Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T20:45:13.731Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The uniqueness of metrical structure: rhythmic phonotactics in Huariapano*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 January 2014

Ryan Bennett
Ryan Bennett*
Affiliation:
Yale University
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article argues that, contrary to some recent proposals, a given phonological form may be organised into at most one array of metrical structure at a time. The bulk of the paper is dedicated to a case study of Huariapano, a language that has been claimed to motivate multiple, coexisting but autonomous, layers of metrical parsing. I show that this conclusion is premature: both stress and segmental patterning in Huariapano can be modelled within a single system of constituency, once context-dependent variation in foot form is taken into account. The reanalysis developed here also draws on the idea that foot-initial syllables may be targeted by augmentation or fortition processes even when unstressed. Independent evidence for foot-initial strengthening is furnished by segmental phonotactics in a range of other languages.

Type
Research Article
Information
Phonology , Volume 30 , Issue 3 , December 2013 , pp. 355 - 398
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

Steve Parker provided comments on several drafts of this work, and kindly shared some of his Huariapano materials with me. I thank him profusely for his generosity. He does not necessarily agree with the conclusions I arrive at here. I am also indebted to Junko Ito, Grant McGuire, Armin Mester and Jaye Padgett for insightful feedback during the development of this research. I thank audiences at UC Santa Cruz, the University of Delaware Workshop on Stress and Accent, Harvard, UMass Amherst and NYU, and participants in the Fall 2012 Phonology Seminar at Yale for their challenging questions. Finally, this article has been greatly improved by comments from the associate editor and three anonymous reviewers.

References

REFERENCES

Aion, Nora (2003). Selected topics in Nootka and Tübatulabal phonology. PhD dissertation, City University of New York.Google Scholar
Becker, Michael, Ketrez, Nihan & Nevins, Andrew (2011). The surfeit of the stimulus: analytic biases filter lexical statistics in Turkish laryngeal alternations. Lg 87. 84–125.Google Scholar
Beckman, Jill N. (1998). Positional faithfulness. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.Google Scholar
Bennett, Ryan (2012). Foot-conditioned phonotactics and prosodic constituency. PhD dissertation, University of California, Santa Cruz.Google Scholar
Bennett, Ryan (2013). A re-evaluation of ‘disjoint’ footing. Handout. Available (August 2013) at pantheon.yale.edu/∼rtb27/pdfs/Bennett2013_Huariapano_handout.pdf.Google Scholar
Bennett, Ryan & Henderson, Robert (2013). Accent in Uspanteko. NLLT 31. 589–645.Google Scholar
Blaho, Sylvia & Szeredi, Dániel (2011). Secondary stress in Hungarian: (morpho)-syntactic, not metrical. WCCFL 28. 51–59.Google Scholar
Blumenfeld, Lev (2006). Constraints on phonological interactions. PhD dissertation, Stanford University.Google Scholar
Buckley, Eugene (2009). Locality in metrical typology. Phonology 26. 389–435.Google Scholar
Bye, Patrik (2005). Coda maximisation in Northwest Saamic. Nordic Journal of Linguistics 28. 189–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bye, Patrik & de Lacy, Paul (2008). Metrical influences on fortition and lenition. In de Carvalho, Joaquim Brandão, Scheer, Tobias & Ségéral, Philippe (eds.) Lenition and fortition. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 173–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caballero, Gabriela (2008). Choguita Raramuri (Tarahumara) phonology and morphology. PhD dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam & Halle, Morris (1968). The sound pattern of English. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Churchyard, Henry (1999). Topics in Tiberian Biblical Hebrew metrical phonology and prosodics. PhD dissertation, University of Texas at Austin.Google Scholar
