Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T16:38:20.909Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Primacy of Economics versus the Primacy of Politics: Understanding the Ideological Dynamics of the Twentieth Century

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 August 2009

Sheri Berman
Sheri Berman
Affiliation:
Barnard College, Columbia University. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The current economic crisis has once again bought debates about capitalism and globalization to the forefront of the political agenda. Until very recently almost everyone seemed to be convinced that the world was at the dawn of a new era. Yet, the issue at the heart of globalization debates—whether political forces can dominate economic ones or must bow before them—is not new at all. I show that many of the great ideological and political battles of the last century were fought over precisely this ground, and argue that because we have forgotten or misunderstood these earlier debates our current discourse is thin and impoverished. To understand where we are and where we are going, we have to first step back and look closely at where we have been.

Type
Research Article
Information
Perspectives on Politics , Volume 7 , Issue 3 , September 2009 , pp. 561 - 578
Copyright
Copyright © American Political Science Association 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aly, Götz. 2005. “Die Wohlfühl-Diktator.” Der Spiegel, October.Google Scholar
Anderson, R.D. 1977. France 1870–1914: Politics and Society. Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Arblaster, Anthony. 1984. The Rise and Decline of Western Liberalism. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Barkai, Avraham. 1990. Nazi Economics. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Barry, N.P. 1986. Classical Liberalism and Libertarianism. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Barth, Hans. 1959. Masse und Mythos. Hamburg: Rowolt Taschenbuch Verlag.Google Scholar
Bellamy, Richard. 1987. Modern Italian Social Theory. Cambridge, MA: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Berkling, Anna Lisa. 1982. Från Fram till folkhemmet. Stockholm: Metodica Press.Google Scholar
Berman, Sheri. 1998. The Social Democratic Moment. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Berman, Sheri. 2006. The Primacy of Politics. Social Democracy and the Making of Europe's Twentieth Century. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bernstein, Eduard. 1993. The Preconditions of Socialism. Tudor, Henry, ed. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bobbio, Norbert. 1987. Which Socialism? Marxism, Socialism and Democracy. Oxford: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Bombach, G., Ramser, H. J., Timmermann, M., and Wittmann, W., eds. 1976. Der Keynesianismus: Die Beschäftigungspolitische Diskussion vor Keynes in Deutschland. Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar
Bottomore, Tom, and Goode, Patrick. 1978. Austro-Marxism. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1996. “Warnung vor dem Modell Tietmeyer.” Die Zeit, 45. 11/8.Google Scholar
Boyer, Robert, and Drache, Daniel, eds. 1996. States against Markets: The Limits of Globalization. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Burbach, Roger, Nunez, Orlando, and Kagarlitsky, Boris. 1997. Globalization and Its Discontents. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
Carnoy, Martin. 1984. The State and Political Theory. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Clark, Martin. 1984. Modern Italy. New York: Longman.Google Scholar
Cohen, Carl, ed. 1968. Communism, Fascism and Democracy. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Colletti, Lucio. 1972. From Rousseau to Lenin. New York: New Left Books.Google Scholar
Curtis, Michael. 1959. Three Against the Third Republic: Sorel, Barrés and Maurras. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
de Man, Henrik. 1928. The Psychology of Socialism. London: George Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
de Ruggiero, Guido. 1959. The History of European Liberalism. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Di Scala, Spencer. ed. 1996. Italian Socialism. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.Google Scholar
Dodge, Peter. 1966. Beyond Marxism: The Faith and Works of Hendrik de Man. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Esping-Andersen, Gøsta. 1999. Social Foundations of Post-Industrial Economies. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fletcher, Roger. 1984. Revisionism and Empire. Socialist Imperialism in Germany, 1897–1914. London: George Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Friedman, Thomas. 1999. The Lexus and the Olive Tree: Understanding Globalization. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.Google Scholar
Gates, Robert. 1970. “The Economic Policies of the German Free Trade Unions and the German Social Democratic Party, 1930–33.” Ph.D. diss., University of Oregon.Google Scholar
Gay, Peter. 1952. The Dilemma of Democratic Socialism. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Gilcher-Hotley, Ingrid. 1986. Das Mandat des Intellektuellen: Karl Kautsky und die Sozialdemokratie. Berlin: Siedler.Google Scholar
Goodman, Emily Hartshorne. 1973. “The Socialism of Marcel Deat.” Ph.D. diss., Stanford University.Google Scholar
Gray, John. 2000. False Dawn. New York: New Press.Google Scholar
Gregor, A. James. 1968. Contemporary Radical Ideologies. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Gregor, A. James. 1979. Young Mussolini and the Intellectual Origins of Fascism. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Gregor, A. James. 1999. Phoenix: Fascism in Our Time. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.Google Scholar
Griffin, Roger, ed. 1995. Fascism. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Guillebaud, C.W. 1971. The Social Policy of Nazi Germany. New York: Howard Fertig.Google Scholar
Hall, Peter, and Soskice, David. 2001. Varieties of Capitalism. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hobhouse, L.T. 1964. Liberalism. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Horowitz, Donald. 1963. The Italian Labor Movement. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, H. Stuart. 2000. Consciousness and Society. New York: Transaction Publishers.Google Scholar
