¹ Istoria critica e ragionata di tutte l'istorie o romanzi . . . de'secoli xv e xvi, Firenze, 1794.

² Bibliographia dei Romanzi e Poemi Romanzesche d'Italia, Milano, 1829.

³ Bibliographia dei Romanzi e Poemi Cavallereschi Italiani, Milano, 1865.

⁴ Such as “Florisello,” “Florismarte,” “Florisandro,” etc. Nor is Florismondo related to the unedited O. French Florimont, B. Tasso's Florismante or T. Tasso's Torrismondo.

⁵ Quadrio, V, 538.

⁶ A. Belloni, Il Seicento, 246.

⁷ Cf. the catalogue of the British Museum.

⁸ Cf. G. Passano, supplement to Melzi.

⁹ Belle Isle, south of Vannes; cf. Isola Bella in P. Lauro, Leandro il Bello, ch. vi.

¹⁰ Penmarch Point, a headland near Quimper, a little south of Brest.

¹¹ Louis XII married Anne of Brittany in 1499.

¹² The name of a pagan sultan in Splandiano (the fifth book of Amadis de Gaula), ch. 66 ff.

¹³ The Oriana of Amadis and Amadigi?

¹⁴ Flaubert, in La Tentation de St. Antoine, Paris, 1874, p. 146, makes Apollonius say that his mother bore him dreaming of flowers: “La nuit de ma naissance ma mère crut se voir cueillant des fleurs sur le bord d'un lac.”

¹⁵ For an allegorical dream before birth and the allegorical prophecy connected therewith, cf. Eledus et Serene (ed. J. R. Reinhard) vv. 137 ff. and 183 ff. See also Amadis, I, iii, iv, II, xviii.

¹⁶ For “Fame” cf. Æneid, IV, 173-190; Yvain, vv. 4158 ff.; Erec, v. 4939; Chrétien's Lancelot, vv. 4446 ff.; Gerusalemme Liberata, I, xxxiii, 7-8, lxxxi, 1-2, XI, xxxi, 4.

¹⁷ Tirant lo Blanch is also a native of Brittany; cf. Barcelona ed. 1879, ch. 29, p. 91.

¹⁸ Cf. Amadis, III, xi; Il Cortegiano, ed. Cian, I. xv; Il Principe, XIV, ∗2. See further, Calderon, La Vida es Sueño, Tacitus, Germania; Folengo, Il Baldus; Hartmann, Gregor auf dem Stein; Lancelot (prose, ed. Sommer), I, p. 34; W. Foerster, Guillaume d'Angleterre, vv. 1178-81, 1362-91; Clerk's Tale, 99 ff.; Roswall and Lillian; Erasmus, In Praise of Folly, London, 1900, p. 44.

¹⁹ Ger. Lib. III, 12; VI, 56; VII, 22; XIX, 77, has Erminia.

²⁰ A reminiscence of Pompides, Palmerin d'Inghilterra?

²¹ The customary equipment of the heroes of French and Italian romance. Durmart le Galois was likewise educated under the guidance of a faithful knight, in this case the king's seneschal.

²² Cf. Silves de la Selva, French Bk. XIII, 70. The equivalent Italian Bk. XII, I have not been able to consult.

²³ Trebacio, Specchio de' Principi, is a descendant of Achilles; Febo el Troiano is descended from Hector and Penthesilea.

²⁴ Astolfo makes a celestial journey in a chariot drawn by “quattro destrieri”; cf. Orlando Fur., XXIV, 68 ff.

²⁵ Not the author of Theagenes and Chariclea; E. F. M. Benecke in his translation of Comparetti's Virgilio nel Medio Evo notices an 8th century magician by the name of Heliodorus; cf. p. 317, note 25 and pp. 329-330.

²⁶ Cf. above, note 24. See also Inferno, XVII, 91 ff., where it is recounted how Dante and Virgil were transported on the back of Geryon. For other means of aerial transportation, cf. J. D. M. Ford, Romances of Chivalry, p. 572, note to Orlando Fur., IV, 16.

²⁷ In P. Lauro's Leandro il Bello the Sage Artidoro carries away the newborn son of Lepolemo to the Isola Bella, ch. x; cf. H. Thomas, Spanish and Portuguese Romances of Chivalry, p. 306.

²⁸ Cf. Ger. Lib., “Isola incantata d'Armida in parte remota dell'Oceano,” XIV, 69, XV, 37. Such enchanted islands abound in the chivalresque romances; cf. Isola Pericolosa, Palm. d'Inghilterra, III, i; Isola dishabitata, Amadis di Grecia, p. 107; Isola del Fuogo, Sferamundi, I, xxiii; Isola malfata, Palm. d'Oliva, ch. 104.

²⁹ Cervantes, Persiles y Sigismunda, speaks of the island of Hibernia, near Ireland!