Crosswhite, Katherine M. (2000). Vowel reduction in Russian: a unified account of standard, dialectal, and ‘dissimilative’ patterns. University of Rochester Working Papers in the Language Sciences 1. 107–172.Google Scholar
Crosswhite, Katherine M. (2001). Vowel reduction in Optimality Theory. New York & London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Crowhurst, Megan J. (1996). An optimal alternative to Conflation. Phonology 13. 409–424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crowhurst, Megan J. & Michael, Lev (2005). Iterative footing and prominence-driven stress in Nanti (Kampa). Lg 81. 47–95.Google Scholar
Dalton, Martha & Chasaide, Ailbhe Ní (2003). Modelling intonation in three Irish dialects. In Solé, M. J., Recasens, D. & Romero, J. (eds.) Proceedings of the 15th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. Barcelona: Causal Productions. 1073–1076.Google Scholar
Davis, Stuart & Cho, Mi-Hui (2003). The distribution of aspirated stops and /h/ in American English and Korean: an alignment approach with typological implications. Linguistics 41. 607–652.Google Scholar
de Lacy, Paul (2001). Prosodic markedness in prominent positions. Ms, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Available as ROA-432 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive.Google Scholar
de Lacy, Paul (2004). Markedness conflation in Optimality Theory. Phonology 21. 145–199.Google Scholar
de Lacy, Paul (2006). Markedness: reduction and preservation in phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Lacy, Paul (2007a). The interaction of tone, sonority, and prosodic structure. In de Lacy, Paul (ed.) The Cambridge handbook of phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 281–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Lacy, Paul (2007b). Quality of data in metrical stress theory. Cambridge Extra Magazine 2.Google Scholar
de Lacy, Paul (to appear). Evaluating evidence for stress systems. In van der Hulst (to appear).Google Scholar
DiCanio, Christian (2008). The phonetics and phonology of San Martín Itunyoso Trique. PhD dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Dresher, B. Elan (2009). Stress assignment in Tiberian Hebrew. In Raimy, Eric & Cairns, Charles E. (eds.) Contemporary views on architecture and representations in phonology. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. 213–224.Google Scholar
Dresher, B. Elan & Lahiri, Aditi (1991). The Germanic foot: metrical coherence in Old English. LI 22. 251–286.Google Scholar
Elenbaas, Nine & Kager, René (1999). Ternary rhythm and the lapse constraint. Phonology 16. 273–329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elfner, Emily (2012). Syntax–prosody interactions in Irish. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts Amherst.Google Scholar
Elías-Ulloa, José (2006). Theoretical aspects of Panoan metrical phonology: disyllabic footing and contextual syllable weight. PhD dissertation, Rutgers University.Google Scholar
Elías-Ulloa, José (2009). The distribution of laryngeal segments in Capanahua. IJAL 75. 159–206.Google Scholar
Fougeron, Cécile & Keating, Patricia A. (1997). Articulatory strengthening at edges of prosodic domains. JASA 101. 3728–3740.Google Scholar
Giavazzi, Maria (2010). The phonetics of metrical prominence and its consequences for segmental phonology. PhD dissertation, MIT.Google Scholar
González, Carolina (2003). The effect of stress and foot structure on consonantal processes. PhD dissertation, University of Southern California.Google Scholar
González, Carolina (2005). Phonologically-conditioned allomorphy in Panoan: towards an analysis. UCLA Working Papers in Linguistics 11: Papers in Phonology 6. 39–56.Google Scholar
