Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T15:17:57.389Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Francis Bacon and the Art of Misinterpretation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 October 2020

Abstract

Recent research has shown how Francis Bacon drew on Renaissance practices of reading and writing to propose a new method for understanding nature. Yet Bacon was well aware that such techniques were vulnerable to error, miscommunication, and failure. Instances of misinterpretation in his utopian fantasy New Atlantis reveal that his dream of a legible world accounts for the possibility of misreading. Bacon's characters and his audience are invited to interpret the text's symbols, but they are denied the basis for adequate interpretation. The paradoxes that arise from this strange position affirm the utility of Bacon's method and expose some of its limits.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Modern Language Association of America, 2015

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Works Cited

Albanese, Denise. “The New Atlantis and the Uses of Utopia.” ELH 57.3 (1990): 503–28. JSTOR. Web. 12 Jan. 2013.Google Scholar
Albanese, Denise. New Science, New World. Durham: Duke UP, 1996. Print.Google Scholar
Andrewes, Lancelot. XCVI Sermons. London, 1629. Early English Books Online. Web. 20 Aug. 2013.Google Scholar
Aubrey, John. Brief Lives. Ed. Dick, Oliver Lawson. 3rd ed. London: Secker, 1958. Print.Google Scholar
Bacon, Francis. The Advancement of Learning. Ed. Kiernan, Michael. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2000. Print. Oxford Francis Bacon 4.Google Scholar
Bacon, Francis. Considerations touching a War with Spain. Bacon, Works 14: 469505.Google Scholar
Bacon, Francis. The Letters and the Life of Francis Bacon. Ed. Spedding, James. Vol. 7. London: Longmans, 1874. Google Books. Web. 2 Feb. 2015.Google Scholar
Bacon, Francis. New Atlantis. Bacon, Works 5: 347413.Google Scholar
Bacon, Francis. Novum organum. The Instauratio magna Part 2: Novum organum and Associated Texts. Ed. and trans. Rees, Graham and Wakeley, Maria. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2012. 48447. Oxford Francis Bacon 11. Google Books. Web. 3 Feb. 2015.Google Scholar
Bacon, Francis. “An Offer to the King of a Digest to Be Made of the Laws of England.” Letter. N.d. Bacon, Letters 358–64.Google Scholar
Bacon, Francis. Of the Dignity and Advancement of Learning. Bacon, Works 4: 274498.Google Scholar
Bacon, Francis. Of the Proficience and Advancement of Learning Divine and Humane. Bacon, Works 3: 253491.Google Scholar
Bacon, Francis. A Preparative to a Natural History / Parasceve ad historiam naturalem. The Instauratio magna Part 2: Novum organum and Associated Texts. Ed. and trans. Rees, Graham and Wakeley, Maria. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2012. 448–73. Oxford Francis Bacon 11. Google Books. Web. 3 Feb. 2015.Google Scholar
Bacon, Francis. “To the Right Honourable the Lords of the Parliament….” Letter. 22 Apr. 1621. Bacon, Letters 242–45.Google Scholar
Bacon, Francis. “To the Right Reverend Father in God, Lancelot Andrewes….” Letter. N.d. Bacon, Letters 371–74.Google Scholar
Bacon, Francis. The Wisdom of the Ancients. Bacon, Works 6: 687764.Google Scholar
Bacon, Francis. The Works of Francis Bacon. Ed. James Spedding, Douglas Denon Heath, and Robert Leslie Ellis. 14 vols. London: Longmans, 1857-74. Print.Google Scholar
Blair, Ann. “Humanist Methods in Natural Philosophy: The Commonplace Book.” Journal of the History of Ideas 53.4 (1992): 541–51. JSTOR. Web. 11 Aug. 2011.Google Scholar
Blumenberg, Hans. The Legitimacy of the Modern Age. Trans. Wallace, Robert M. Cambridge: MIT P, 1985. Print.Google Scholar
Bono, James Joseph. The Word of God and the Languages of Man: Interpreting Nature in Early Modern Science and Medicine. Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1995. Print.Google Scholar
Cave, Terence. Retrospectives: Essays in Literature, Poetics, and Cultural History. Leeds: Maney, 2009. Print.Google Scholar
Colclough, David. “Ethics and Politics in the New Atlantis.” Francis Bacon's New Atlantis. Ed. Price, Bronwen. Manchester: Manchester UP, 2002. 6081. Print.Google Scholar
Comte, Auguste. Introduction to Positive Philosophy. Ed. Ferre, Frederick. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1988. Print.Google Scholar
