and adaptation to climate change: Insights from analogues. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 1(3), 450–461.Google ScholarPubMed
Moran, D., Pallot, J., & Piacentini, L. (2011). The geography of crime and punishment in the Russian Federation. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 52(1), 79–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nazarenko, A. P. (2012). The problem of the social exclusion of the working emigrants in the light of the development of the Arkhangelsk region. Arktika i Sever [Arctic and North], (9), 104–111.Google Scholar
Order of the Government no. 663-p. (2014, April 24). Retrieved from http://government.ru/media/files/41d4d79dca53652cd619.pdfGoogle Scholar
Orttung, R. W. (Ed.). (2016). Sustaining Russia’s Arctic cities: resource politics, migration, and climate change (Vol. 2). New York: Berghahn Books.Google Scholar
Osherenko, G., & Young, O. R. (2005). The age of the Arctic: hot conflicts and cold realities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Otchet o migratsii v Chukotskom avtonomnom okruge, osnovnye rezul’taty deyatel’nosti FMS v Chukotskom avtonomnom okruge v 2015 godu [Report on migration in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, main results of the FMS activities in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug in 2015]. Retrieved from http://87.fms.gov.ru/about/PokazateliGoogle Scholar
Popova, I. V. (2011). Gosudarstvennaya politika zanyatosti na evropeyskom severe v 1960–1970-e gg. [State employment policy in the European North in the 1960-1970s]. Izvestia: Herzen University Journal of Humanities and Science, 127, 62–67.Google Scholar
Ravenstein, E. G. (1889). The laws of migration. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 52(2), 241–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reisser, C. (2016). Drivers shaping Russia’s Arctic cities. In Orttung, R. W. (Ed.), Sustaining Russia’s Arctic cities: resource politics, migration, and climate change (Vol. 2, pp. 207–228). New York: Berghahn Books.Google Scholar
RF Government Decree. (2014). No. 1032, of October 8, 2014. Ob uproshchenii vydachi svidetel’stv uchastnika gosprogrammy po okazaniyu sodeystviya pereseleniyu sootechestvennikov iz-za rubezha grazhdanam Ukrainy, poluchivshim vremennoe ubezhishche v Rossii [On organization of work with compatriots permanently residing on the territory of Ukraine, arrived to the territory of the Russian Federation, who have received temporary asylum in the Russian Federation and are ready to take part in the state programme of voluntary resettlement to the Russian Federation of compatriots living abroad]. Retrieved from http://government.ru/docs/15182Google Scholar
Round, J. (2005). Rescaling Russia’s geography: the challenges of depopulating the northern periphery. Europe-Asia Studies, 57(5), 705–727.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shabad, T., & Mote, V. L. (1977). Gateway to Siberian resources (the BAM). Silver Spring, MD: Scripta Pub. Co.Google Scholar
Slavin, S. V. (1972). Sovetskii Sever [The Soviet North]. Moscow: Prosveshchenie.Google Scholar
Sinitsa, A. L. (2016). Demograficheskoye razvitie gorodov Arkticheskoy zony Rossiyskoy Federatsii. [Demographic development of cities in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation]. Economics of Contemporary Russia, 3, 7–16.Google Scholar
Suorsa, K. (2007). Regionality, innovation policy and peripheral regions in Finland, Sweden and Norway. Fennia-International Journal of Geography, 185(1), 15–29.Google Scholar
TASS. (2018, October 25). Investments in Arkhangelsk logistics center estimated at 5–6 billion rubles, says governor. Moscow: Russian News Agency. http://tass.com/economy/1027899Google Scholar
Territorial Body of Federal State Statistics Service in the Arkhangelsk region. Munitsipal’naya statistika. Osnovnye pokazateli sotsial’no-ekonomicheskogo razvitiya v munitsipalitetakh [Municipal statistics. Main indicators of socio-economic development in municipalities]. Retrieved from http://krasstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/krasstat/ruGoogle Scholar
Territorial Body of Federal State Statistics Service in the Arkhangelsk region. Naselenie. Obshchie rezul’taty migratsii [Population. General migration results]. Retrieved from http://arhangelskstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/arhangelskstat/ruGoogle Scholar
Territorial Body of Federal State Statistics Service in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. Retrieved from http://chukotstat.gks.ruGoogle Scholar
Territorial Body of Federal State Statistics Service in the Khabarovsk Territory, Magadan region, Jewish Autonomous Region and Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. Retrieved from http://habstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/habstat/ruGoogle Scholar
Territorial Body of Federal State Statistics Service in the Komi Republic. Munitsipal’naya statistika. Osnovnye pokazateli sotsial’no-ekonomicheskogo razvitiya v munitsipalitetakh [Municipal statistics. Main indicators of socio-economic development in municipalities]. Retrieved from http://komi.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/komi/ruGoogle Scholar
Territorial Body of Federal State Statistics Service in the Krasnoyarsk Krai. Munitsipal’naya statistika. Osnovnye pokazateli sotsial’no-ekonomicheskogo razvitiya v munitsipalitetakh [Municipal statistics. Main indicators of socio-economic development in municipalities]. Retrieved from http://krasstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/krasstat/ruGoogle Scholar
Territorial Body of Federal State Statistics Service in the Murmansk oblast. Ofitsial’naya statistika naseleniya [Official population statistics]. Retrieved from http://murmanskstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/murmanskstat/ru/statistics/populationGoogle Scholar
Territorial Body of Federal State Statistics Service in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Retrieved from http://nenstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/nenstat/ruGoogle Scholar
Territorial Body of Federal State Statistics Service in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Retrieved from http://sakha.gks.ruGoogle Scholar
Territorial Body of Federal Migration Service in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Otchet o migratsii v Respublike Sakha (Yakutiya), osnovnye rezul’taty deyatel’nosti FMS v Respublike Sakha (Yakutiya) v 2015 godu [Report on migration in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), main results of the FMS activities in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) in 2015]. Retrieved from http://14.fms.gov.ru/about/PokazateliGoogle Scholar
Tynkkynen, V. P., Tabata, S., Gritsenko, D., & Goto, M. (Eds.). (2018). Russia’s Far North: the Contested Energy Frontier. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Van Dijk, J., Folmer, H., Herzog, H. W., & Schlottmann, A. M. (1989). Labor market institutions and the efficiency of interregional migration: a cross-nation comparison. In Migration and Labor Market Adjustment. Dordrecht: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vakulenko, E. S. (2016). Econometric analysis of factors of internal migration in Russia. Regional Research of Russia, 6(4), 344–356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vakulenko, E., Mkrtchyan, N., & Furmanov, K. (2011). Econometric analysis of internal migration in Russia. Montenegrin Journal of Economics, 7(2), 21–33.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Khoreva et al. supplementary material

Khoreva et al. supplementary material 1

Download Khoreva et al. supplementary material(File)
File 19.9 KB