Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T06:14:16.708Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Japanese has syllables: a reply to Labrune*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 June 2016

Shigeto Kawahara*
Affiliation:
Keio University
*

Abstract

Labrune (2012b) proposes a syllable-less theory of Japanese, suggesting that Japanese has no syllables, with only moras below the foot. She argues that there is no phonetic or psycholinguistic evidence for the existence of syllables in Japanese. This reply summarises and re-examines previous experimental findings that demonstrate that Japanese does show evidence for syllables both phonetically and psycholinguistically. After an extensive review of previous studies, this reply also takes up a number of phonological and theoretical issues that require an explicit response from the perspective of a syllable proponent. On the basis of these considerations, this paper concludes that Japanese does have syllables.

Type
Squibs and Replies
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

I am very grateful for the critical yet constructive comments that I received from three anonymous reviewers as well as the associate editor. They helped me flesh out the arguments presented in a previous version of this paper. Comments from the following people were also helpful in either developing my initial ideas and/or addressing the comments that I received from the associate editor and the reviewers: Robert Daland, Donna Erickson, Osamu Fujimura, Haruka Fukazawa, Dylan Herrick, Junko Ito, Mayuki Matsui, Michinao Matsui, Armin Mester, Jeff Moore, Takashi Otake, Miho Sasaki, Helen Stickney, Yoko Sugioka and Yukiko Sugiyama. Preparation of this paper was partly supported by two JSPS Kakenhi grants, #26770147 and #26284059. Remaining errors are mine.