Cowley, Abraham. “To the Royal Society.” The History of the Royal Society. By Thomas Sprat. London, 1667. B1r-3v. Early English Books Online. Web. 5 Sept. 2010.Google Scholar
Darwin, Charles. The Autobiography of Charles Darwin. London: Biblios, 2010. Print.Google Scholar
Dolven, Jeff. Scenes of Instruction. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2008. Print.Google Scholar
Donne, John. A Sermon, Preached to the Kings Mtie. at Whitehall, 24 Febr. 1625. London, 1626. Early English Books Online. Web. 20 Aug. 2013.Google Scholar
Duncan-Jones, Katherine. Philip Sidney: Courtier Poet. New Haven: Yale UP, 1991. Print.Google Scholar
Esposito, Elena. “The Arts of Contingency.” Critical Inquiry 31.1 (2004): 725. JSTOR. Web. 1 Dec. 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faulkner, Robert K. Francis Bacon and the Project of Progress. London: Rowman, 1993. Print.Google Scholar
Fish, Stanley. Surprised by Sin. New York: St. Martin's, 1967. Print.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. The Order of Things. New York: Pantheon, 1971. Print.Google Scholar
Gorges, Arthur. Introduction. The Wisedome of the Ancients. By Francis Bacon. Trans. Gorges. London, 1619. A2r-3v. Early English Books Online. Web. 15 Jan. 2012.Google Scholar
Grafton, Anthony. Bring Out Your Dead: The Past as Revelation. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 2001. Print.Google Scholar
Grafton, Anthony. “The Humanist as Reader.” A History of Reading in the West. Ed. Cavallo, Guglielmo et al. Amherst: U of Massachusetts P, 1999. 179212. Print.Google Scholar
Grafton, Anthony, and Jardine, Lisa. From Humanism to the Humanities: Education and the Liberal Arts in Fifteenth- and Sixteenth-Century Europe. London: Duckworth, 1986. Print.Google Scholar
Guillory, John. “The Genesis of the Media Concept.” Critical Inquiry 36.2 (2010): 321–62. JSTOR. Web. 11 Aug. 2011.Google Scholar
Hackel, Heidi Brayman. Reading Material in Early Modern England: Print, Gender and Literacy. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2005. Print.Google Scholar
Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan. Ed. Tuck, Richard. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996. Print.Google Scholar
Jalobeanu, Dana. “Bacon's Brotherhood and Its Classical Sources: Producing and Communicating Knowledge in the Project of the Great Instauration.” Philosophies of Technology: Francis Bacon and His Contemporaries. Leiden: Brill, 2008. 197230. Print.Google Scholar
Jardine, Lisa. Francis Bacon: Discovery and the Art of Discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1974. Print.Google Scholar
Jardine, Lisa, and Stewart, Alan. Hostage to Fortune: The Troubled Life of Francis Bacon. New York: Hill, 1999. Print.Google Scholar
Johnson, Samuel. Lives of the Poets: A Selection. Ed. Lonsdale, Roger. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2006. Print.Google Scholar
Jowitt, Claire. “‘Books Will Speak Plain‘? Colonialism, Jewishness and Politics in Bacon's New Atlantis.Francis Bacon's New Atlantis. Manchester: Manchester UP, 2002. 129–55. Print.Google Scholar
Langman, Pete. “Francis Bacon, King James and the Private Revision of Public Negotiations.” Negotiating the Jacobean Printed Book. Ed. Langman, . Aldershot: Ashgate, 2011. 101–16. Print.Google Scholar
Langman, Pete. Introduction. Negotiating the Jacobean Printed Book. Ed. Langman, . Aldershot: Ashgate, 2011. 113. Print.Google Scholar
Lewis, Rhodri. “Francis Bacon, Allegory and the Uses of Myth.” Review of English Studies 61.250 (2010): 360–89. JSTOR. Web. 30 June 2010.Google Scholar
Lewis, Rhodri. Language, Mind, and Nature: Artificial Languages in England from Bacon to Locke. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2007. Print.Google Scholar
Luhmann, Niklas. Social Systems. Trans. Bednarz, John Jr., with Baeker, Dirk. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1995. Print.Google Scholar
Luhmann, Niklas. Theory of Society. Trans. Barrett, Rhodes. Vol. 1. Stanford: Stanford UP, 2012. Print.Google Scholar
Macaulay, Thomas Babington. “Francis Bacon.” Critical and Historical Essays. Vol. 2. London: Longmans, 1832. 280429. Google Books. Web. 20 Jan. 2015.Google Scholar
Maistre, Joseph de. An Examination of the Philosophy of Bacon. Trans. Lebrun, Richard A. Montreal: McGill-Queen's UP, 1998. Print.Google Scholar
Martin, Julian. Francis Bacon, the State, and the Reform of Natural Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1992. Print.Google Scholar
