Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T07:01:21.213Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The emergence of phonological adaptation from phonetic adaptation: English loanwords in Korean*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 July 2010

Yoonjung Kang
Yoonjung Kang
Affiliation:
University of Toronto Scarborough
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This paper provides a detailed diachronic account of the adaptation of the English posterior coronal obstruents /ʃ ʧ ʤ/ in Contemporary Korean. These consonants are variably adapted with a glide (/j/ or /w/), and the distribution of the glides is conditioned by phonetic and phonological characteristics of the English input, as well as native phonotactic restrictions. The diachronic change in the occurrence of /w/ serves as an example of a variable phonetic detail in the input that is faithfully represented in loans in earlier stages, but which is subsequently eliminated in the emerging norm. Given this data, I propose how what, on the surface, may appear to be a ‘phonological’ adaptation can arise through regularisation of what is essentially a ‘phonetic’ adaptation. This study highlights the complexity of loanword adaptation and the importance of examining all of the different factors shaping this process.

Type
Articles
Information
Phonology , Volume 27 , Issue 2 , August 2010 , pp. 225 - 253
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Aronoff, Mark (1976). Word formation in generative grammar. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Boersma, Paul & Hamann, Silke (2009). Loanword adaptation as first-language phonological perception. In Calabrese, & Wetzels, (2009). 11–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boersma, Paul & Hayes, Bruce (2001). Empirical tests of the Gradual Learning Algorithm. LI 32. 45–86.Google Scholar
Bronstein, Arthur J. (1960). The pronunciation of American English: an introduction to phonetics. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.Google Scholar
Calabrese, Andrea & Leo Wetzels, W. (eds.) (2009). Loan phonology. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cha, Jae-Eun & Ahn, Byoung-Seob (2004). A phonological and phonetic study on optional glides deletion in Korean. [In Korean.] Wuriemunjenkwu 23. 279–303.Google Scholar
Chang, Charles B. (to appear). Phonetics vs. phonology in loanword adaptation: revisiting the role of the bilingual. BLS 34.Google Scholar
Choi, Hye-Won (2001). A survey of the pronunciation of loanwords. [In Korean.] Seoul: National Institute of the Korean Language.Google Scholar
Choi, Hye-Won (2002). A survey of the standard pronunciation. [In Korean.] Seoul: National Institute of the Korean Language.Google Scholar
Chosun, Hakhoy [The Korean Language Society] (1941). Woylyeye phyokipep thongilan. [Conventions for loanword transcription.] Seoul: Chosun Hakhoy.Google Scholar
Chung, Myeng-Sook (2002). Diachronic changes in Korean evidence by acoustic data. [In Korean.] In Korea University Research Institute of Korean Studies (ed.) Acoustic data and Research in Korean. Seoul: Wul-in. 67–159.Google Scholar
Coetzee, Andries W. (2006). Variation as accessing ‘non-optimal’ candidates. Phonology 23. 337–385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collins, Beverley S. & Mees, Inger M. (2008). Practical phonetics and phonology: a resource book for students. 2nd edn.New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Crawford, Clifford (2007). The role of loanword diffusion in changing adaptation patterns: a study of coronal stops in Japanese borrowings. Working Papers of the Cornell Phonetics Laboratory 16. 32–56.Google Scholar
Crawford, Clifford (2008). An evolutionary account of loanword-induced sound change in Japanese. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 14. Available (April 2010) at http://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol14/iss1/5.Google Scholar
Crystal, Thomas H. & House, Arthur S. (1982). Segmental durations in connected speech signals: preliminary results. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 72. 705–712.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davidson, Lisa (2007). The relationship between the perception of non-native phonotactics and loanword adaptation. Phonology 24. 261–286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davidson, Lisa & Noyer, Rolf (1997). Loan phonology in Huave: nativization and the ranking of faithfulness constraints. WCCFL 15. 65–79.Google Scholar