González, Carolina (2007). Typological evidence for the separation between stress and foot structure. In Miestamo, Matti & Wälchli, Bernhard (eds.) New challenges in typology: broadening the horizons and redefining the foundations. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 55–75.Google Scholar
González, Carolina (2009). Foot edges, constituents, and exhaustive parsing in morpho-phonological alternations. Presentation given at the CUNY Conference on the Foot. Handout available (August 2013) at www.cunyphonologyforum.net/footconf.php.Google Scholar
Gordon, Matthew (2002a). A factorial typology of quantity-insensitive stress. NLLT 20. 491–552.Google Scholar
Gordon, Matthew (2002b). A phonetically driven account of syllable weight. Lg 78. 51–80.Google Scholar
Gordon, Matthew (2011). Stress: phonotactic and phonetic evidence. In van Oostendorp et al. (2011). 924–948.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, Matthew (to appear). Disentangling stress and pitch accent: toward a typology of prominence at different prosodic levels. In van der Hulst (to appear).Google Scholar
Gouskova, Maria (2003). Deriving economy: syncope in Optimality Theory. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.Google Scholar
Gouskova, Maria (2010). The phonology of boundaries and secondary stress in Russian compounds. The Linguistic Review 27. 387–448.Google Scholar
Gussmann, Edmund (2002). Phonology: analysis and theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hall, Nancy (2001). Max-Position drives iterative footing. WCCFL 20. 248–261.Google Scholar
Halle, Morris & Vergnaud, Jean-Roger (1987). An essay on stress. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Hammond, Michael (1986). The obligatory-branching parameter in metrical theory. NLLT 4. 185–228.Google Scholar
Hammond, Michael (1997). Vowel quantity and syllabification in English. Lg 73. 1–17.Google Scholar
Harris, John (2013). Wide-domain r-effects in English. JL 49. 329–365.Google Scholar
Harris, John & Gussmann, Edmund (1998). Final codas: why the west was wrong. In Cyran, Eugeniusz (ed.) Structure and interpretation: studies in phonology. Lublin: Folium. 139–162.Google Scholar
Hayes, Bruce (1981). A metrical theory of stress rules. Indiana University Linguistics Club. 1980 PhD dissertation, MIT.Google Scholar
Hayes, Bruce (1995). Metrical stress theory: principles and case studies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Heath, Jeffrey (1981). Tübatulabal phonology. Harvard Studies in Phonology 2. 188–217.Google Scholar
Hermans, Ben (2011). The representation of word stress. In van Oostendorp et al. (2011). 980–1002.Google Scholar
Hulst, Harry van der (ed.) (to appear). Word stress: theoretical and typological issues. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hyde, Brett (2002). A restrictive theory of metrical stress. Phonology 19. 313–359.Google Scholar
Hyde, Brett (2012). Alignment constraints. NLLT 30. 789–836.Google Scholar
Hyman, Larry M. (1977). On the nature of linguistic stress. In Hyman, Larry M. (ed.) Studies in stress and accent. Los Angeles: Department of Linguistics, University of Southern California. 37–82.Google Scholar
Iosad, Pavel (2012). Vowel reduction in Russian: no phonetics in phonology. JL 48. 521–571.Google Scholar
Iosad, Pavel (2013). Head-dependent asymmetries in Munster Irish prosody. Nordlyd 40. 66–107. Available (August 2013) at septentrio.uit.no/index.php/nordlyd/article/view/2502.Google Scholar
Ito, Junko & Mester, Armin (2003). Weak layering and word binarity. In Honma, Takeru, Okazaki, Masao, Tabata, Toshiyuki & Tanaka, Shin'ichi (eds.) A new century of phonology and phonological theory: a Festschrift for Professor Shosuke Haraguchi on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday. Tokyo: Kaitakusha. 26–65.Google Scholar
Ito, Junko & Mester, Armin (2007). Prosodic adjunction in Japanese compounds. MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 55. 97–111.Google Scholar