Marvell, Andrew. “Upon Appleton House.” The Poems of Andrew Marvell. Ed. Smith, Nigel. London: Longman, 2007. 210–41. Print.Google Scholar
McCanles, Michael. “From Derrida to Bacon and Beyond.” Francis Bacon's Legacy of Texts: The Art of Discovery Grows with Discovery. Ed. Sessions, W. A. New York: AMS, 1990. 2546. Print.Google Scholar
Passannante, Gerard. “Homer Atomized: Francis Bacon and the Matter of Tradition.” ELH 76.4 (2009): 1015–47. Project Muse. Web. 12 Jan. 2013.Google Scholar
Petty, William. The Advice of Mr W. P. London, 1647. Early English Books Online. Web. 8 Sept. 2013.Google Scholar
Plato. Timaeus and Critias. Trans. A. E. Taylor. New York: Routledge, 1929. Print.Google Scholar
Preface. The Bible: Authorized King James Version. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2008. liii-lxx. Print.Google Scholar
Purchas, Samuel. Purchas His Pilgrimage. London, 1613. Early English Books Online. Web. 5 Dec. 2012.Google Scholar
Rawley, William. “To the Reader.” Bacon, Works 5: 359.Google Scholar
Rees, Graham. “An Unpublished Manuscript by Francis Bacon: Sylva Sylvarum Drafts and Other Working Notes.” Annals of Science 38 (1981): 377412. JSTOR. Web. 25 Nov. 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reiss, Timothy J. The Discourse of Modernism. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1982. Print.Google Scholar
Atlantis:, R. H. New Begun by Lord Verulam, Viscount St. Albans: And Continued by R. H. Esquire. London, 1660. Early English Books Online. Web. 23 July 2010.Google Scholar
Ricoeur, Paul. Hermeneutics and the Human Sciences. Trans. Thompson, John B. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1981. Print.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saintsbury, George. A History of Elizabethan Literature. London: Macmillan, 1887. Google Books. Web. 10 Sept. 2013.Google Scholar
Sharpe, Kevin. “Reading Revelations: Prophecy, Hermeneutics and Politics in Early Modern Britain.” Reading, Society, and Politics in Early Modern England. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2003. 122–63. Print.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharpe, Kevin. Reading Revolutions: The Politics of Reading in Early Modern England. New Haven: Yale UP, 2000. Print.Google Scholar
Sherman, William H. Used Books: Marking Readers in Renaissance England. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 2008. Print.Google Scholar
Sidney, Philip. An Apology for Poetry; or, The Defence of Poesy. 1595. Ed. Geoffrey Shepherd and R. W. Maslen. 3rd ed. Manchester: Manchester UP, 2002. Print.Google Scholar
Siskin, Clifford, and Warner, William. “This Is Enlightenment.” This Is Enlightenment. Ed. Siskin, and Warner, . Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2010. 133. Print.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solomon, Julie Robin. Objectivity in the Making: Francis Bacon and the Politics of Inquiry. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1998. Print.Google Scholar
Spedding, James. Introduction. Bacon, Works 5: 347–53.Google Scholar
Stallybrass, Peter, Roger Chartier, J. Mowery, Franklin, and Wolfe, Heather. “Hamlet's Tables and the Technologies of Writing in Renaissance England.” Shakespeare Quarterly 55.4 (2004): 379419. JSTOR. Web. 10 Sept. 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stewart, Alan. Introduction. Early Writings, 1584-1596. By Francis Bacon. Ed. Stewart with Harriet Knight. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2012. xxiii-lvi. Print. Oxford Francis Bacon 1.Google Scholar
Stewart, Alan, and Jardine, Lisa. Hostage to Fortune: The Troubled Life of Francis Bacon. New York: Hill, 1999. Print.Google Scholar
Vine, Angus. “Francis Bacon's Composition Books.” Transactions of the Cambridge Bibliographical Society 14.1 (2008): 131. JSTOR. Web. 12 June 2012.Google Scholar
Voltaire. Philosophical Letters. Trans. Dilworth, Ernest. Indianapolis: Bobbs, 1961. Print.Google Scholar
Weinberger, Jerry. Science, Faith, and Politics: Francis Bacon and the Utopian Roots of the Modern Age. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1985. Print.Google Scholar
White, Howard B. Peace among the Willows: The Political Philosophy of Francis Bacon. The Hague: Nijhoff, 1968. Print.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitney, Charles. Francis Bacon and Modernity. New Haven: Yale UP, 1986. Print.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Worden, Blair. The Sound of Virtue. New Haven: Yale UP, 1997. Print.Google Scholar