Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T14:33:16.642Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Enchantment, Disenchantment, War, Literature

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 October 2020

Abstract

This essay employs the notions of enchantment and disenchantment to develop a theory of literature and violence across the twentieth century. War and violence were imagined either as generative, providing the symbolic core for cultural self-definition, or as entirely unredeemable, as pointless attacks on human flesh. A wide-ranging language is provided for elucidating the relation of literature to war and violence, and T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land (1922) is considered as an example of the key motifs traversing and defining this history. The poem demonstrates that literary modernism, for all its tendency to encode, rescript, and miscegenate, was fully and intricately engaged with the polarization between transformative and useless violence.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Modern Language Association of America, 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Works Cited

Dora, Apel. “Cultural Battlegrounds: Weimar Photographic Narratives of War.” New German Critique 76 (1999): 4984. Print.Google Scholar
Joanna, Bourke. Dismembering the Male: Men's Bodies, Britain, and the Great War. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1996. Print.Google Scholar
Rupert, Brooke. The Poems of Rupert Brooke. London: Black Swan, 1989. Print.Google Scholar
Brooker, Jewel Spears, and Bentley, Joseph. Reading The Waste Land: Modernism and the Limits of Interpretation. Amherst: U of Massachusetts P, 1990. Print.Google Scholar
Adrian, Caesar. Taking It like a Man: Suffering, Sexuality and the War Poets: Brooke, Sassoon, Owens, Graves. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1993. Print.Google Scholar
Carpentier, Martha C. Ritual, Myth, and the Modernist Text: The Influence of Jane Ellen Harrison on Joyce, Eliot, and Woolf. Amsterdam: Overseas, 1998. Print.Google Scholar
Terry, Castle. “Courage, mon amie.” London Review of Books 4 Apr. 2002: 311. Print.Google Scholar
Sarah, Cole. Modernism, Male Friendship, and the First World War. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2003. Print.Google Scholar
Cru, Jean Norton. War Books: A Study in Historical Criticism. Ed. Pincetl, Stanley J. Jr., and Marchand, Ernest. San Diego: San Diego State UP, 1976. Print.Google Scholar
Harriet, Davidson. “Improper Desire: Reading The Waste Land.The Cambridge Companion to T. S. Eliot. Ed. Moody, A. David. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1994. 121–31. Print.Google Scholar
Simon, During. Modern Enchantments: The Cultural Power of Secular Magic. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 2002. Print.Google Scholar
Eliot, T. S. The Waste Land. New York: Norton, 2001. Print.Google Scholar
Frantz, Fanon. The Wretched of the Earth. Trans. Philcox, Richard. New York: Grove, 2004. Print.Google Scholar
Frazer, James George. The Golden Bough. New York: Touchstone, 1996. Print.Google Scholar
Sigmund, Freud. Totem and Taboo: Some Points of Agreement between the Mental Lives of Savages and Neurotics. Trans. Strachey, James. New York: Norton, 1989. Print.Google Scholar
Ernst, Friedrich. War against War! Seattle: Real Comet, 1987. Print.Google Scholar
Christine, Froula. “Eliot's Grail Quest; or, The Lover, the Police, and The Waste Land.” Yale Review 78.2 (1989): 235–53. Print.Google Scholar
Fry, Paul H. The Poet's Calling in the English Ode. New Haven: Yale UP, 1980. Print.Google Scholar
Paul, Fussell. The Great War and Modern Memory. London: Oxford UP, 1975. Print.Google Scholar
Nicholas, Gane. Max Weber and Postmodern Theory: Rationalization versus Re-enchantment. London: Palgrave, 2002. Print.Google Scholar
Graf, Susan Johnston. “An Infant Avatar: The Mature Occultism of W. B. Yeats.” New Hibernia Review 9.4 (2005): 99112. Print.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, Hardy. The Complete Poetical Works of Thomas Hardy. Vol. 1. Ed. Hynes, Samuel. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1982. Print.Google Scholar
Homer. The Iliad of Homer. Trans. Lattimore, Richard. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1961. Print.Google Scholar
Bernd, Huppauf. “Experiences of Modern Warfare and the Crisis of Representation.” New German Critique 59 (1993): 4176. Print.Google Scholar
Richard, Jenkyns. Dignity and Decadence: Victorian Art and the Classical Inheritance. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1992. Print.Google Scholar