³⁰ Saint Brandan has given his name to many portions of Ireland: cf. Brandon Head, Brandon Bay, Brandon mountains (south Munster) ; even the Atlantic was known as Mare Brendanicum. See further Gerald de Barry, Topographica Hibernica, ed. Wright, Dist. II, cap. xl, ff. An island of St. Brandan is actually found on the old maps. Cf. the 1492 globe of Martin Behaim, Mercator's map of 1587 (Nordenskjöld, Facsimile Atlas, xlvii); A. Ortelius' 1370 map (Nordenskjöld, Fac. xxi).

³¹ Characters who appear throughout the Amadis romances.

³² The incandescent properties of the carbuncle were well-known. Cf. G. Bartoni, Il Lapidario Francese Estense, ZfRP, XXXII, 693, vv. 482 ff.; Marbodus, De Lapidibus Enchiridion, [Paris?], 1531, p. 15; Cleandro Arnobio, Tesoro delle Gioie, Venetia, 1670, pp. 32 and 36; K. Volmöller, Ein Spanisches Steinbuch, p. 23; Andreæ Baccii, Elpidiani Philosophi, Frank-furti, 1603, p. 55; L. Pannier, Les Lapidaires du Moyen Age, pp. 52, 95, 163; Morgante Maggiore, VI, 18; XIV, 86; Orlando Innamorato, II, viii, 27; III, ii, 25, 29; Huon of Burdeux, EETS es 40, p. 440; Le Bel Inconnu, vv. 1896-99; Voyage de Charlemagne, vv. 442-43; Cligès, v. 2751; Comparetti, Virgilio nel Medio Evo, tr. E. F. M. Benecke, p. 307; J. M. Ludlow, Popular Epics of the Middle Ages, I, 288; R. Thurneysen, Sagen aus dem alten Irland, p. 28 (“Bricrius Gelage”), p. 116 (“Fraechs Werbung”); W. A. Clouston, Popular Tales and Fictions, I, 414; Amadis de Gaula, III, xi.

³³ The mediaeval name for the island of Ceylon. Cf. Amadis, (French) Bks. VII, VIII, XV; Orlando In., I, iv, 23, 31, vi, 64; Pliny, Natural History, Lib. XXXII, cap. xi; Camoens, Os Lusiados, I, i, 4; Burton, Nights, VI, 33 and note 3, 59 and note 1; see further Ælian, Diodorus Siculus, Nicolo Conti and Fra Mauro.

³⁴ Amadis finds a key and unlocks an underground gate therewith, I, xix-Palmerin of England finds keys with which he unlocks the doors of a fair hall; cf. Southey's translation, II, ch. 97. See further, Huon of Burdeux, EETS es 40, p. 408.

³⁵ Florestan, Galaor and Amadis are wearied by invisible blows in the enchanted palace on the Firm Island, Amadis, II, ii.

³⁶ This is the first of a series of messages written or engraved on some object; cf. the similar experience of Palmerin of England, Southey, II, ch. 53; Amadis, I, xxv, II, i. The Biau chevalier au lion, in La Dame à la Lycorne, ed. Gennrich, is instructed by the magic writing on the back of a boar; cf. vv. 4188 ff. See further L. M. J. Garnett and J. Stuart-Glennie, The Women of Turkey and their Folklore, II, 317.

³⁷ Cf. above, note 35.

³⁸ On the Enchanted Island, Roboan is thrice tempted by two devils in the guise of beautiful women; cf. Cavalier Cifar, III, ch. xxx.

³⁹ Terror is personified in Apuleius, Metam. X.

⁴⁰ As in Ger. Lib., XV, 62 ff.

