¹ “Romanciers anglais,” le Correspondant, lix (1863), 686–687.

² See also Marcel Moraud, le Romantisme français en Anglelerre de 1814 à 1848 (Paris, 1933); especially, 3^e Partie, pp. 231 ff., and 4^e Partie, pp. 309 ff.

³ M. G. Devonshire, The English Novel in France, 1830–1870 (University of London Press, 1929). In addition to the critics herein mentioned who testify to the popularity of the English novel in France, see Abbé L. Bethléem, Romans à lire et romans à proscrire (1800–20) (Paris, 7^e éd., 1920), pp. 125 ff.; E. Boysse, Revue contemporaine, xxxviii (1864), 463; Horace de Lagardie, “Causerie de quinzaine,” Journal des débats, 25 août, 1866, p. 2; P. Martino, le Roman réaliste sous le second empire (Paris, 1913), p. 70; G. Masson, “Correspondance littéraire,” Revue contemporaine (1857), no. 5, pp. Ill f.; no. 8, p. 183; no. 9, p. 208; no. 10, p. 233; ibid. (1860), no. 13, p. 302; M. Mezières, “les Romanciers et les journalistes anglais,” Revue des cours littéraires (Paris, 1864), p. 67; “Correspondance de Londres,” Revue britannique, N.S., iv (1863), 495.

⁴ Dates of publication of the French translations of these books. For dates of publication in England, see Table I.

⁵ See Tables I and Tauchnitz list for complete lists of editions, translations, and reprints of Mrs. Gaskell's works in France.

⁶ For the complete list of critical articles and bibliographical notices, see Table II.

⁷ It would be tempting at this point to compare Mrs. Gaskell's records with those of her contemporaries who wrote on kindred themes and whose works were known to French readers. But until complete studies of such novelists as Dickens, George Eliot, Thackeray, Trollope, Disraeli, Kingsley, Reade, and Charlotte Brontë are available, Miss Devonshire's tables, which in Mrs. Gaskell's case have been shown to be quite inadequate, would be manifestly of little value.

⁸ For details, consult Table I.

⁹ Devonshire, op. cit., pp. 306–307.

¹⁰ The title was changed from Bibliothèque universelle de Genève to Bibliothèque universelle et revue suisse and finally to Bibliothèque universelle el revue suisse et étrangère. Published in Paris as well as in Lausanne and Geneva, it was immediately accessible to French readers.

¹¹ L'Athenaeum français (Mai 31, 1856), p. 466.

¹² N.S., i (1866), 521.

¹³ The correct title of this book, according to various bibliographies consulted, is les Marines de la France et de l'Angleterre, 1815–1863 (Paris, 1863).

¹⁴ Under the caption “Revue bibliographique,” xii (1860), 631.

¹⁵ “Bulletin littéraire et bibliographique,” Bibliothèque universelle el revue suisse, n.p., I (1858), 118.

¹⁶ Première année (Nov., 1856-Oct., 1857), p. 163.

¹⁷ xvii (1861), 164. For full bibliographical data see Table II, under “de Mouy.”

¹⁸ Seconde période, lxii (1866), 838, editorial note.

¹⁹ The subject of Mrs. Gaskell's Life of Charlotte Brontë is too complicated to be treated here and is, therefore, being reserved for a later study. I must say here, however, that some of Chasles' charges are manifestly unjust. A more recent French view regrets that a re-publication of the original text, which would include the suppressed Branwell passage, has not been issued so that the “vérité entière” might again be known. See A. Digeon's review of a reprint of the Haworth edition of the Brontë works (London, 1924), (which includes Mrs. Gaskell's Life) in the Revue anglo-américaine, ii (1925), 358.

²⁰ Bibliothèque universelle de Genève, 4^e série, xii (1849), 203–336. Full data for all critical notices and articles may be found in Table II, under the name of the critic in question.

²¹ Montégut, Mary Barton, pp. 901–902; Marie-Martin, op. cit., pp. 252–254.

²² Le Roman social en angleterre (1830–1850): Dickens, Disraeli, Mrs. Gaskell, Kingsley (Paris, 1904). See also his l'Evolution psychologique et la littérature en Angleterre (1660–1914) (Paris, 1920), p. 208.

²³ However, he does suggest the possibility of Mrs. Gaskell's having derived from Shirley some ideas for the delineation of class types for North and South, since the authors were acquainted (p. 421). I do not see much ground for this view. The industrial element in Shirley is so very slight in comparison to the treatment of the subject in North and South. Shirley could scarcely have done more than suggest another industrial novel; a hint which would hardly be needed by an author living in Manchester who had already written one novel on the subject.

²⁴ He has quite rightly shown that Greg's famous attack on Mary Barton in Mistaken Aims and Attainable Ideals of the Artizan Class (London, 1876) betrays complete misunderstanding of Mrs. Gaskell's aims. This attack on Mary Barton appeared first in the Edinburgh Review for April, 1849, pp. 402–435.

²⁵ Marie-Martin is evidently of the same opinion. Referring to the incident where Margaret is wounded in trying to save Thornton during the attack on the mill, he calls it “très dramatique mais un peu théâtral” (op. cit., p. 268).

²⁶ Legouis et Cazamian, l'Histoire de la littèrature anglaise (Paris, 1924), p. 1084.

²⁷ Lizzie Leigh, on the same theme, was greatly admired by Marie-Martin, op. cit., p. 281.

²⁸ Hugh Elliott, Etudes biographiques et littéraires: Prosper Mérimêe (Paris, 1855), p. 56 et passim.

²⁹ Marie-Martin, also, finds this true, but he thinks Mrs. Gaskell's treatment distinguished by “cette foi mêlée à cette pitié que si peu de gens ressentent” (op. cit., p. 185).