References

Bloch, Bernard (1950). Studies in colloquial Japanese IV: phonemics. Lg 26. 86125.Google Scholar
Borowsky, Toni, Kawahara, Shigeto, Shinya, Takahito & Sugahara, Mariko (eds.) (2012). Prosody matters: essays in honor of Elisabeth Selkirk. London: Equinox.Google Scholar
Campbell, Nick (1999). A study of Japanese speech timing from the syllable perspective. Onsei Kenkyu [Journal of the Phonetic Society of Japan] 3:2. 2939.Google Scholar
Campbell, Nick & Isard, S. D. (1991). Segment durations in a syllable frame. JPh 19. 3747.Google Scholar
Cutler, Anne & Otake, Takashi (2002). Rhythmic categories in spoken-word recognition. Journal of Memory and Language 46. 296322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fukui, Seiji (1978). Nihongo heisaon-no encho/tanshuku-niyoru sokuon/hisokuon toshite-no chooshu. [Perception of Japanese stop consonants with reduced and extended durations.] Onsei Gakkai Kaihou [Phonetic Society Reports] 159. 912.Google Scholar
Gallistel, Randy C. (2009) The importance of proving the null. Psychological Review 116. 439453.Google Scholar
Han, Mieko S. (1994). Acoustic manifestations of mora timing in Japanese. JASA 96. 7382.Google Scholar
Hansen, Benjamin B. (2004). Production of Persian geminate stops: effects of varying speaking rate. In Augustine Agwuele, Willis Warren & Sang-Hoon Park (eds.) Proceedings of the 2003 Texas linguistics society conference. Somerville, Mass.: Cascadilla. 86–95.Google Scholar
Haraguchi, Shosuke (1996). Syllable, mora and accent. In Otake & Cutler (1996). 45–75.Google Scholar
Hattori, Shiroo (1951). Onseigaku. [Phonetics.] Tokyo: Iwanami.Google Scholar
Hirata, Yukari (2007). Durational variability and invariance in Japanese stop quantity distinction: roles of adjacent vowels. Onsei Kenkyu [Journal of the Phonetic Society of Japan] 11:1. 922.Google Scholar
Hirata, Yukari & Tsukada, Kimiko (2009). Effects of speaking rate and vowel length on formant frequency displacement in Japanese. Phonetica 66. 129149.Google Scholar
Hyman, Larry M. (1985). A theory of phonological weight. Dordrecht: Foris.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hyman, Larry M. (2008). Universals in phonology. The Linguistic Review 25. 83137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Idemaru, Kaori & Guion, Susan (2008). Acoustic covariants of length contrast in Japanese stops. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38. 167186.Google Scholar
Iizuka, Shoten Henshuubu (1977). Nihon shooka dooyoo shuu. [Collection of Japanese children's songs.] Tokyo: Iizuka.Google Scholar
Inagaki, Kayoko, Hatano, Giyoo & Otake, Takashi (2000). The effect of kana literacy acquisition on the speech segmentation unit used by Japanese young children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 75. 7091.Google Scholar
Itô, Junko (1989). A prosodic theory of epenthesis. NLLT 7. 217259.Google Scholar
Itô, Junko (1990). Prosodic minimality in Japanese. CLS 26:2. 213239.Google Scholar
Itô, Junko & Mester, Armin (1996). Stem and word in Sino-Japanese. In Otake & Cutler (1996). 13–44.Google Scholar
Ito, Junko & Mester, Armin (2003). Weak layering and word binarity. In Honma, Takeru, Okazaki, Masao, Tabata, Toshiyuki & Tanaka, Shin'ichi (eds.) A new century of phonology and phonological theory: a Festschrift for Professor Shosuke Haraguchi on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday. Tokyo: Kaitakusha. 2665.Google Scholar
Ito, Junko & Mester, Armin (2007). Prosodic adjunction in Japanese compounds. MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 55. 97111.Google Scholar
Ito, Junko & Mester, Armin (2012). Recursive prosodic phrasing in Japanese. In Borowsky et al. (2012). 280–303.Google Scholar
Ito, Junko & Mester, Armin (2015). Word formation and phonological processes. In Kubozono (2015c). 363–395.Google Scholar
Jannedy, Stefanie (1995). Gestural phasing as an explanation for vowel devoicing in Turkish. Ohio State University Working Papers in Linguistics 45. 5684.Google Scholar
Jones, Daniel (1967). The phoneme: its nature and use. 3rd edn. Cambridge: Heffer.Google Scholar
Joo, Hakutaro (2008). Ippan onseigaku koogi. [Lectures on general phonetics.] Tokyo: Bensei.Google Scholar
Kawagoe, Itsue (2015). The phonology of sokuon, or geminate obstruents. In Kubozono (2015c). 79–119.Google Scholar
Kawahara, Shigeto (2006). A faithfulness ranking projected from a perceptibility scale: the case of [+voice] in Japanese. Lg 82. 536574.Google Scholar