⁴¹ Automata are common in mediaeval literature. Charlemagne and his knights on their way to Jerusalem see and hear bronze children blowing horns (ed. Koschwitz); two statues on the tomb of Blanchefleur embrace each other (cf. ed. of E. Du Meril, vv. 585 ff.). Fighting statues are more rare. In the Sept Sages, ed. Keller, v. 3938, an archer who guards a fire has about his neck a script which warns: “Ki me ferra, je trairai ja.” In La Dame à la Lycorne, ed. Gennrich, vv. 3885 ff., the Biau chevalier meets and conquers two copper statues fighting each other on a tree. In the M. H. G. poem Virginal, ed. Zupitza, Deutsches Heldenbuch, a bronze statue guards a bridge; cf. stanza 188, line 7 ff. In Das Eckenlied, Zupitza, Deutsches Heldenbuch, two metal statues aim blows at Dietrich as he passes into Fasolt's castle (cf. F. E. Sandbach, Pop. Stud. in Myth. Rom. and Folklore, p. 43). See further the personage of Talos in Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica, IV, 1638-93 which Spenser has copied in Faerie Queen, V, i, 12 and 20 ff. In Burton, Thousand Nights and a Night, V, pp. 1-2, a man of gold guards a city. Huon of Burdeux, EETS es 40, p. 96, tells how the tower of Dunather is guarded by two brass men who continually brandish flails. J. Ulrich, Aeltere Novellen, novella 29 of Zambrini's ed. of Matteo Corsini's Novelle, Albertus Magnus' speaking statue is destroyed by his servant. E. Cosquin, Romania, VI, 580, La Ramée steals a candle, and by lighting it causes to appear l'Homme de Fer, its servant. In Walpole's Castle of Otranto, blood drips from the nose of a statue. Cf. S. Evans' High History of the Holy Grail, branch xviii, title 10, and Potvin, Perceval le Galois, two men of copper hold great mallets of iron. Bédier, Thomas' Tristan, a personage guards the door of Tristan's palace in the wood. Sir Tristrem, III, 50; Tristrams Saga, ed. Kolbing, cap. 80. See further, Herbelot, Bib. Orient. under “Rocail”; Benecke's tr. Comparetti's Virgilio nel Medio Evo, p. 307; Lamprecht's Alexander, vv. 5850, 5878; Aymeri de Narbonne, v. 3507; prose Lancelot, ed. Sommer, I, p. 144. In Carlo Gozzi's L'Augellino Bel Verde a statue representing the philosopher Calmon lectures the children Renzo and Barbarina. There is a half-iron man in the Albanian tale of the “Three Brothers and the Three Sisters”; cf. Garnett and Stuart-Glennie, The Women of Turkey, p. 331. Cf. Méon, Nouveau Recueil, II, 293; P. F. Baum, “The Young Man Betrothed to a Statue,” PMLA, XXVII, no. 4, Dec. 1919; Amadis, II, i, xxi.

⁴² Cupid more often has arrows of more than one sort: Arrows of lead and gold, Guiraut de Calanso, A leis cui am de cor e de saber, ed. O. Dammann; arrows of gold, steel and lead, Pierre Guilhem, Raynouard, Lexique Roman, I, 405-17; arrows of lead and gold, Li Fablel Dou Dieu d'Amours, ed. Jubinal, p. 31; arrows of lead and gold, Boccaccio, Amorosa Visione, Opere Volgari, Florence, 1833, XIV.

⁴³ Cf. Langlois, Roman de la Rose, vv. 1707-1708.

⁴⁴ Palmerin d'Oliva also makes the acquaintance of his lady, Polinarda, in a dream; cf. French version, Lyon, 1592, chs. 8, 16, Italian version, Venetia, 1620, chs. 12, 18. Trebacio, in the Espejo de Principes, dreams of his lady, Briana; cf. H. Thomas, op. cit., p. 125.

⁴⁵ Compare Dante's description of the effect of ladies' eyes in the Vita; see also Hysmene and Hysmenas, ed. R. Hercher, Erotici Scriptores ***Grœci, II, 161-286; K. Krumbacher, Geschichte der Byz. Litteratur, 754-766.

⁴⁶ “In Coptic literature the Apep serpent is a monster which lies in outer darkness encircling the world and clutching its tail between its jaws like the Midgard serpent of Norse mythology.”—D. A. Makenzie, Egyptian Mythology and Legend, 160-161. F. Noël, Dictionnaire de la Fable, Paris, 1823, II, 588, under “Serpent” writes: “Cet animal est un symbol ordinaire du soleil, dit Macrobe, en effet, il est très commun dans les monuments; dans quelques uns il se mord la queue, faisant un cercle de son corps, ce qui marque le cours ordinaire du soleil.” “A serpent coiled in a ring with its tail in its mouth suggested the circle of infinitude and was taken to mean omnipotence and omniscience.”—W. W. Westcott, The Serpent Myth, p. 2. On a monument in a grave-yard in the French town of Luxeuil-les-Bains there is a figure of a serpent coiled round the shaft, having its tail in its mouth.

⁴⁷ The statue of the Ephesian Artemis had many breasts. In the gardens of the Villa d'Este, near Tivoli, Italy, there is a statue of the Diana Polymastos.

⁴⁸ The usual procedure; cf. Orlando Fur., III, 21, IV, 17; Amadis, I, xx.

⁴⁹ This crown, as explained later (below, p. 446), has properties similar to those of Mandeville's crown of Albespine.

⁵⁰ The Adda is the outlet of Lake Como; the Serio and the Brembo are affluents thereof.

⁵¹ Galaor, Florestan and Agrajes set out in search of Amadis, II, v; Palmerin de Oliva sets out to search for Trineo, cf. Italian version, Venetia, 1620, ch. 102.

⁵² For similar rescues, cf. Amadis, III, ii; Orlando, Fur., IV, 69; Amadigi, II, 17; Pulci's travesty of the same, Morgante Maggiore, XIX, 2 ff.

