^{Note 1 in page 524} PMLA, XLIV (1929), 360–376, esp. p. 369; and Brugger, “ 'Pellande,' 'Galvoie' Ar-ragoce' in the Romance of Fergus,” A Miscellany of Studies in Romance Languages and Literatures presented to Leon E. Kastner (Cambridge, Eng., 1932), p. 107.

^{Note 2 in page 524} E. Brugger, “The Hebrides in the French Arthurian Romances,” Arthuriana, ii (1929–30), 10.

^{Note 3 in page 524} That is, if we are to accept Martin's identification of Ingeval with Galloway as Miss Schlauch does (cf. Martin, p. xxi; Schlauch, p. 364).

^{Note 4 in page 524} Fergus of Galloway was a powerful lord who was on friendly terms with King David I of Scotland during most of the latter's reign, but who revolted against the throne during the reign of David's grandson and successor, Malcolm IV (1153–65). Malcolm had to invade Galloway three times to subdue the rebellious province. Fergus thereupon took in 1161. Somarled of Argyle flourished during the middle third of the 12th century. He was the son of one Gillabrigte, apparently of Celtic origin. Married to an illegitimate daughter of Olaf, son of Godfrey Crovan, the Scandinavian ruler of the Hebrides, Somarled in 1156 revolted against his legitimate brother-in-law, Godfrey Olafson, and wrested from him the lordship of the Isles. This sovereignty he was able to maintain until his violent death at Renfrew in 1164. (Cf. Schkuch, pp. 365–368.)

^{Note 5 in page 525} Martin and Schlauch give this date as 1233; the Annals of Ulster and the Chronicle of Melrose, quoted in A. O. Anderson, Early Sources of Scottish History (Edinburgh-London, 1922) II, 492, give 1234.

^{Note 6 in page 525} Martin, p. xii; Schlauch, pp. 372–374; A. Stefan, Laut- und Formenbesland in Guillaume li cler's Roman “Fergus” (Klagenfurt, 1893), p. 49; J. D. Bruce, Evolution of Arthurian Romance (Gottingen, 1923), ii, 238.

^{Note 7 in page 525} Stefan's linguistic study of the poem in the work just cited demonstrates that Guillaume wrote in the dialect of north-central France rather than in Anglo-Norman, and that, consequently, he cannot be identified with the Guillaume who wrote the AN Bestiary (see esp. pp. 47–49). Stefan's conclusions on this subject have been generally accepted.

^{Note 8 in page 525} For an account of Norman settièment in Scotland as early as the reign of David I (1124–53) see C. Innes, Scotland in the Middle Ages (Edinburgh, 1860), pp. 88–89. For charters of land grants to Normans see A. C. Lawrie, Early Scottish Charters (Glasgow, 1905), pp. 48–49.

^{Note 9 in page 526} Such as Carduel for Carlisle; Corbelande for Cumberland; Lodien for Lothian; Dun ostre for Dunottar; Dunfremelin for Dunfermline; Glasgou for Glasgow; Aroie for Ayr shire. Many of these identifications were made by Martin, pp. xix-xxii.

^{Note 10 in page 526} Martin, pp. xxii-xxiv.

^{Note 11 in page 526} Except for the start of the hunt at Karadigan (Cardigan) in Wales and the holding of the court at Carlisle. It should be noted, however, that from 1136 to 1157 Carlisle was in Scottish hands.

^{Note 12 in page 527} Brugger, p. 9, n. 3. Cf. Chrétien de Troyes, Erec et Enide, ed. W. Foerster (Halle, 1909), p. 1, lines 27–29:

Un jour de Pasque, au tans novel,

A Caradigan, son chastel

Ot li rois Artus cort tenue.

^{Note 13 in page 527} Martin, p. xxi. There is no record, so far as I have been able to discover, of Galloway ever having been known by that name. The derivation of the name Galloway is from Gaelic Gall Ghdidhil (Foreign Gael), possibly influenced by the Welsh form Gal-wyddel. Cf. W. J. Watson, The History of the Celtic Place-Names of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1926), pp. 172–174; and H. Maxwell, Studies in the Topography of Galloway (Edinburgh, 1887), p. 186.

^{Note 14 in page 527} Brugger, p. 10.

