Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7czq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-29T07:37:57.556Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Supernaturalism or Naturalism: A Study in Meaning and Verifiability

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 March 2022

Herbert Spiegelberg*
Affiliation:
Lawrence College

Extract

Among the many dichotomous cleavages among philosophers and theologians few seem to me as questionable as the Procrustean division into supematuralists and naturalists. “Naturalism” and “supernaturalism” have become party labels whose original meanings have been lost in the heat of banner-waving and slogan shouting. Even the great minds of the past, who were innocent as yet of this philosophical two-party system, are being herded into one pen or the other. And apparently few of the penkeepers are aware of the fact, pointed out almost apologetically by Professor Randall, that “the usage is hardly fashionable abroad, even in England.” (39, p. 355) I, for one, confess that, not having been acclimatized in my European cave to this stern disjunction, I have to this day felt rather uneasy, if not evasive, at the outspoken or tacit expectation to line up with one faction or the other, much as my leanings were toward the other rather than toward the one. I therefore decided that some day I had to get to the bottom of this uneasiness.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © 1951, The Williams & Wilkins Company

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Ayer, A. J.: Language, Truth and Logic. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1936.Google Scholar
2. Baldwin, J. M.: Article “Naturalism” in Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology. New York, The Macmillan Company, 1905, II, 137–8.Google Scholar
3. Berry, Arthur: A Short History of Astronomy. New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1899.Google Scholar
4. Bushnell, Horace: Nature and the Supernatural. New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1877.Google Scholar
5. Carlyle, Thomas: Sartor Resartus. 1835.Google Scholar
6. Cohen, Morris Raphael: Reason and Nature. New York, Harcourt Brace and Company, 1930.Google Scholar
7. Descartes, René: Meditations on First Philosophy. Oeuvres, edited by Charles Adam and Paul Tannery. Paris, 1897–1910, vol. VII.Google Scholar
8. Dewey, John: Logic. The Theory of Inquiry. New York, Henry Holt and Company, 1938.Google Scholar
9. Dewey, John: The Quest for Certainty. New York, Minton, Balch and Company, 1929.Google Scholar
10. Dewey, John: “Antinaturalism in Extremis” in Krikorian, Yervant: Naturalism and the Human Spirit. New York, Columbia University Press, 1944. Pages 116.Google Scholar
11. Dewey, John and Bentley, Arthur F.: “Concerning a Vocabulary for Inquiry into Knowledge” in Journal of Philosophy, XLIV (1947), 428.Google Scholar
12. Dixon, W. MacNeile: The Human Situation. Gifford Lectures. New York, Longmans, Green & Co., 1937.Google Scholar
13. Ducasse, Curt J.: Review of Lewis, C. I., An Analysis of Knowledge and Valuation in Philosophical Review, LVII (1948) 260 ff.Google Scholar
14. Ewing, A. C.: “Meaninglessness” in Mind, XLVI, 347 ff.Google Scholar
15. Farber, Marvin: The Foundations of Phenomenology. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1943.Google Scholar
16. Garnett, A. C.: “Scientific Method and the Concept of Emergence” in Journal of Philosophy, XXXIX (1942), 477 ff.Google Scholar
17. Gomperz, H.: “The Meanings of ‘Meaning’” in Phil. of Sci. VIII (1940), pages 157183.Google Scholar
18. Greene, Theodore M.: “Christianity and Its Secular Alternatives” in Van Dusen, Henry P.: The Christian Answer. New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1946.Google Scholar
19. Henle, Paul: “The Status of Emergence” in Journal of Philosophy, XXXIX (1942), 486 ff.Google Scholar
20. Hume, David: Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion.Google Scholar
21. Husserl, Edmund: Logische Untersuchungen. Second edition. Halle, Max Niemeyer, 1913.Google Scholar
22. Ingarden, Roman: “Essai logistique d'une refonte de la philosophie” in Revue philosophique, CXX (1935), 137159.Google Scholar
23. James, William: “The Social Value of the College-Bred” in Memories and Studies. New York, Longmans Green and Company, 1911.Google Scholar
24. Keynes, J. N.: Studies and Exercises in Formal Logic. Fourth Edition. London, Macmillan & Co. Ltd., 1928.Google Scholar
25. Koehler, Wolfgang: “Psychological Remarks on Some Questions of Anthropology” in American Journal of Psychology L (1937), 271 ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26. Krikorian, Yervant H.: Naturalism and the Human Spirit. New York, Columbia University Press, 1944.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27. Lamprecht, Sterling P.: “Naturalism and Religion” in Krikorian, Y.: Naturalism and the Human Spirit. Pages 1739.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28. Lavine, Thelma Z.: “Naturalism and the Sociological Analysis of Knowledge” in Krikorian, Y.: Naturalism and the Human Spirit. Pages 183209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29. Lewis, C. I.: An Analysis of Knowledge and Valuation. Carus Lectures. Lasalle, The Open Court Publishing Company, 1946.Google Scholar
30. Lewis, C. I.: “Experience and Meaning” in Philosophical Review, XLIII (1934), 125 ff.Google Scholar
31. Lewis, C. S.: Miracles. New York, Macmillan, 1947.Google Scholar
32. Lubac, Henri de: Surnaturel. Paris, Aubier, 1946.Google Scholar
33. Malinowski, Bronislaw: “Magic, Science and Religion” in Needham, Joseph: Science, Religion and Reality. New York, Macmillan, 1925.Google Scholar
34. Maritain, Jacques: The Degrees of Knowledge. Translated by Wall, Bernard. New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1938.Google Scholar
35. Murphy, Arthur H.: Coming to Grips with “The Nature and Destiny of Man,” in Wieman, H.: Religious Liberals Reply. Boston, Beacon Press, 1947.Google Scholar
36. Niebuhr, Reinhold: The Nature and Destiny of Man. New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1941.Google Scholar
37. Otto, Rudolf: The Idea of the Holy. Translated by John W. Harvey. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1928.Google Scholar
38. Bergamo, Petrus A.: Tabula Aurea (Paris, 1880).Google Scholar
39. Randall, John Herman: “Epilogue: The Nature of Naturalism” in Krikorian, Y.: Naturalism and the Human Spirit. Pages 354382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
40. Schneider, Herbert W.: “The Unnatural,” in Krikorian, Y.: Naturalism and the Human Spirit. Pages 121132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
41. Tennant, F. R.: Philosophical Theology, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1928.Google Scholar
42. Tennant, F. R.: Miracle. Its Philosophical Presuppositions. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1925.Google Scholar
43. Aquinas, Thomas: Summa theologica.Google Scholar
44. Urban, Wilbur M.: Language and Reality. London, G. Allen and Unwin, 1939.Google Scholar
45. White, A. D.: A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom. New York, D. Appleton & Company, 1899.Google Scholar