⁵³ The name is found in Amadis, French Book XVI, Italian Book XIII (Sferamundi, Part I), where he is a lover of Silvanie.

⁵⁴ A reminiscence of Machiavelli's Principe?

⁵⁵ Cf. the remarkably similar situation of Ginevra, Polinesso, Ariodante in Orlando Fur., IV, 58, V, 16,27, 44. See also the plot of the Viuda Reposada against Carmesina and Tirant lo Blanch, Barcelona ed., 1879, III, p. 221, ch. cclxviii.

⁵⁶ Cf. Amadis, I, i; Marie's lay of Guingemar; Faerie Queen, III, v, 42; Tirant, Barcelona ed., 1879, II, p. 13, ch. ciii.

⁵⁷ Inferno, VI, 100; Squire's Tale, 479; Knight's Tale, 1761; Prologue to Legend of Good Women, 503; Marlowe, Hero and Leander, 2nd Sestyad. See also Guido Guinizelli's canzone beginning: “Al cor gentil ripara sempre amore.”

⁵⁸ Rouen, Dept. of Seine Inférieure, or Roanne, Dept. of Loire.

⁵⁹ Tirant, on his way to Rhodes, passes St. Vincent without incident; cf. op. cit., ch. 86.

⁶⁰ Amadis, French version Book XIII (Ital., XII), p. 487 ff.; prose Lancelot, ed. Sommer, I, 114-116; Barbazan-Méon, I, 59 ff.; Tirant, op. cit., ch. xxxii, ff.; Amadigi, XII; R. Lull, Ordre de Cavalleria; Amadis, I, v.

⁶¹ The name occurs in Sferamundi, VI, lxii.

⁶² A province of Portugal, situated at the southern extremity thereof, separated from Spain by the river Guadiana. It formerly belonged to the Moors, but Alfonso III reconquered it in 1250. The Italian history of Oliviero et Artus, Venice, 1612, has the form Dalgarve. Boccaccio, Decamerone, ii, 7, has a king del Garbo.

⁶³ Cf. the exploits of El Cavallero Cifar, ed. Michelant, Bk. I, at Galapia.

⁶⁴ Tirant lo Blanch makes a successful night attack on the Turks; cf. ed. cit., ch. cxviii.

⁶⁵ Amadis and his friends restore her kingdom to Briolanja; cf. Southey's Amadis, I, xliii, Barcelona ed., 1847, J, xli.

⁶⁶ Amadis, I, v.: “But their eyes delighted to reveal to the heart what was the thing on earth they loved best.”

⁶⁷ Constantinople, attacked by the infidels, is covered by Daliarte by a dense cloud of smoke; he knew that in the future the Turks would win; cf. Southey's Palmerin of England, chs. 166-171.

⁶⁸ The Italian continuation of the Amadis cycle; French books XVI-XXI are drawn from its six parts.

⁶⁹ Amadis, V (Splandiano), ch. clxxxiii.

⁷⁰ Eutropa prepares many enchantments on the Perilous Island to subdue Palmerin; cf. Southey's Palmerin of England, Part JI, ch. 53 ff.

⁷¹ Urganda presents Amadis with only a lance in Amadis, I, vi, Amadigi, IV. At Galaor's knighting she gives him a sword, Amadis, I, xii.

⁷² Cf. Sir Eglamour, ed. Halliwell [Phillips], p. 132, vv. 265 ff. An enchanted sword cuts all armor in Amadis, IX (Amadis di Grecia, Italian Bk. IX, French Bks. VII-VIII). For magic talismans see A. Hertel, Verzauberte Oertlichkeiten, Hannover, 1908.

⁷³ A character in the Italian continuation of Amadis, Sferamundi; cf. also the French version, Bks. XIV, XVI, XVII, XVIII, XIX.

⁷⁴ The sister of Anastarax also languished under enchantment; cf. Amadis, IX (Italian Amadis di Grecia, Pt. II, ch. 20, French books VII, VIII).

⁷⁵ The exploits of Florisello are recounted in Amadis, X, XI (French books IX, X, XI) named respectively Florisel di Nichea and Rogel di Grecia in Italian.

⁷⁶ Cf. Amadis, IX (Italian Amadis di Grecia, French books VIII, XIII, XIV, XIX.).

⁷⁷ Cf. Sferamundi, VI, cxxvii.

⁷⁸ Cf. Amadis, XII (Italian, Silves de la Selva, French books XIII, XIV, XVII, XVIII); Sferamundi, II, 59; III, 118.

⁷⁹ Cf. Amadis, X (Italian Florisel di Nichea, French books IX, X).

⁸⁰ Cf. above, note 44.