Ignatieff, Michael. 1996. Belonging in the Past. Prospect. November.Google Scholar
Jacobitti, Edmund. 1975. Labriola, Croce, and Italian Marxism. Journal of the History of Ideas 36, 2, April/June.Google Scholar
Jacobs, M., Lent, A., and Watkins, K.. 2003. Progressive Globalization. London: Fabian Society.Google Scholar
Jennings, J. R., ed. 1985. Georges Sorel: The Character and Development of His Thought. New York: St. Martin's Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karleby, Nils. 1976. Socialism inför verkligheten. Stockholm: Tiden.Google Scholar
Kautsky, Karl. 1910. The Class Struggle. Chicago: Charles Kerr.Google Scholar
Kautsky, Karl. 1920. Der Weg zur Macht. Berlin.Google Scholar
Kloppenberg, James. 1986. Uncertain Victory. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Leser, Norbert. 1974. Sozialismus Zwischen Relativismus und Dogmatismus. Freiburg: Verlag Rombach.Google Scholar
Lichtheim, George. 1961. Marxism. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Luttwark, Edward. 2000. Turbo Capitalism. New York: Harper Perennial.Google Scholar
Luxemburg, Rosa. 1996. Reform or Revolution. New York: Pathfinder.Google Scholar
Lyttleton, Adrian. 1973. The Seizure of Power.Google Scholar
Manent, Pierre. 1995. An Intellectual History of Liberalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Mason, Timothy. 1993. Social Policy in the Third Reich. Oxford, UK: Berg.Google Scholar
Matthias, Erich. 1957. Kautsky und der Kautskyanismus: Die Funktion der Ideologie in der deutschen Sozialdemokratie vor dem ersten Weltkrieg. Marxismusstudien, 2.Google Scholar
Mazgaj, Paul. 1976. “The Social Revolution or the King: The Initiatives of the Action Française towards the Revolutionary Left, 1906–1914.” PhD diss., University of Iowa.Google Scholar
Nagel, Thomas. 2000. Review of G. A. Cohen's, If You're an Egalitarian, How Come You're So Rich? Times Literary Supplement, June 23.Google Scholar
Nisbet, Robert. 1953. The Quest for Community: A Study in the Ethics of Order and Freedom. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nisbet, Robert. 1966. The Sociological Tradition. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Noakes, J., and Pridham, G., eds. 1994. Nazism 1919–1945. Vol 1: The Rise to Power. Exeter, UK: University of Exeter Press.Google Scholar
Ohmae, Kenichi. 1995. “Putting Global Logic First.” Harvard Business Review. January 1.Google Scholar
Overy, R.J. 1994. War and Economy in the Third Reich. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piccone, Paul. 1983. Italian Marxism. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pierson, Paul. 2004. Politics in Time: History, Institutions and Social Analysis. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Polanyi, Karl. 1957. The Great Transformation. New York: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Putnam, George F. 1954. The meaning of Barrèsisme. Western Political Quarterly, June.Google Scholar
Salvadori, Massimo. 1979. Karl Kautsky and the Socialist Revolution, 1880–1938. London: NLB.Google Scholar
Sarti, Roland, ed. 1974. The Ax Within. New York: New Viewpoints.Google Scholar
Schmitt, Carl. 1976. The Concept of the Political. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Schneider, Michael. 1975. Die Arbeitsbeschaffungprogramme des ADGB. Bonn: Neue Gesellschaft.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Joseph. 1995. The Permanence of the Political: A Democratic Critique of the Radical Impulse to Transcend Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Seidman, Steven. 1983. Liberalism and the Origin of European Social Theory. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Silverman, Dan. 1998. Hitler's Economy: Nazi Work Creation Programs, 1933–1936. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Social-Demokraten, September 15, 1932.Google Scholar
Sorel, Georges. 1950. Reflections on Violence. London: Collier Macmillan.Google Scholar
Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (SPD). 1978. Protokoll über die Verhandlungen des Sozialdemokratischer Parteitages, Stuttgart (1978). Berlin: J.H.W. Dietz.Google Scholar
Steenson, Gary. 1978. Karl Kautsky: Marxism in the Classical Years. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Steger, Manfred. 1997. The Quest for Evolutionary Socialism. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Steinmo, Sven, Thelen, Kathleen, and Longstreth, Frank, eds. 1992. Structuring Politics. Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Analysis. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sternhell, Zeev. 1986. Neither Right Nor Left. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Sternhell, Zeev. 1994. The Birth of Fascist Ideology. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Stolper, Gustav. 1967. The German Economy. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.Google Scholar
Streeck, Wolfgang, and Thelen, Kathleen, eds. 2005. Beyond Continuity. Institutional Change in Advanced Political Economies. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetarparti (SAP). 1932. Protokoll från Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetarpartis fjortonde kongress, Stockholm. Stockholm: Tiden.Google Scholar
Tucker, Robert. 1970. The Marxian Revolutionary Idea. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Tucker, Robert, ed. 1978. The Marx-Engels Reader. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Tudor, H., and Tudor, J.M., eds. 1988. Marxism and Social Democracy: The Revisionist Debate 1896–1898. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Walzer, Michael. 1970. Politics in the welfare state. In Essential Works of Marxism. Howe, Irving, ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar
Weber, Eugen. 1965. Introduction. In The European Right: A Historical Profile, Rogger, Hans and Weber, Eugen, eds., Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
White, Dan. 1992. Lost Comrades: Socialists of the Front Generation, 1918–1945. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Whittan, John. 1995. Fascist Italy. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Wohl, Robert. 1979. The Generation of 1914. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Woytinsky, V. 1932. Aktive Weltwirtschaftspolitik, Die Arbeit, 8.Google Scholar
Woytinsky, V. 1961. Stormy Passage. New York: Vanguard Press.Google Scholar