Ito, Junko & Mester, Armin (2009a). The extended prosodic word. In Grijzenhout, Janet & Kabak, Barış (eds.) Phonological domains: universals and deviations. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 135–194.Google Scholar
Ito, Junko & Mester, Armin (2009b). The onset of the prosodic word. In Parker, Steve (ed.) Phonological argumentation: essays on evidence and motivation. London: Equinox. 227–260.Google Scholar
Ito, Junko & Mester, Armin (2013). Prosodic subcategories in Japanese. Lingua 124. 20–40.Google Scholar
Jacobson, Steven A. (1985). Siberian Yupik and Central Yupik prosody. In Krauss (1985). 25–45.Google Scholar
Jensen, John T. (2000). Against ambisyllabicity. Phonology 17. 187–235.Google Scholar
Kager, René (1989). A metrical theory of stress and destressing in English and Dutch. Dordrecht: Foris.Google Scholar
Kager, René (1993). Alternatives to the iambic-trochaic law. NLLT 11. 381–432.Google Scholar
Kager, René (1997). Rhythmic vowel deletion in Optimality Theory. In Roca, Iggy (ed.) Derivations and constraints in phonology. Oxford: Clarendon. 463–499.Google Scholar
Kager, René (2001). Rhythmic directionality by positional licensing. Handout of paper presented at the 5th Holland Institute of Linguistics Phonology Conference, Potsdam. Available as ROA-514 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive.Google Scholar
Kager, René (2005). Rhythmic licensing theory: an extended typology. Proceedings of the 3rd Seoul International Conference on Linguistics (SICOL). Seoul: Linguistic Society of Korea. 5–31.Google Scholar
Kaye, Jonathan (1990). ‘Coda’ licensing. Phonology 7. 301–330.Google Scholar
Keating, Patricia, Cho, Taehong, Fougeron, Cécile & Hsu, Chai-Shune (2003). Domain-initial articulatory strengthening in four languages. In Local, John, Ogden, Richard & Temple, Rosalind (eds.) Phonetic interpretation: papers in laboratory phonology VI. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 145–163.Google Scholar
Kenstowicz, Michael (1996). Quality-sensitive stress. Rivista di Linguistica 9. 157–187.Google Scholar
Klatt, Dennis H. (1976). Linguistic uses of segmental duration in English: acoustic and perceptual evidence. JASA 59. 1208–1221.Google Scholar
Kondo, Riena (2001). Guahibo stress: both trochaic and iambic. IJAL 67. 136–166.Google Scholar
Krauss, Michael (ed.) (1985). Yupik Eskimo prosodic systems: descriptive and comparative studies. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center.Google Scholar
Lahiri, Aditi & Dresher, B. Elan (1999). Open Syllable Lengthening in West Germanic. Lg 75. 678–719.Google Scholar
Lavoie, Lisa M. (2001). Consonant strength: phonological patterns and phonetic manifestations. New York: Garland.Google Scholar
Lee, Sunghwa (2008). Disyllabicity in Nuuchahnulth. In Jones, Susie (ed.) Canadian Linguistic Association Annual Conference Proceedings 2008. Available (August 2013) at homes.chass.utoronto.ca/∼cla-acl/actes2008/CLA2008_Lee.pdf.Google Scholar
Leer, Jeff (1985a). Evolution of prosody in the Yupik languages. In Krauss (1985). 135–157.Google Scholar
Leer, Jeff (1985b). Prosody in Alutiiq (the Koniag and Chugach dialects of Alaskan Yupik). In Krauss (1985). 77–133.Google Scholar
Leer, Jeff (1985c). Toward a metrical interpretation of Yupik prosody. In Krauss (1985). 159–172.Google Scholar
Liberman, Mark (1975). The intonational system of English. PhD dissertation, MIT.Google Scholar
Liberman, Mark & Prince, Alan (1977). On stress and linguistic rhythm. LI 8. 249–336.Google Scholar
Lindblom, Björn (1963). Spectrographic study of vowel reduction. JASA 35. 1773–1781.Google Scholar
Loos, Eugene E. (1999). Pano. In Dixon, R. M. W & Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (eds.) The Amazonian languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 227–250.Google Scholar
McCarthy, John J. (1982). Prosodic structure and expletive infixation. Lg 58. 574–590.Google Scholar
McCarthy, John J. (2008). The serial interaction of stress and syncope. NLLT 26. 499–546.Google Scholar