⁸¹ Cf. Amadis, V (Splandiano), I, xxv, xxviii, lix, xciii; Burton's Pentamerone, II, 543, 5th day, 8th diversion, which tells of a monster fish containing within itself valleys, gardens, palaces. Curtin, Hero Tales, 278: Lawn Dyarrig is drawn into the belly of a serpent and finds three men playing cards there. A magic boat of a different kind is found in Crawford's Kalevala, II, p. 732. Trebacio, Espejo de Principes, also enters a magic boat and lands on a magic island; cf. Thomas, op. cit., p. 125 ff.

⁸² Cf. Amadis V (***Splandiano), cap. xxv: Come partito Splandiano da l'Isola ferma sul gran serpente, giunto in una terra deserta vinse duo fieri giganti, e cavò di servitù Gandalino, e Lasindo con molti altri Christiani.

⁸³ Cf. the Hymn to Delos by Callimachus of Alexandria.

⁸⁴ As we have seen (above, p. 434), our author was familiar with the story of St. Brandan's voyage; from it he may, though not necessarily, have drawn this motif of the whale-island. Besides the versions in Latin and in the vulgar tongues of Europe, there existed four Italian texts of the Navigatio Sancti Brendani, dated respectively, end of the thirteenth, middle of the fourteenth, end of the fourteenth and end of the fifteenth century; even the latest of these was early enough for Magnani. (For reference to these four texts, cf. F. Novati, La Navigatio Sancti Brendani, Bergamo, 1896, Introd. For the passage concerning the whale-island, cf. p. 16.) The ‘whale’ passage is found in the various versions of the Brandan story as follows: Les Voyages Merveilleux de St. Brandan, ed. Michel, P. 1878, vv. 435-479; Brendans Meerfahrt, ed. C. Wahlund, Upsala, 1900, pp. 24, 25, 124, 125; Acta Sancti Brendani, ed. P. F. Moran, Dublin, 1872, p. 97. Three German versions are printed by C. Schröder, Perigrinatio Sancti Brandani, Erlangen, 1871. Magnani may have been indebted to the famous passage in Orlando Furioso, VI, 37, 40. The story of the whale-island, however, is found in all parts of the civilized world: Cf. Ein Tosco-Venezianisches Bestiarius, ed. Goldstaub u. Wendriner, Halle, 1892 [dated 1468 in the Padua Codex]; Il Bestiario Toscano, ed. Garver e McKenzie, Roma, 1912 [middle 15 C.J., p. 60. Occasionally some other animal is substituted for the whale; in the Zendavesta it is a large serpent: cf. Tiele, Het Parzisme, p. 159. A monster of the same sort occurs in an Egyptian story cited by E. Rohde, Der Griekische Roman u. seine Vorläufer, 2nd ed. Leipzig, 1900, p. 197 ff. In al-Kazwîni the monster takes the form of an immense turtle: cf. El Kazwinis Kosmographie, tr. H. Ethé, Leipzig, 1863, I, p. 280 (Section V, no. 17), Arabic text, Adjâib el-Mahlûkat, ed. F. Wüstenfeld, Gött. 1849. Edw. Lane gives a vague reference to one of Kazwîni's sea-monsters: cf. Thousand and One Nights, London, 1841, III, p. 83. The story occurs in the Talmud: cf. T. Benfey, Orient u. Occident, p. 354, lines 7-12. See further J. C. Mardrus, Mille Nuits et une Nuit (tr. from Persian and Hindu MSS), III, p. 199; Burton, Thousand Nights and a Night, VI, pp. 5 ff.; the same, tr. J. Payne, V, 154; R. Hole, Remarks on the Arabian Nights, London, 1797, pp. 20 ff.; Pseudo-Kallisthenes, tr. H. Weismann, Frankfort, 1850, II, pp. 188 ff.; the same, J. Zacher, Halle, 1867, p. 147; Julius Valerius, Bk. III, ch. 16; Lukianos, tr. Wieland, 1789, p. 184; Sanctus Ambrosius in the Corp. Script. eccl. lat., ed. C. Schenkl, xxxii, 1, p. 166; St. Basil's Homily on the Hist. of Creation, cf. C. Hippeau, Bestiaire d'Amour, notes, p. 155, note 3; Brunetto Latini, Tresor, Bk. I, v, ch. 133; Guillaume le Clerc, ed. R. Reinsch, Leipzig, 1890, pp. 320 ff.; the same, ed. C. Hippeau, Caen, 1852, p. 261; Bestiaire d'Amour, ed. C. Hippeau, Caen, 1860, p. 241; Raoul Glaber, Historia sui Temporis, Bk. II, ch. 2; Philip de Thäun, Bestiaire, ed. Walberg, London, 1900, vv. 1915 ff.; Olaus Magnus, Hist. de Gentibus septentrionalibus, Romæ, 1555, Bk. XXI, ch. 25, p. 754; the same, Frankfurti, 1618, Bk. XXI, ch. 7, p. 431; Wright and Halliwell, Reliquiœ Antiquœ, I, 208 (the Middle English Bestiary here referred to is printed by Maetzner and by Emerson in their Middle English readers, pp. 68 and 19 respectively); Morris, Specimens, I, 133; C. W. M. Grein, Angelsächsischen Poesie, Gött. 1857, I, 235 ff.; Trevisa's tr. of Bartholomew Anglicus' De Proprietatibus Rerum, ed. R. Steele, London, 1893, p. 112; also Batman uppon Bartholome, London, 1582, p. 200; Milton, Paradise Lost, I, 200 ff.; Faerie Queen, II, i, 51; Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica, II, 285, 297; T. J. Westropp, Proc. Royal Irish Acad., XXX, Sect. C, p. 231, note 2.