Richard, Jenkyns. The Victorians and Ancient Greece. Oxford: Blackwell, 1980. Print.Google Scholar
Joplin, Patricia Klindienst. “The Voice of the Shuttle Is Ours.” Rape and Representation. Ed. Higgins, Lynn A. and Silver, Brenda R. New York: Columbia UP, 1991. 3564. Print.Google Scholar
John, Keats. Complete Poems. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1982. Print.Google Scholar
Colleen, Lamos. Deviant Modernism: Sexual and Textual Errancy in T. S. Eliot, James Joyce, and Marcel Proust. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1998. Print.Google Scholar
Michael, Levenson. “Does The Waste Land Have a Politics?Modernism/Modernity 6.3 (1999): 113. Print.Google Scholar
Mark, Manganaro. Myth, Rhetoric, and the Voice of Authority: A Critique of Frazer, Eliot, Frye, and Campbell. New Haven: Yale UP, 1992. Print.Google Scholar
Marchand, Ernest, and Pincetl, Stanley J. Jr. Foreword. Cru vii–viii.Google Scholar
Meredith, Martin. “Therapeutic Measures: The Hydra and Wilfred Owen at Craiglockart War Hospital.” Modernism/Modernity 14.1 (2007): 3554. Print.Google Scholar
Timothy, Materer. Modernist Alchemy: Poetry and the Occult. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1995. Print.Google Scholar
Andreas, Michel. “Differentiation vs. Disenchantment: The Persistence of Modernity from Max Weber to Jean-François Lyotard.” German Studies Review 20.3 (1997): 343–70. Print.Google Scholar
Miller, James E. T. S. Eliot's Personal Waste Land: Exorcism of the Demons. University Park: Pennsylvania State UP, 1977. Print.Google Scholar
Montague, C. E. Disenchantment. London: Chatto, 1922. Print.Google Scholar
George, Mosse. Fallen Soldiers: Reshaping the Memory of the World Wars. New York: Oxford UP, 1990. Print.Google Scholar
Ovid. Metamorphoses. Trans. Mandelbaum, Allen. New York: Harcourt, 1993. Print.Google Scholar
Alex, Owen. The Place of Enchantment: British Occultism and the Culture of the Modern. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2004. Print.Google Scholar
Wilfred, Owen. The Poems of Wilfred Owen. London: Chatto, 1990. Print.Google Scholar
John, Peter. “A New Interpretation of The Waste Land (1952).” Essays in Criticism 19.2 (1969): 140–75. Print.Google Scholar
Remarque, Erich Maria. All Quiet on the Western Front. Trans. Wheen, A. H. New York: Fawcett, 1996. Print.Google Scholar
Isaac, Rosenberg. The Collected Poems of Isaac Rosenberg. New York: Schocken, 1949. Print.Google Scholar
Roth, Jack J. The Cult of Violence: Sorel and the Sorelians. Berkeley: U of California P, 1980. Print.Google Scholar
Elaine, Scarry. The Body in Pain: The Making and Unmaking of the World. New York: Oxford UP, 1985. Print.Google Scholar
Snider, Denton J. The Biographical Outline of Homer. Saint Louis: Miner, 1922. Print.Google Scholar
Susan, Sontag. On Photography. New York: Farrar, 1977. Print.Google Scholar
Susan, Sontag. Regarding the Pain of Others. New York: Farrar, 2003. Print.Google Scholar
Georges, Sorel. Reflections on Violence. Trans. Hulme, T. E. New York: Huebsch, 1914. Print.Google Scholar
Southam, B. C. A Guide to the Selected Poems of T. S. Eliot. San Diego: Harcourt, 1984. Print.Google Scholar
Hortense, Spillers. Black, White, and in Color. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2003. Print.Google Scholar
Leon, Surette. The Birth of Modernism: Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, W. B. Yeats, and the Occult. Montreal: McGill-Queen's UP, 1993. Print.Google Scholar
Leon, Surette, ed. Literary Modernism and the Occult Tradition. Orono: Natl. Poetry Foundation, 1996. Print.Google Scholar
Michael, Tratner. Modernism and Mass Politics: Joyce, Woolf, Eliot, Yeats. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1995. Print.Google Scholar
Turner, Frank M. Contesting Cultural Authority: Essays on Victorian Intellectual Life. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1993. Print.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, Frank M. The Greek Heritage in Victorian Britain. New Haven: Yale UP, 1981. Print.Google Scholar
Max, Weber. From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. Trans. Gerth, H. H. and Wright Mills, C. New York: Oxford UP, 1958. Print.Google Scholar
Jay, Winter. Remembering War: The Great War between Memory and History in the Twentieth Century. New Haven: Yale UP, 2006. Print.Google Scholar
Virginia, Woolf. Three Guineas. San Diego: Harcourt, 1966. Print.Google Scholar
Yeats, W. B. The Variorum Edition of the Poems of W. B. Yeats. New York: Macmillan, 1957. Print.Google Scholar