McCarthy, John J. & Prince, Alan (1986). Prosodic morphology. Ms, University of Massachusetts, Amherst & Brandeis University. Available (August 2013) at works.bepress.com/john_j_mccarthy/54.Google Scholar
McGarrity, Laura (2003). Constraints on patterns of primary and secondary stress. PhD dissertation, Indiana University.Google Scholar
Martínez-Paricio, Violeta (2012). Superfeet as recursion. WCCFL 30. 259–269.Google Scholar
Martínez-Paricio, Violeta (in preparation). An exploration of minimal and maximal feet. PhD dissertation, University of Tromsø.Google Scholar
Mellander, Evan W. (2003). (HL)-creating processes in a theory of foot structure. The Linguistic Review 20. 243–280.Google Scholar
Mester, Armin (1994). The quantitative trochee in Latin. NLLT 12. 1–61.Google Scholar
Morén-Duolljá, Bruce (2013). The prosody of Swedish underived nouns: no lexical tones required. Nordlyd 40. 196–248. Available online at septentrio.uit.no/index.php/nordlyd/article/view/2506.Google Scholar
Munshi, Sadaf & Crowhurst, Megan J. (2012). Weight sensitivity and syllable codas in Srinagar Koshur. JL 48. 427–472.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newlin-Łukowicz, Luiza (2012). Polish stress: looking for phonetic evidence of a bidirectional system. Phonology 29. 271–329.Google Scholar
Norris, Mark (to appear). The architecture of derivational OT: evidence from Icelandic syncope. NELS 41. Available (August 2013) at people.ucsc.edu/∼mnorris/research/syncope_nels_paper.pdf.Google Scholar
Oostendorp, Marc van, Ewen, Colin J., Hume, Elizabeth & Rice, Keren (eds.) (2011). The Blackwell companion to phonology. Malden, Mass.: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Padgett, Jaye (2012). The role of prosody in Russian voicing. In Borowsky, Toni, Kawahara, Shigeto, Shinya, Takahito & Sugahara, Mariko (eds.) Prosody matters: essays in honor of Elisabeth Selkirk. London: Equinox. 181–207.Google Scholar
Padgett, Jaye & Tabain, Marija (2005). Adaptive Dispersion Theory and phonological vowel reduction in Russian. Phonetica 62. 14–54.Google Scholar
Parker, Steve (1992). Datos del idioma huariapano. Ms, Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, SIL Peru. Pucallpa, Peru: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. Available (August 2013) at www-01.sil.org/americas/peru/show_work.asp?id=32998.Google Scholar
Parker, Steve (1994). Coda epenthesis in Huariapano. IJAL 60. 95–119.Google Scholar
Parker, Steve (1998a). Disjoint metrical tiers and positional markedness in Huariapano (Panobo). Ms, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Available (August 2013) at www.gial.edu/images/gialens/vol7-1/Parker_Huariapano.pdf.Google Scholar
Parker, Steve (1998b). On the phonetic duration of Huariapano rhymes. Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota 42. Available (August 2013) at arts-sciences.und.edu/summer-institute-of-linguistics/work-papers/_files/docs/1998-parker.pdf.Google Scholar
Parker, Steve (2002). Quantifying the sonority hierarchy. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.Google Scholar
Pater, Joe (2000). Non-uniformity in English secondary stress: the role of ranked and lexically specific constraints. Phonology 17. 237–274.Google Scholar
Pearce, Mary (2006). The interaction between metrical structure and tone in Kera. Phonology 23. 259–286.Google Scholar
Pierrehumbert, Janet B. & Beckman, Mary E. (1988). Japanese tone structure. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Piggott, Glyne L. (1999). At the right edge of words. The Linguistic Review 16. 143–185.Google Scholar
Popjes, Jack & Popjes, Josephine (1971). Phonemic statement of Canela. Arquivo Linguístico 112. Edited version available online at www.sil.org/americas/brasil/publcns/ling/CNPhonem.pdf.Google Scholar
Popjes, Jack & Popjes, Josephine (1986). Canela-Krahô. In Derbyshire, Desmond C. & Pullum, Geoffrey K. (eds.) Handbook of Amazonian languages. Vol. 1. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 128–199.Google Scholar
Prince, Alan (1975). The phonology and morphology of Tiberian Hebrew. PhD dissertation, MIT.Google Scholar
Prince, Alan (1985). Improving tree theory. BLS 11. 471–490.Google Scholar
Prince, Alan (1990). Quantitative consequences of rhythmic organization. CLS 26:2. 355–398.Google Scholar
Prince, Alan & Smolensky, Paul (2004). Optimality Theory: constraint interaction in generative grammar. Malden, Mass. & Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Pruitt, Kathryn (2012). Stress in Harmonic Serialism. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts Amherst.Google Scholar
Rappaport, Malka (1984). Issues in the phonology of Tiberian Hebrew. PhD dissertation, MIT.Google Scholar
Rice, Curt (1992). Binarity and ternarity in metrical theory: parametric extensions. PhD dissertation, University of Texas at Austin.Google Scholar
Rice, Curtis (2007). The roles of Gen and Con in modeling ternary rhythm. In Blaho, Sylvia, Bye, Patrik & Krämer, Martin (eds.) Freedom of analysis? Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 233–255.Google Scholar
Rice, Keren (1990). Prosodic constituency in Hare (Athapaskan): evidence for the foot. Lingua 82. 201–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenthall, Sam & van der Hulst, Harry (1999). Weight-by-Position by position. NLLT 17. 499–540.Google Scholar
Ryan, Kevin (to appear). Onsets contribute to syllable weight: statistical evidence from stress and meter. Lg.Google Scholar
Selkirk, Elisabeth (1980). The role of prosodic categories in English word stress. LI 11. 563–605.Google Scholar
Selkirk, Elisabeth (2011). The syntax–phonology interface. In Goldsmith, John, Riggle, Jason & Yu, Alan C. L. (eds.) The handbook of phonological theory. 2nd edn. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. 435–484.Google Scholar
Shaw, Jason (2007). /ti/∼/ʧi/ contrast preservation in Japanese loans is parasitic on segmental cues to prosodic structure. In Trouvain, Jürgen & Barry, William J. (eds.) Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. Saarbrücken: Saarland University. 1365–1368.Google Scholar
Shell, Olive (1965). Pano reconstruction. PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania. Spanish translation available at www.sil.org/americas/peru/pubs/slp12.pdf.Google Scholar
Sluijter, Agaath M. C. & van Heuven, Vincent J. (1996). Spectral balance as an acoustic correlate of linguistic stress. JASA 100. 2471–2485.Google Scholar
Smith, Jennifer L. (2005). Phonological augmentation in prominent positions. London & New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Topintzi, Nina (2008). On the existence of moraic onset geminates. NLLT 26. 147–184.Google Scholar
Vaysman, Olga (2009). Segmental alternations and metrical theory. PhD dissertation, MIT.Google Scholar
Vijver, Ruben van de (1998). The iambic issue: iambs as a result of constraint interaction. PhD dissertation, University of Leiden.Google Scholar
Werle, Adam (2002). The Southern Wakashan one-foot word. In Gillon, Carrie, Sawai, Naomi & Wojdak, Rachel (eds.) Papers for the 37th International Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Languages. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics. 382–397.Google Scholar
Wilson, Stephen A. (1986). Metrical structure in Wakashan phonology. BLS 12. 283–291.Google Scholar
Wolf, Matthew (2012). Inversion of stress-conditioned phonology in Stratal OT. Ms, Yale University. Available (August 2013) at ling.auf.net/lingbuzz/001547.Google Scholar
Yu, Alan C. L. (2003). The morphology and phonology of infixation. PhD dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Yu, Alan C. L. (2004). Reduplication in English Homeric infixation. NELS 34. 619–633.Google Scholar
Zoll, Cheryl (1998). Positional asymmetries and licensing. Ms, MIT. Available as ROA-282 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive.Google Scholar