³⁰ M. C. M. Senior, Letters and Recollections of Julius and Mary Mokl (London, 1887), p. 126.

³¹ Op. cit., p. 159; see also Etienne, “la Littérature des femmes en Angleterre: Currer Bell (Charlotte Brontë),” Revue contemporaine, le série, xxxiv (1857), 282.

³² Legouis et Cazamian, op. cit., p. 1085. For further observations on the French attitude toward English humor see this study, pp. 37 ff.

³³ “Etudes sur le roman anglais contemporain: les romans de Wilkie Collins,” Revue des deux mondes, n.p., 2^e série, xii (1855), 824.

³⁴ The Works of Mrs. Gaskell, with Introductions by A. W. Ward, vol. i, Mary Barton (1st issue, 1906) (London, 1919), p. xlvii.

³⁵ There were, of course, exceptions to this attitude; see note 39.

³⁶ Revue anglo-américaine, iii (1925), 260, a review of Quiller Couch's Dickens and Other Victorians (Cambridge [Eng.], The University Press, 1925).

³⁷ See Ph. Chasles' review of Bleak House in Journal des débats, 15 juin, 1856, pp. 2–3; Devonshire, op. cit., pp. 291, 293, where she quotes from French critiques. However, among intelligent readers of English fiction there must have been exceptions to this attitude which did not, unfortunately, get into print. For example, M. Cazamian has told me that when he was a boy, Dickens was read aloud, in translation, in the family circle, with huge amusement; and that while they were aware of the exaggeration, they did not regard it as grotesque. See his The Development of English Humor, Part I (N.Y., 1930), which, in its penetrating analysis, is a notable exception to the apparent misunderstanding or disregard of English humor by French critics of the fiction produced across the Channel.

³⁸ J. Lemaltre, les Contemporains … (Paris, 1887–1918) … 6^e série, “l'Influence récente du littérature du Nord” (1896), p. 246. This preference for the graver style of English fiction is found as far back as the eighteenth century when Richardson's novels were much more popular in France than Fielding's were. The latter's were condemned on moral grounds. See Joseph Texte, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and the Cosmopolitan Spirit in Literature, trans. by J. W. Matthews (New York, 1899), pp. 144 ff.; W. L. Cross, The History of Henry Fielding (Yale University Press, 1918), ii, 140–141.

³⁹ For example, Horace de Lagardie, Journal des débats, 26 août, 1866, p. 2, “Causerie de quinzaine”; L. Ratisbonne, ibid., 4 jan., 1856, p. 3 (a review of two translations of Jane Eyre); G. Masson, Rev. contemporaine, “la Correspondance littéraire” (on the Mill on the Floss), no. 13 (1860), p. 302; E. D. Forgues, Rev. des deux mondes (1885), “Etudes sur le roman anglais: les romans de Wilkie Collins,” p. 824; F. Brunetière, le Roman naturaliste (Paris, 1883) (on Dickens and Thackeray, pp. 206–207; on G. Eliot, pp. 319 ff.); Legouis and Cazamian, op. cit., (Dickens, p. 1081; Disraeli, p. 1084); Ph. Chasles, Journal des débats, 15 juin, 1856, p. 3 (a review of Bleak House).

⁴⁰ Cazamian, le Roman social en Angleterre, etc., p. 384.

⁴¹ W. N. Senior, Conversations with M. Thiers, M. Guizot, and Other Distinguished Persons During the Second Empire, ed. by M. C. M. Simpson (London, 1878), ii, 395.

⁴² “La Vie cléricale en Angleterre,” Revue des deux mondes, 2^e période, xv (1858), 331.

⁴³ Practically everyone who wrote on English fiction, and other critics, too, found fault with the fiction being written in France. Besides those already mentioned, see Brunetière, op. cit., especially Chaps. i, vi (pp. 181 ff.), x, xi, xii; Alfred Nettement, Etudes critiques sur le feuilleton-roman … (Paris, 1845), and le Roman contemporain … (Paris, 1864); P. de Gabriac, “du Roman à notre époque,” l'Echo de la France, i (1865–66), 20–27, 59–62; Abbé L. Bethléem, Romans à lire et romans à proscrire (Paris, 1920), a very popular guidebook to the “safe” fiction that ran through nine editions by 1925. It is worth noting that most of the novels on his approved list are English.

⁴⁴ See De Mouy, above, pp. 568; also, Brunetière, le Roman naturaliste, where in chapters vii and x, he analyzes the differences between English and French fiction, showing how widely different the respective aims were.

⁴⁵ An admirable account of this struggle is given by Pierre Martino, in le Roman réaliste sous le seconde empire (Paris, 1913).

⁴⁶ “Traits and Stories of the Huguenots,” “My French Master,” “An Accursed Race,” “French Life,” “Company Manners.” The second and the third of these stories were translated into French. See Tauchnitz list.

⁴⁷ M. C. M. Senior (afterwards Simpson), Letters and Recollections of Julius and Mary Mohl (London, 1887).

⁴⁸ See my study, “Liberalism in the Social Teachings of Mrs. Gaskell,” The Social Service Review, v (1931), 57–73.

⁴⁹ G. Saintsbury, A History of the French Novel to the Close of the Nineteenth Century (London, 1919), ii, 160–161, 179, 351, 352, 425; L.Maigron, le Roman historique à l'époque romantique: essai sur l'influence de Walter Scott (nouvelle éd., Paris, 1912); E. P. Dargan, “Scott and the French Romantics,” P.M.L.A., xlix (1934), 599–629; Lanson, I'Bistoire de la littérature française (14e éd., Paris, 1920), p. 992; J. Lemaître, op. cit., 6^e série, pp. 225 ff.; Martino, op. cit., pp. 69–70, 90, 195.

⁵⁰ See note 48.