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LXXII. A Source for Balzac's Determinism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 December 2020

G. M. Fess*
Affiliation:
University of Missouri

Extract

In any explanation of the sources for the doctrine of physical determinism, as expressed in modern French literature, the book of Jean-Philibert Dessaignes (1762–1832), Etudes de l'homme moral, fondées sur les rapports de ses facultés avec son organisation, deserves a place. This is because its author was the teacher of Honoré de Balzac at the Collège de Vendôme, and because Balzac later became one of the chief creators of the doctrine in question.

Type
Research Article
Information
PMLA , Volume 50 , Issue 4 , December 1935 , pp. 1186 - 1190
Copyright
Copyright © Modern Language Association of America, 1935

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References

1 (Paris: Typographie Delalain Frères, 1881).

2 For an unusually penetrating treatment of this aspect of romantic thought, see Helmut Rehder, Die Philosophie der unendlichen Landschaft: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der romanischen Weltanschauung (Halle: Max Niemeyer, 1932).

3 It seems evident that the possibilisme of Vidal de la Blache, Brunhes, and other human geographers furnishes a more plausible explanation of man's relation to his physical environment than the theories put forth in the second half of the nineteenth century by biologists, whose interest and knowledge were largely limited to the subhuman.

4 Note, for instance, the connection of Dessaignes' theory that “les phénomènes jusqu' alors attribués à divers fluides impondérables: mouvement, chaleur, lumière, électricité, magnétisme ne sont que des manifestations diverses d'un même fluide éthéré, animé de mouvements différents” and the dying words of Louis Lambert to Mlle Villenoix: “Ici bas tout est le produit d'une substance éthéré, base commune de plusieurs phénomènes connus sous les noms impropres d‘électricité, chaleur, lumière, fluides galvaniques, magnétiques, etc.” These purely physical and chemical aspects of Dessaignes’ doctrines, in their relationship to Balzac, are treated by A. Coriveaud in two tiny articles, one in la Revue Scientifique (Feb. 6, 1886) and the other in la Chronique Médicale (Dec. 1, 1902). Neither touches the general subject of physical determinism.

5 Details from a pamphlet by Dr. A. Ribemont-Dessaignes (grandson by adoption of J–P. Dessaignes) entitled Deux Grands Savants Vendomois, Jean-Philibert et Victor Dessaignes (Vendôme: à l'Imprimerie Launey et Fils, 1930), most graciously made available to me by its author. In answer to my queries whether another member of the faculty may not have instructed Balzac in philosophy, the Proviseur du Collège de Vendôme wrote as follows, July 7, 1927: “Rien ne permet de supposer qu'il y ait eu a cette époque au Collège de Vendôme un autre professeur de philosophie, et il n'est pas vraisemblable que J. Ph. Dessaignes ait abondonné à un autre un enseignement qu'il avait a cœur de donner luimême.”

6 P. viii.

7 P. xv.

8 P. xvi.

9 P. xii, xiii.

10 P. xv.

11 P. viii.

12 P. xix.

13 Correspondance générale, letter xxx.

14 Traité des excitants modernes, section 3.

15 Ch. V. Balzac, C. Lévy ed., xxi, 327.

16 P. xi, xii.

17 P. xiii.

18 P. xxxv, xxxvi.

19 Prefaceto Thérèse Raquin.