Detey, Sylvain & Nespoulous, Jean-Luc (2008). Can orthography influence second language syllabic segmentation? Japanese epenthetic vowels and French consonantal clusters. Lingua 118. 66–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dohlus, Katrin (2005). Phonetics or phonology: asymmetries in loanword adaptations – French and German mid front rounded vowels in Japanese. ZAS Papers in Linguistics 42. 117–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dorman, Michael F., Raphael, Lawrence J. & Isenberg, David (1980). Acoustic cues for a fricative–affricate contrast in word-final position. JPh 8. 397–405.Google Scholar
Friesner, Michael L. (2009a). The social and linguistic predictors of the outcomes of borrowing in the speech community of Montréal. PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Friesner, Michael L. (2009b). The adaptation of Romanian loanwords from Turkish and French. In Calabrese, & Wetzels, (2009). 115–130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gimson, A. C. (1980). An introduction to the pronunciation of English. 3rd edn.London: Arnold.Google Scholar
Grandgent, Charles Hall (1892). German and English sounds. Boston: Ginn.Google Scholar
Hahn, Jeewon (2005). An analysis of English loanwords in Korean. Working Papers in Linguistics, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa 36. Available (April 2010) at http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/electronic-volumes.Google Scholar
Han, Sung-Woo (2005). Phonological study of the acoustic data from Pothonghakkyo cosenetokpon. [In Korean.] Emunyenku 33. 29–58.Google Scholar
Han, Sung-Woo (2007a). A list of loanwords in Enlightenment Period (1896–1910). Unpublished database, Inha University, Incheon.Google Scholar
Han, Sung-Woo (2007b). A phonological study on loanwords in the Enlightenment Period (1896–1910). [In Korean.] Kwukmunhak 95. 281–309.Google Scholar
Haugen, Einar (1950). The analysis of linguistic borrowing. Lg 26. 210–231.Google Scholar
Hayes, Bruce & Wilson, Colin (2008). A maximum entropy model of phonotactics and phonotactic learning. LI 39. 379–440.Google Scholar
Hedrick, Mark (1997). Effect of acoustic cues on labeling fricatives and affricates. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 40. 925–938.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heffernan, Kevin (2007). The role of phonemic contrast in the formation of Sino-Japanese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 16. 61–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heo, Younghyon (2010). Vowel insertion as perceptual intrusion in loanword adaptation. PhD dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.Google Scholar
Hong, Yunsook (1988). A sociolinguistic study of Seoul Korean. PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Hong, Yunsook (1994). The monophthongization phenomenon attested in broadcasting language. [In Korean.] Sociolinguistics 2. 1–19.Google Scholar
Hubbell, Allan Forbes (1950). The pronunciation of English in New York City: consonants and vowels. New York: King's Crown.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hwang, Hyun-Kyung (2004). Spectral characteristics of frication noise in Korean sibilants. Malsori 49. 31–50.Google Scholar
Iverson, Gregory K. & Lee, Ahrong (2006). Perception of contrast in Korean loanword adaptation. Korean Linguistics 13. 49–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, Daniel (1914). The pronunciation of English. 2nd edn.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jones, Daniel (1950). The pronunciation of English. 3rd edn.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kang, Hyeon-Seok (1997). Phonological variation in glides and diphthongs of Seoul Korean: its synchrony and diachrony. PhD dissertation, Ohio State University.Google Scholar
Kang, Hyunsook (2010). Coarticulation effects of Korean sibilant fricative /s/ in various contexts. Ms, Hanyang University.Google Scholar
Kang, Kyung-Shim (2006). Are the Korean affricates alveolars or palatoalveolars?: evidence from speech errors and loanwords. Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology 12. 431–451.Google Scholar
Kang, Kyung-Shim (2009). A phonetic account of Korean affricates: neutralization with a palatal glide. Journal of Language Sciences 16. 169–186.Google Scholar
Kang, Yoon-Ho (1971). A study on the foreign word transcription in textbooks published during the Enlightenment Period. [In Korean.] Seoul: Korean Culture Research Institute, Ewha Women's University.Google Scholar
Kang, Yoonjung (2003). Perceptual similarity in loanword adaptation: English postvocalic word-final stops in Korean. Phonology 20. 219–273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kang, Yoonjung (2008a). Interlanguage segmental mapping as evidence for the nature of lexical representation. Language and Linguistics Compass 2. 85–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kang, Yoonjung (2008b). Tensification of voiced stops in English loanwords in Korean. Harvard Studies in Korean Linguistics 7. 179–192.Google Scholar