⁸⁵ The usual magic book; cf. Orlando Fur., III, 21; IV, 17.

⁸⁶ Giants abound in the chivalresque romances. See further, Child, Ballads, no. 103; Halliwell [Phillips], Sir Eglamour, p. 134; the Irish romance Eagle Boy, E. I. T. S. Amadis, I, xiii; II, xiii.

⁸⁷ There is abundant reference to this quality of jasper in the lapidaries and other works to which the author doubtless had access. Cf. Cleandro Arnobio, Tesoro delle Gioie, Venetia, 1670, p. 97; Mandeville, Le Lapidaire du Quatorzieme Siècle, pp. 49, 78; Marbodus, De Lapidibus, p. 77; De Lapidibus Enchiridion, p. 39; De Gemmis, p. 17; Andreæ Baccii, Elpidiani Philosophi, p. 75.

⁸⁸ Perion of Gaul fights with a lion, Amadis I, i; on Eutropa's island Palmerin of England fights with two lions and two tigers at a fountain; cf. Southey's Palmerin of England, II, ch. 54.

⁸⁹ Cf. Amadis, I, xiii; Yvain, 5470 ff.

⁹⁰ Palmerin of England drives Eutropa to suicide by undoing her enchantments; cf. Southey, op. cit., II, ch. 55.

⁹¹ Cf. a similar rescue, Amadis, II, i.

⁹² The island of Hy Brasil or O Brasil, was believed to be situated near Porcupine Bank; this belief was doubtless caused in prehistoric times by mirage or fog-bank. The Aran people still believe that Brasil may be seen once in seven years. The cod-bank of Imaire Buidhe, some forty miles to sea, was believed to be an enchanted, sunken island, identified by the fishermen of North Mayo with O Brasil. Cf. Westropp, Proc. R. I. Acad. XXX, Sect. C, pp. 257, 258. Before the end of the 15th century the merchants of Bristol sent seven expeditions in search of Brasil, Cf. Westropp, op. cit., p. 230.

In the old maps Brasil was actually represented as an island somewhere to the west of Ireland; see the maps of Dulcert, Solerio, Bianco, Gratiosus Benincasa, Fra Mauro, Martin Behaim, Freducci, Juan de la Cosa, Argentorati, Diego Ribero, Georgio Calapoda, Domingo Olives, Mercator, and the Catalan portolano of 1339 in E. Nordenskjöld's Facsimile Atlas and Periplus. See in general the excellent article of Westropp, op. cit., loc. cit. See further Guillaume Delisme's map of the British Isles in his Atlas (1714-20). See also Gerald Griffin's ballad “O Brasil, the Isle of the Blest,” Poetical and Dramatic Works, Dublin, 1895. According to Westropp, Brasil was not removed from the charts till 1865.

⁹³ Compare the situation in the ballad Rose Red and White Lily, Child, no. 103.

⁹⁴ In Amadis, II, xv, the wife of a dead giant keeps two knights prisoners in revenge.

⁹⁵ The sight or thought of his lady often has a strengthening effect on the fighting knight; cf. Amadas et Ydoine, ed. J. R. Reinhard vv. 6287 ff.; Erec, vv. 911 ff.; Cligès, v. 4192. It has a contrary effect on Amadis; on seeing Oriana his sword hangs loose in his hand, Amadis, I, xiv. See also Gawain's fight with the demon at the tomb, Atre Perilos, vv. 1334 ff.

⁹⁶ Is the name a reminiscence of Gavarte, Amadis, II, xx, III, v?

⁹⁷ Ginevra is dowered with the duchy of the dead traitor Polinesso, cf. Orlando Fur., VI, 15.

⁹⁸ Needless to say, neither Heliodorus the bishop, nor Heliodorus the magician, had anything to do with it; this is a convention of the chivalresque romances. Montalvo pretends that Las Sergas (Amadis V) was written in Greek by Elisabad. The Sage Alchifo is supposed to have written Amadis VII, VIII, IX; Don Belianis purports to have been written by the Sage Friston, Florando de Inglaterra by Polismarco and Palurcio, Lepolemo by Xarton, El Espejo de Principes by Artemidoro the Grecian, Florisel de Niquea (Amadis X) by the Queen Zirfea.