Kawahara, Shigeto (2012a). The intonation of nominal parentheticals in Japanese. In Borowsky et al. (2012). 304–340.Google Scholar
Kawahara, Shigeto (2012b). Review of Labrune (2012b). Phonology 29. 540548.Google Scholar
Kawahara, Shigeto (2015a). The phonetics of sokuon, or geminate obstruents. In Kubozono (2015c). 43–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kawahara, Shigeto (2015b). The phonology of Japanese accent. In Kubozono (2015c). 445–492.Google Scholar
Kawahara, Shigeto, Homma, Musashi, Yoshimura, Takaki & Arai, Takayuki (2016). MyVoice: rescuing voices of ALS patients. Acoustical Science and Technology 37.Google Scholar
Kawahara, Shigeto & Shinya, Takahito (2008). The intonation of gapping and coordination in Japanese: evidence for Intonational Phrase and Utterance. Phonetica 65. 62105.Google Scholar
Kochetov, Alexei (2014). Japanese in the typology of nasal place assimilation: electropalatographic evidence. Paper presented at the 7th Formal Approaches to Japanese Linguistics Meeting, Tokyo.Google Scholar
Kolinsky, Régine, Morais, José & Cluytens, Mireille (1995). Intermediate representations in spoken word recognition: evidence from word illusions. Journal of Memory and Language 34. 1940.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kubozono, Haruo (1989). The mora and syllable structure in Japanese: evidence from speech errors. Language and Speech 32. 249278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kubozono, Haruo (1999a). Kayoo-ni okeru moora-to onsetsu. [The syllable and mora in song.] In Bunpou to onsei. [Speech and grammar.] Vol. 2. Tokyo: Kuroshio. 241260.Google Scholar
Kubozono, Haruo (1999b). Mora and syllable. In Tsujimura, Natsuko (ed.) The handbook of Japanese linguistics. Malden, Mass. & Oxford: Blackwell. 3161.Google Scholar
Kubozono, Haruo (2001). Epenthetic vowels and accent in Japanese: facts and paradoxes. In van de Weijer, Jeroen & Nishihara, Tetsuo (eds.) Issues in Japanese phonology and morphology. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 113142.Google Scholar
Kubozono, Haruo (2003). The syllable as a unit of prosodic organization in Japanese. In Féry, Caroline & van de Vijver, Ruben (eds.) The syllable in Optimality Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 99122.Google Scholar
Kubozono, Haruo (2015a). Diphthongs and vowel coalescence. In Kubozono (2015c). 215–249.Google Scholar
Kubozono, Haruo (2015b). Loanword phonology. In Kubozono (2015c). 313–361.Google Scholar
Kubozono, Haruo (ed.) (2015c). The handbook of Japanese phonetics and phonology. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Kubozono, Haruo, Ito, Junko & Mester, Armin (2008). Consonant gemination in Japanese loanword phonology. In The Linguistic Society of Korea (ed.) Current issues in unity and diversity of languages: collection of the papers selected from the 18th International Congress of Linguists. Republic of Korea: Dongam. 953973.Google Scholar
Labrune, Laurence (2002). The prosodic structure of simple abbreviated loanwords in Japanese: a constraint-based account. Onsei Kenkyu [Journal of the Phonetic Society of Japan] 6:1. 98120.Google Scholar
Labrune, Laurence (2012a). The phonology of Japanese. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Labrune, Laurence (2012b). Questioning the universality of the syllable: evidence from Japanese. Phonology 29. 113152.Google Scholar
Lehiste, Ilse (1970). Suprasegmentals. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Lehtonen, Jaakko (1970). Aspects of quantity in Standard Finnish. Jyväskylä: Jyväskylä University Press.Google Scholar
Letterman, Rebecca S. (1994). A phonetic study of Sinhala syllable rhymes. Working Papers of the Cornell Phonetics Laboratory 9. 155181.Google Scholar
Lindblom, Björn (1963). Spectrographic study of vowel reduction. JASA 35. 17731781.Google Scholar
McCarthy, John J. & Prince, Alan (1993). Generalized alignment. Yearbook of Morphology 1993. 79153.Google Scholar
McCawley, James D. (1968). The phonological component of a grammar of Japanese. The Hague & Paris: Mouton.Google Scholar
Macmillan, Neil A. & Creelman, C. Douglas (2005). Detection theory: a user's guide. 2nd edn. Mahwah: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Manabe, Noriko (2009). Western music in Japan: the evolution of styles in children's songs, hip-hop and other genres. PhD dissertation, City University of New York.Google Scholar