^{Note 15 in page 527} Thus Ailred of Rievaulx in Saints of Hexham, quoted in A. O. Anderson, Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers (London, 1908), p. 101, speaks of the Scottish king's Galwegian vassals “more cruel than the rest.” Before the Battle of the Standard, Robert de Brus referred to the Galwegians as “not men, but brute beasts, void of piety and human ity.” His denunciation is quoted in H. Maxwell, A History of Dumfries and Galloway (Edinburgh, 1896), p. 51. In his Arthurian Tradition and Chrétien de Troyes (New York, 1949), p. 457, Roger S. Loomis notes that four MSS of the Conte del Graal describe Galloway (Galvoie) as “a right savage land, and there dwells a malicious folk.”

^{Note 16 in page 528} Fergus is extant in two MSS., the older and better of which (A) dates from the 13th century. This is the one upon which Martin based his edition. Formerly in the possession of the Due d'Aumale, this MS. is now at Chantilly. MS. (P) dates from the beginning of the 14th century and is now in the Bibliothèque Nationale. It was edited in 1841 by Francisque Michel for the Abbotsford Club, Edinburgh.

^{Note 17 in page 528} Brugger, pp. 10–11. Cf. also A. MacBain, Place Names of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland (Stirling, 1922), pp. 70–71.

^{Note 18 in page 529} The late K. G. T. Webster, it is true, considered Brugger's reasoning “intricate” and suggested Inglewood Forest as a more likely equivalent of Ingeval: “Galloway and the Romances,” MLN, LV (1940), 366. But Inglewood Forest lay in Cumberland, south of Carlisle, between Carlisle and Penrith. In riding from Scotland to Carlisle, Arthur would hardly pass through a forest lying south of that city. Furthermore, the poet's description of the natives of Ingeval accords with what contemporaries have recorded about the people of Galloway. There is no reason to attribute such unamiable qualities to the inhabitants of Inglewood Forest. Finally, Webster attempts no explanation of the name Ingeval or Ingegal; and there is no record to my knowledge of its every having been applied to Inglewood Forest. In short, Webster's suggestion seems to me to be only a guess which does not invalidate Brugger's argument.

^{Note 19 in page 529} Thus Wace, who wrote his Roman de Rou at the command of Henry II of England, says: “Ne me funt mie rendre a la curt le musage” (ed. by H. Andresen [Heilbronn, 1877–79], i, 207, line 20). This seems to indicate that he was not obliged to lead a frivolous life at court.

^{Note 20 in page 529} Guillaume does, indeed, seem to be addressing an audience, but one cannot always take literally the “sacies bien” and “mentir ne vos quier” of a medieval poet.

^{Note 21 in page 529} He was married to Elizabeth, illegitimate daughter of Henry I of England, and sister of Sibilla, wife of Alexander I of Scotland (1107–24). His name appears as witness to several royal charters during the reign of David I. (See Lawrie, p. 85; pp. 95–96.)

^{Note 22 in page 530} Maxwell, pp. 47–48.

^{Note 23 in page 530} Cf. Lawrie, p. 362: “Fergus of Galloway was the descendant and representative of the old chiefs of Galloway.” The charters style him “Fergus de Galweia” and give him no patronymic of any sort.

^{Note 24 in page 531} It should be noted, however, that Brugger in his article “ ‘Huon de Bordeaux’ and ‘Fergus,‘ ” MLR, xx (1925), 158–173, argues for an earlier dating of Fergus than the generally accepted one on the ground that certain episodes in Huon seem to be borrowed from Guillaume's romance. The usual date assigned to Huon is the last decade of the 12th century. See U. T. Holmes, History of Old French Literature (New York, 1948), pp. 83–84.

^{Note 25 in page 531} Anderson, Early Sources of Scottish History, ii, 352 and 352, n. 3.

^{Note 26 in page 532} This possibility was suggested to me in a letter by Professor Roger S. Loomis.

^{Note 27 in page 532} As, e.g., when he has Fergus tie his horse to an olive-tree—in Scotland! (See Martin, p. 57,11.15–14.)

^{Note 28 in page 532} Schlauch notes (p. 372) that “the intercourse between the English and Scottish courts meant the traveling of Anglo-Norman nobles and ecclesiastics to Scotland.” The fact that Guillaume was not Anglo-Norman himself would not have prevented his being attached to such a household because relations between the Anglo-Normans and continental French were still very close at that period.

^{Note 29 in page 532} In 1174 Fergus' sons revolted against the Scottish throne, driving all French and English bailiffs from Galloway. (See Schlauch, pp. 368–369.)