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Particulars, Universals and Verification
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 14 March 2022
Abstract
If the truth of a given sentence, ‘P’ depends upon a certain non-linguistic fact, P then, how is the P without inverted commas involved in the statement, “ ‘P’ is true when P“? How is ‘P’ related to P? My answer suggests that any discussion of these questions leads inevitably to the ancient problem of particulars and universals.
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- Copyright © The Philosophy of Science Association 1940
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Notes
1 Cf. Susan L. Stebbing: “Constructions.” Aristotelian Society, Proceedings, New Series, Vol. XXXIV, p. 22.
2 See A. J. Ayer: “On Particulars and Universals.” Aristotelian Society, Proceedings, New Series, Vol. XXXIV, p. 53.
2 See L. S. Stebbing: “A Modern Introduction to Logic,” p. 159.
4 Cf. A. J. Ayer: Language, Truth and Logic, p. 75.
5 Cf. W. Kneale: “The Objects of Acquaintance.” Aristotelian Society, Proceedings, New Series, Vol. XXXIV, p. 189.
6 Bertrand Russell: The Problems of Philosophy, p. 213.
7 C. A. Mace: “Physicalism.” Aristotelian Society, Proceedings, New Series, Vol. XXXVII, p. 27.
8 Cf. A. J. Ayer: Language, Truth and Logic, p. 127.
9 Cf. C. I. Lewis: Mind and the World-Order, pp. 39, 46, 52 and passim.
10 Cf. A. J. Ayer: “Verification and Experience.” Aristotelian Society, Proceedings, New Series, Vol. XXXVII, p. 156.
11 See R. Carnap: Unity of Science, p. 83, italics mine.
12 Cf. Bertrand Russell: “On Verification.” Aristotelian Society, Proceedings, New Series, Vol. XXXVIII, p. 8.
13 C. I. Lewis: Op. cit., p. 73.
14 See R. Carnap: Unity of Science, pp. 57-65.
15 Of course we do not escape our sensations when, e.g., we read a thermometer. When the reading shows a certain number, it is always a color-patch as well as a number. But color blind persons could all agree on the reading, regardless of how the color of the numerical sign appeared to them.
16 I. M. Copilowish: “Border-Line Cases, Vagueness, and Ambiguity.” Philosophy of Science, Vol. 6, No. 2, p. 184.
17 Evander Bradley McGilvary: “Relations in General and Universals in Particular I.” The Journal of Philosophy, Vol. XXXVI, No. 1, p. 13.
18 Cf. I. M. Copilowish: Loc. cit., p. 182.
19 Cf. Rudolf Carnap: “Logical Foundations of the Unity of Science.” International Encyclopedia of Unified Science, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 50-51.
20 By ‘verifiable,‘ I do not intend “absolutely verifiable.“
21 C. I. Lewis: Op. cit., p. 80, his italics.
22 See Bertrand Russell: “On Verification.” Aristotelian Society, Proceedings, New Series, Vol. XXXVIII, p. 19.