⁹⁹ This paragraph has been given almost literally for the sake of showing the author's style.

¹⁰⁰ John Hyrcanus, High Priest of the Jews, son of Simon Maccabeus (whom he succeeded in 135 b.c.) died in 103 b.c. and left the kingdom to his son, Alexander, who was succeeded by his son John Hyrcanus II. The brother of the latter, Aristobulus II, usurped the throne, but Hyrcanus drove him from it with the help of Pompey. Antigonus, son of Aristobulus II, deposed John Hyrcanus II with the aid of the Parthians but was soon afterward supplanted by Herod. According to our romance, the wife of Aristobulus fell in love with her nephew-in-law, Antigonus, son of John Hyrcanus II, if the latter had a son by that name; or with Antigonus, the son of Aristobulus (and herself?). Josephus, Wars of the Jews, Bk. I, ch. iii, tells of the death of Antigonus through the calumnies of the Queen and her favorites, though there is no hint of a love affair. But later writers, translators, commentators, or even Magnani himself could easily have supplied one.

¹⁰¹ The son of Assesos and Hellamene; he was a hostage to Phobius Nelidus; the wife of the latter, Philaichme or Kleoboia, sought his love; he repulsed her and she, in revenge, brought about his death. Cf. Aristotle, Milesian Historians, and Alexander Aitolos as cited by Parthenius.

¹⁰² The author here shows considerable knowledge of the wide-spread motif of Joseph and Potiphar's wife; cf. Genesis, xxxix, 7-20; Seven Sages, vv. 491-559; Purgatorio, VI, 19 ff., also note in P. B. Lombardi's ed., Firenze, 1830; Chestre's Launfal; Marie's Lanval, ed. Warnke; Schofield, PMLA, XV, 147, note 1; Guingamor, Schofield, Harv. Studies and Notes, V, 237-238; ***Rhys, Studies in Arthurian Legend (Móirigu's antipathy to Cuchullain); Fornmanna Sögur, III, 469 (Hjalmters og Ölvers Saga, ch. 8); Child, Ballads, no. 301; Ker, Folklore, V, 121; Iliad, VI; Clouston, Popular Tales, II, 500; Landau, Quellen, p. 28; P. Meyer, Guillaume de la Barre, vv. 4258, pp. xxiv, xxxix; Sansovino, Cento Novelle, iii. 1; Decamerone, ii. 8; Maspero, Pop. Tales of Ancient Egypt, first story; La Historia de los nobles Oliveros de Castilla y Artur dalgarbe; Volsunga Saga, Norroena series, pp. 167 ff.; Abbattutis, Pentamerone, tr. R. F. Burton, II, 400, iv. 6; Pauli, Handbuch, under “Kleoboia”; Reinach, Orpheus, ch. ii, no. 9; Xenophon of Ephesus, Ephesiaca; Heliodorus, Æthiopica; Euripides, Phœdra; Chastelaine de Vergi; Sanas Cormaic, ed. K. Meyer, p. 58 ff.

¹⁰³ Amadis, I, xix, rescues a damsel from the unwelcome embraces of Arcalaus.

¹⁰⁴ The name occurs in Florisel di Niquea (Amadis, French Bks. IX, X, Italian Bk. X).

¹⁰⁵ Cf. the enchanted chamber, Faerie Queen, III, xii, 20.

¹⁰⁶ The similarity of this passage with that in the Gerusalemme Liberata, XIII, 41-45, is very striking. For other speaking and bleeding trees see Æneid, III, 27-45; Inferno, XIII, 31 ff.; Orlando Fur., VI, 26 ff.; Orlando In., III, vii, 17; Faerie Queen, I, ii, 30-32; Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica, IV, 604; R. E. Dennett, Folklore of the Fjort, p. 42; L. Holberg, Nils Klim's Underground Journey.

¹⁰⁷ Cf. the twelve copper men on twelve marble pillars beside the brook on the Firm Island, Amadis, II, xxi.

¹⁰⁸ The Symplegades motif; cf. Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica, II, 595-606; Lowie, Jour. Am. Folklore, XXI, 106 ff.; A. C. L. Brown, Harv. Stud. and Notes, VIII, 81 ff.; Larminie, West Irish Folk Tales, pp. 10-30; Curtin, Hero Tales, pp. 327 ff.; Curtin, Myths and Folklore, pp. 93-113; O'Foharta, ZfCPhilol., I, 477 ff.; Gonzenbach, Sizil. Mär., I, 99; R. Köhler, Klein. Schr., I, 397; Laistner, Rätsel der Sphinx, I, 263; Boas, Indianische Sagen, p. 360, no. 141; Boas, Tsimshian Texts, Smithsonian Inst., Bur. of Amer. Ethnol. Bulletin 27, 1902, pp. 129-130.