Kang, Yoonjung (2009). English /z/ in 1930s Korean. Simon Fraser University Working Papers in Linguistics 2. Available (April 2010) at http://www.sfu.ca/gradlings/wp_2.html.Google Scholar
Kang, Yoonjung (forthcoming). Loanword phonology. In van Oostendorp, Marc, Ewen, Colin J., Hume, Elizabeth & Rice, Keren (eds.) The Blackwell companion to phonology. Oxford & Malden, Mass.: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Kang, Yoonjung, Kenstowicz, Michael & Ito, Chiyuki (2008). Hybrid loans: a study of English loanwords transmitted to Korean via Japanese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 17. 299–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kenstowicz, Michael (2005). The phonetics and phonology of loanword adaptation. In Rhee, Sang-Jik (ed.) Proceedings of the 1st European Conference on Korean Linguistics. Seoul: Hankook. 17–32.Google Scholar
Keyser, Samuel Jay & Stevens, Kenneth N. (2006). Enhancement and overlap in the speech chain. Lg 82. 33–63.Google Scholar
Kim, Hyunsoon (2009). Korean adaptation of English affricates and fricatives in a feature-driven model of loanword adaptation. In Calabrese, & Wetzels, (2009). 155–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, Mi-Ryeng (2000). The changes in foreign word transcription convention in Contemporary Korean. [In Korean.] In Jong-Sun, Hong (ed.) The formation and changes of Contemporary Korean 3. Seoul: Pakiceng. 339–380.Google Scholar
Kim, Yoo-Beom (2000). A diachronic examination of the phonology of Contemporary Korean. [In Korean.] In Jong-Sun, Hong (ed.) The formation and changes of Contemporary Korean 1. Seoul: Pakiceng. 61–86.Google Scholar
Kurath, Hans (1964). A phonology and prosody of modern English. Heidelberg: Winter.Google Scholar
LaCharité, Darlene & Paradis, Carole (2005). Category preservation and proximity versus phonetic approximation in loanword adaptation. LI 36. 223–258.Google Scholar
Ladefoged, Peter (1982). A course in phonetics. 2nd edn.New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.Google Scholar
Ladefoged, Peter & Maddieson, Ian (1996). The sounds of the world's languages. Oxford & Malden, Mass.: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Lass, Roger (1976). English phonology and phonological theory: synchronic and diachronic studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lee, Jiyeon (2004). L1 transfer in L2 variation: the case of ‘disappearing /w/’ in the English of Korean learners. LSO Working Papers in Linguistics 4. 53–64.Google Scholar
Lee, Ji-Young (2008). The acceptance of foreign geographical names in Korea: on the geographical books on the world from the late 19th century to early 20th century. [In Korean.] Kwukekwukmunhak 150. 130–155.Google Scholar
Lee, Jong-Keuk (1937). Modern Chosun loanword dictionary. Seoul: Hansung Toseo Cusikhwesa.Google Scholar
Liker, Marko, Gibbon, Fiona E., Wrench, Alan & Horga, Damir (2007). Articulatory characteristics of the occlusion phase of /ʧ/ compared to /t/ in adult speech. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 9. 101–108.Google Scholar
Lloyd, Richard J. (1899). Northern English: phonetics, grammar, texts. Leipzig: Teubner.Google Scholar
Ministry of Education (1986). Woylyeye phyokipep. [Conventions for loanword transcription.] Revised edn. Seoul: Ministry of Education.Google Scholar
NIKL (National Institute of the Korean Language). 1991. Woylyeye sayong silthay cosa: 1990. [A survey of current loanword usage: 1990.] Seoul: National Institute of the Korean Language.Google Scholar
Oh, Mira (1992). Palatal consonants, labial consonants, and vowel epenthesis in Korean loanword phonology. Linguistic Journal of Korean 17. 141–161.Google Scholar
Paradis, Carole & LaCharité, Darlene (1997). Preservation and minimality in loanword adaptation. JL 33. 379–430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paradis, Carole & LaCharité, Darlene (2008). Apparent phonetic approximation: English loanwords in Old Quebec French. JL 44. 87–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paradis, Carole & LaCharité, Darlene (2009). English loanwords in Old Quebec French: fewer bilinguals does not mean a great increase in naive phonetic approximation. Langues et Linguistique 32. 82–117.Google Scholar
Paradis, Carole & Tremblay, Antoine (2009). Nondistinctive features in loanword adaptation: the unimportance of English aspiration in Mandarin Chinese Phoneme categorization. In Calabrese, & Wetzels, (2009). 211–224.Google Scholar
