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How Victor Hugo Altered the Characters of Don César and Ruy Blas
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 December 2020
Extract
On July 5, 1838, Victor Hugo began to write Ruy Blas. Having virtually completed two scenes of the first act, he became dissatisfied, and made a fresh start on July 8.
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- Copyright © Modern Language Association of America, 1932
References
1 Manuscript of Ruy Blas (Bibliothèque Nationale, Collection Victor Hugo, No. 19), folios 77a-80a, published by Gustave Simon in the Édition de l'Imprimerie Nationale (Paris, 1905), pp. 461–466. In the same edition, p. 467, is a very incomplete list of manuscript variants for Act I.
2 Manuscript of Ruy Blas, fo. 78b.
3 Ibid., fo. 79a.
4 Ibid., fo. 78a.
5 Don César mused:
Don Salluste rallied him:
The disillusioned Zafari replied hopelessly:
9 Ibid., l. 139 (Act i, Scene ii).
10 Ibid., ll. 1647, 1650 (Act iv, Scene ii).
Cf. the following lines:
11 See Gustave Lanson, Victor Hugo et Angelica Kauffmann, in Revue d'histoire littéraire de la France (1915), xxii, 392–401. M. Lanson claims credit only for developing the details of Victor Hugo's indebtedness to the novel of Léon de Wailly, as well as to the Biographie universelle et portative des contemporains. He says that the connection between Ruy Blas and Angelica Kauffmann had been pointed out to him some ten years earlier, by a person whose name he no longer recalls. Perhaps M. Lanson's forgotten collaborator had been reading the Grand Dictionnaire Universel of Pierre Larousse, published at Paris in 1865. In the Larousse article on Angelica Kauffmann, the parallel between Ruy Blas and Angelica Kauffmann is indicated as follows:
… Nouveau Ruy Blas, ou plutôt Ruy Blas avant la lettre, car le roman est antérieur au drame, le séducteur de la grande artiste n'est qu'un instrument de vengeance entre les mains d'un Don Salluste qui s'appelle Shelton… … lorsque le comte suédois, qui n'est autre que son valet déguisé, se présente, il s'efface modestement. Le mariage consommé, il tient sa vengeance, et peut s'écrier comme don Salluste:
My attention was called to this passage in the Larousse dictionary by Professor P. H. Larwill, a student in my Ruy Blas seminar early in 1931.
12 Angelica Kauffmann, by Léon de Wailly, 2 vols. (Paris, 1859), ii, 210.
13 See G. Lanson, op. cit.; A. Morel-Fatio, l'Histoire dans Ruy Blas, in Études sur l'Espagne (Paris, 1895), i, 169–235; E. Rigai, la Genèse d'un drame romantique: “Ruy Blas,” in Revue d'histoire littéraire de la France (1913), xx, 753–788; René Dumesnil, l'Origine du IVme Acte de “Ruy Blas,” in le Figaro (June 3, 1911), etc.
14 Angelica Kauffmann cit., ii, 344. Cf. G. Lanson, op. cit., p. 398.
Again Ruy Blas says:
16 Speech of Don Salluste in Ruy Blas, l. 466.
Où faut-il adresser la lettre?
Je veux votre bonheur.—Ruy Blas, ll. 501–503.
18 Sir Francis Shelton says to Frédéric Brandt:
Allons, mon pauvre enfant … Consolez-vous. Votre position m'intéresse. Vous êtes au-dessus de l'état qu'on vous destinait, et je me charge de vous en tirer.—Angelica Kauffmann cit., ii, 223.
19 Ruy Blas, l. 555 (Act i, Scene v).
20 Angelica Kauffmann cit., ii, 124. Cf. G. Lanson, op. cit., p. 397. P. and V. Glachant have a different theory regarding the significance of Victor Hugo's marginal insertions. They observe: “Chose curieuse! ce sont presque toujours les intermèdes plaisants qui sont ainsi enclavés après coup (cf., à l'acte i, la scène du marquis de Santa-Cruz; et, dans Hernani, passim). Il semble que, concevant sa pièce comme une tragédie, le dramaturge révolutionnaire se souvienne, par instants, que la loi fondamentale de l'école nouvelle réclame le mélange des genres.—Essai critique sur le théâtre de Victor Hugo—les Drames en vers, Paris (1902), p. 314.
It seems to me more probable that Victor Hugo started Ruy Blas with a central idea. (Cf. H. C. Lancaster, The Genesis of Ruy Blas, in Mod. Phil., xiv, 641–646.) Later, additions—some comic, some serious—were inspired by various authors. These additions can often be traced by the marginal insertions in the manuscript.
21 Ruy Blas, ll. 285–288 (Act i, Scene iii).
Two other readings for this passage are found in the margin of the manuscript. One has the verse:
The other reading is:
Both of these earlier readings, however, show the influence of Angelica Kauffmann—the idea of Don César and Ruy Blas being brought up together like the “frères de lait,” Frédéric Brandt and the Count de Horn.
22 Ruy Blas, ll. 1013–1014 (Act iii, Scene 1).
23 Ibid., l. 829 (Act ii, Scene iii).
24 Ibid., l. 838.
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