¹⁰⁹ A hint of the Ginevra episode again; cf. above, note 55.

¹¹⁰ The Sorlingues or Scilly Islands, S. W. of Land's End. See also W. Foerster, Guillaume d'Angleterre, v. 1050, Sorlinc, a town in Scotland.

¹¹¹ Sant'Andrea occurs in Orlando Fur., V, 76.

¹¹² This story-telling is quite in the manner of Cervantes, Persiles y Sigismundo, and of Lesage, Gil Blas.

¹¹³ Oronzio's speech occupies fourteen pages and is remarkable not only for its eloquent diction, but for its clear and sound principles of statecraft; it also suggests Magnani's knowledge of Machiavelli.

¹¹⁴ Compare the preparations for war in Amadis, III, i.

¹¹⁵ Cf. the blazons of the shields on the wall of the Forbidden Chamber on the Firm Island, Amadis, II, ii.

¹¹⁶ Out of twenty stanzas I give six, printing in parallel column the poem which may have served as their inspiration if not their model. Compare these verses also with the ode of Gabriello Chiabrera (1552-1638) beginning:

¹¹⁷ Cf. Amadis de Gaula, Barcelona, 1847, pp. 129-130; P. de Gayangos, Libros de Caballerías, Madrid, 1857, p. 134.

¹¹⁸ Cf. above, note 112.

¹¹⁹ The name is unhistorical; it occurs, as Faramont, in Foulque de Candie, p. 13, v. 23. Rabelais, Gargantua et Pantagruel, Bk. II, ch. 23, has Pharamond.

¹²⁰ The name is unhistorical; it occurs, as Atalante, a male, in Orlando In., II, i, 73, xxvi, 18, xxix, 49 and elsewhere.

¹²¹ The name is unhistorical.

¹²² Miraguarda was so lovely that she had to be kept secluded in the castle of Almourol; cf. Southey's Palmerin of England, Pt. II, chs. 63, 68. Gridonia likewise was hidden for safety in a strong castle; cf. Primaleone, Venetia, 1559, Bk. I, ch. xxx.

¹²³ Orlando In. has Clarissa, the betrothed of Rinaldo; cf. I, i, 22, ii, 106.

¹²⁴ Rape by pirates is a prevalent motif in the chivalresque romances. El Cavalier Cifar's lady was carried off by pirates, cf. Historia del Cavallero Cifar, ed. H. Michelant, Stuttgart, 1872, Pt. I, ch. 41, p. 68; Albayzar carried off Targiana to Constantinople where she was rescued by the Black Knight, cf. Southey's Palmerin of England, Pt. II, chs. 84, 85; in the same work, ch. 153, it is recounted that griffins carried away the Queen of Thrace as she was amusing herself with her ladies. Cervantes adopted the motif in Persiles y Sigismunda, cf. ch. ii, which tells how pirates made way with Auristela as she was walking along the shore.

Such rapes are almost constant in the Greek romances; in the Ephesiaca, Anthia and Habrokomes are carried off together, later Anthia alone; Clitophon and Leucippe meet identical fortunes in the romance by that name; in the Æthiopica, Theagenes and Chariclea are borne off together; in Chaereas and Callirhoe and Daphnis and Chloe, only the heroines are forcibly abducted.

¹²⁵ Cf. the voyage-tales or immrama of Brain Maic Febail, Curaig hua Corra, Brendain, Curaig Máiledúin, and Snedgusa ocus Maic ***Riagla. For editions and translations of the same, cf., under immrama, the index of R. I. Best's Bibliography of Irish Philology and Printed Irish Literature, pp. 115-116.

¹²⁶ He mentions, among others, Aurora, Apollo, Bellona, Venus, Vulcan, Hercules, Deianira, Echo, Jason, Medea, Jove, Juno, Mars, Medusa, Perseus, Neptune, Tethys and Tithonus.

¹²⁷ Cf. above, note 124.

¹²⁸ Cf. above, note 92.

¹²⁹ For his work Magnani probably used the Italian and possibly the French and Spanish versions of the romances which have been cited above in the footnotes. He did not use any French or Spanish version, save possibly Cavaller Cifar, of which there was not an Italian equivalent. His chivalresque material may be seen advantageously in the adjoined table.

¹³⁰ No Spanish continuation of Amadis appeared later than 1546, the date of Book XII.

¹³¹ The handwriting of the manuscript is early 17th century, the language is good Tuscan of approximately the same period.

¹³² Cf. above, p. 445.

¹³³ Magnani did not want for examples of this sort of thing: Amadis, Florestan and Galaor had been so preserved by Urganda so far back as Splandiano, ch. clxxxiii.

¹³⁴ The French books XXII, XXIII, XXIV, translated from the equivalent German books (printed 1594-95) appeared in 1615.