Park, Kee-Young (2005). The phonology of Enlightenment Period Korean: based on Korean textbooks published in Japan. [In Korean.] PhD dissertation, Seoul National University.Google Scholar
Park, Young-Seop (1997). Words of Enlightenment Period Korean. Vol. 5: Loanwords. [In Korean.] Seoul: Pakijeong.Google Scholar
Peperkamp, Sharon (2005). A psycholinguistic theory of loanword adaptations. BLS 30. 341–352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peperkamp, Sharon, Vendelin, Inga & Nakamura, Kimihiro (2008). On the perceptual origin of loanword adaptations: experimental evidence from Japanese. Phonology 25. 129–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perkell, Joseph, Boyce, Suzanne E. & Stevens, Kenneth N. (1979). Articulatory and acoustic correlates of the [s-sh] distinction. In Wolf, Jared J. & Klatt, Dennis H. (eds.) Speech communication papers: 97th meeting of the Acoustical Society of America. Melville, NY: Acoustical Society of America. 109–113.Google Scholar
Poplack, Shana & Sankoff, David (1984). Borrowing: the synchrony of integration. Linguistics 22. 99–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roach, Peter (2000). English phonetics and phonology: a practical course. 2nd edn.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rogers, Henry (2000). The sounds of language: an introduction to phonetics. Harlow: Pearson.Google Scholar
Rose, Yvan & Demuth, Katherine (2006). Vowel epenthesis in loanword adaptation: representational and phonetic considerations. Lingua 116. 1112–1139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scholle, W. & Smith, G. (1907). Elementary phonetics: English, French, German; their theory and practical application in the classroom. London: Blackie.Google Scholar
Shin, Seung-Yong (1998). Syllabification and the phonological characteristics of the glides /y/ and /w/. [In Korean.] Seokang Emun 14. 21–52.Google Scholar
Shinohara, Shigeko (2004). Emergence of universal grammar in foreign word adaptations. In Kager, René, Pater, Joe & Zonneveld, Wim (eds.) Constraints in phonological acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 292–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sicoli, Mark (2000). Loanwords and contact-induced phonological change in Lachixío Zapotec. BLS 25. 395–406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silva, David James (1991). Phonological variation in Korean: the case of the ‘disappearing w’. Language Variation and Change 3. 153–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silva, David James & Jin, Wenhua (2008). The merger of non-high front vowels in Korean: mission accomplished. Paper presented at the 16th International Conference on Korean Linguistics, Cornell University.Google Scholar
Silverman, Daniel (1992). Multiple scansions in loanword phonology: evidence from Cantonese. Phonology 9. 289–328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Small, Larry H. (1999). Fundamentals of phonetics: a practical guide for students. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.Google Scholar
Smith, Jennifer L. (2006). Loan phonology is not all perception: evidence from Japanese loan doublets. In Vance, Timothy J. & Jones, Kimberly A. (eds.) Japanese/Korean Linguistics 14. Palo Alto: CLSI. 63–74.Google Scholar
Soames, Laura (1891). An introduction to phonetics (English, French and German), with reading lessons and exercises. London: Swan Sonnenschein.Google Scholar
Stevens, Kenneth N. (1998). Acoustic phonetics. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Sweet, Henry (1908). The sounds of English: an introduction to phonetics. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar
Vendelin, Inga & Peperkamp, Sharon (2006). The influence of orthography on loanword adaptations. Lingua 116. 996–1007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Viëtor, Wilhelm (1899). Elements of phonetics: English, French and German. Translated and adapted by Walter Rippmann from Prof. Viëtor's ‘Kleine Phonetik’. London: Dent.Google Scholar
Yip, Moira (1993). Cantonese loanword phonology and Optimality Theory. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 2. 261–291.Google Scholar
Yip, Moira (2002). Necessary but not sufficient: perceptual influences in loanword phonology. Journal of the Phonetic Society of Japan 6:1. 4–21.Google Scholar
Yip, Moira (2006). The symbiosis between perception and grammar in loanword phonology. Lingua 116. 950–975.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yu, Kyung-Sook (1988). Script conversion schemes and problems of transliterating Roman scripts into Korean in library cataloguing. [In Korean.] Pusan Sanep University Nonmuncip 9. 151–173.Google Scholar
Zuraw, Kie (2000). Patterned exceptions in phonology. PhD dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar