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A Measure for the Early Freneau's Debt to Milton

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 December 2020

Thomas P. Haviland*
Affiliation:
University of Pennsylvania

Extract

That Philip Freneau, “the poet of the American Revolution,” outspokenly devoted to the cause of freedom and the democratic ideal, and plunging into the midst of the political activities of his time with an ardor that forswore all compromise, bears a strong spiritual kinship to the blind poet of the Commonwealth certainly no one familiar with the stormy public careers of the two would for a moment deny. That this extended in Freneau's earlier poetry to an actual literary discipleship has been more than once stated, but illustrated only in the most general terms. The temptation to cite concrete examples of the youthful poet's indebtedness to Paradise Lost, extending from borrowed phrase to actual paraphrase, is difficult to resist; “The Rising Glory of America,” “The History of the Prophet Jonah,” and “The Monument of Phaon” in particular prove rich ground and practically unturned. However, in the interest of exactness, as well as correction of what seems a mistaken attitude, it will be well to restrict the present discussion to one poem. Upon the publication of “The Power of Fancy” (1786) Freneau appended to line 33, “See's this earth a distant star,” the note “Milton's Paradise Lost B. ii, v, 1052.” This allusion to Satan's viewing “this pendant world, in bigness as a star” has been several times cited as evidence of the American's debt, but, strangely enough, with little effort to find substantiation in the matter and manner of the poem itself.

Type
Research Article
Information
PMLA , Volume 55 , Issue 4 , December 1940 , pp. 1033 - 1040
Copyright
Copyright © Modern Language Association of America, 1940

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References

1 See Leon Howard, “The Influence of Milton on Colonial American Poetry,” in Huntington Lib. Bul'n. No. 9.

2 All references are to the edition of F. L. Pattee (Princeton, 1902).

3 R. D. Havens, The Influence of Milton on English Poetry (Harvard Univ. Press, 1922), p. 467.

4 H. H. Clark, “The Influences of Philip Freneau,” N. C. Philol. Club, xxii, 1–33.

5 See Modern Chivalry (Phila., 1846). Bibliog Note.

6 Pattee, op. cit., xx.

7 The actual “come” is reserved for the conclusion.

8 Lines S and 6.

9 “Il Penseroso,” 99.

10 Cf. P. L., i, 44–46.

11 “Fancy,” 95 ff.

12 “Il Penseroso,” 131–132.

13 “Fancy,” 111 ff.

14 Vid. Republic, pp. 616–617.

14a In addition, line 39 suggests the “Nativity Ode” (130):

And let the base of Heav'us deep organ blow.

15 Also see P. L., i, 48; ii, 180 ff.

16 The adjective “verdant,” Milton found often to his liking, applying it to grass, the British Isles, gold—and the forest roof; “mid-ocean flood” in the following line is certainly Miltonic.

17 Op. cit., pp. 439–440.