Nakamura, Miyoko & Kolinsky, Régine (2014). Multiple functional units in the preattentive segmentation of speech in Japanese: evidence from word illusions. Language and Speech 57. 513543.Google Scholar
Nakano, Kazuo (1969). A phonetic basis for the syllabic nasal in Japanese. Onsei no Kenkyuu [Studies in Phonetics] 14. 215228.Google Scholar
Ofuka, Etsuko (2003) Sokuon /tt/-no chikaku: akusento gata-to sokuon/hisokuongo-no onkyooteki tokuchoo niyoru chigai. [Perception of the Japanese geminate stop /tt/: the effect of pitch type and acoustic characteristics of preceding/following vowels.] Onsei no Kenkyuu [Studies in Phonetics] 7. 7076.Google Scholar
Okada, Hideo (1999). Japanese. In Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 117119.Google Scholar
Otake, Takashi & Cutler, Anne (eds.) (1996). Phonological structure and language processing: cross-linguistic studies. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Otake, Takashi, Hatano, Giyoo, Cutler, Anne & Mehler, Jacques (1993). Mora or syllable? Speech segmentation in Japanese. Journal of Memory and Language 32. 258278.Google Scholar
Port, Robert F., Al-Ani, Salman & Maeda, Shosaku (1980). Temporal compensation and universal phonetics. Phonetica 37. 235252.Google Scholar
Port, Robert F., Dalby, Jonathan & O'Dell, Michael (1987). Evidence for mora timing in Japanese. JASA 81. 15741585.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poser, William J. (1990). Evidence for foot structure in Japanese. Lg 66. 78105.Google Scholar
Prince, Alan & Smolensky, Paul (1993). Optimality Theory: constraint interaction in generative grammar. Ms, Rutgers University & University of Colorado, Boulder. Published 2004, Malden, Mass. & Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Selkirk, Elisabeth (2005). Comments on intonational phrasing in English. In Frota, Sónia, Vigário, Marina & Freitas, Maria João (eds.) Prosodies: with special reference to Iberian languages. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 1158.Google Scholar
Shibata, Takeshi (1958). Onsei-sono honshitsu to kinoo. [Sounds: their natures and functions.] In Kumazawa, Ryu et al. (eds.) Onsei-no riron-to kyooiku. [Sounds: theories and education.] Asakura. 3–46.Google Scholar
Starr, Rebecca L. & Shih, Stephanie S. (2014). The syllable as a prosodic unit in Japanese lexical strata: evidence from text-setting. Ms, National University of Singapore & University of California, Merced.Google Scholar
Sugito, Miyoko (1998). Nihongo onsei no kenkyu. [Studies on Japanese phonetics.] Vol. 5: ‘Hana’ to ‘hana’. [‘Flower’ and ‘noise’.] Osaka: Izumi Shoin.Google Scholar
Tamaoka, Katsuo & Makioka, Shogo (2009). Japanese mental syllabary and effects of mora, syllable, bi-mora and word frequencies on Japanese speech production. Language and Speech 52. 79112.Google Scholar
Tamaoka, Katsuo & Terao, Yasushi (2004). Mora or syllable? Which unit do Japanese use in naming visually presented stimuli? Applied Psycholinguistics 25. 127.Google Scholar
Tanaka, Shin-Ichi (2013). Review of Labrune (2012a). Onsei Kenkyu [Journal of the Phonetic Society of Japan] 17:1. 7080.Google Scholar
Tanaka, Shin'ichi (1999). Nihongo no onsetsu to yonhaku no tenpurreeto: senryuu to puroyakyuu seien ni okeru jiamari no bunseki. [Syllables and four-mora templates in Japanese: the analysis of ‘ji-amari’ in senryu poems and baseball cheering.] In Bunpou to onsei. [Speech and grammar.] Vol. 2. Tokyo: Kuroshio. 261290.Google Scholar
Tanaka, Shin'ichi (2000). Nihonkayookyoku-ni okeru rizumu-no hensen. [The changing rhythm of Japanese popular songs.] Proceedings of the 14th Meeting of the Phonetic Society of Japan. 153–158.Google Scholar
Tanaka, Shin'ichi (2012). Syllable neutralization and prosodic unit in Japanese Senryu poems. Paper presented at the Metrics, Music and Mind conference, Rome.Google Scholar
Turk, Alice, Nakai, Satsuko & Sugahara, Mariko (2006). Acoustic segment durations in prosodic research: a practical guide. In Sudhoff, Stefan, Lenertová, Denisa, Meyer, Roland, Pappert, Sandra, Augurzky, Petra, Mleinek, Ina, Richter, Nicole & Schließer, Johannes (eds.) Methods in empirical prosody research. Berlin & New York: de Gruyter. 127.Google Scholar
Vance, Timothy J. (1987). An introduction to Japanese phonology. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Vance, Timothy J. (2008). The sounds of Japanese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Vance, Timothy J. (2013). Review of Labrune (2012a). Lingua 123. 168174.Google Scholar