Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T15:18:50.546Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

“Ideas about Interests”: Explaining the Changing Partisan Politics of Education

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2014

Christina Wolbrecht  and
Michael T. Hartney
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In recent years, the American political parties have shifted their positions on elementary and secondary education policy, both relative to each other and to their own past positions. Established explanations for party issue position-taking privilege the influence of groups in the parties' coalitions; yet in this case, both parties have taken positions opposed by important components of their bases. We develop a general framework for understanding party issue position adoption and change that highlights the role of issue definition—the considerations, values, and goals associated with a policy debate at any one time. This framework helps us to explain the participation and preferences of groups regarding an issue; the perceived ideological fit and strategic benefits of issue positions for parties; and how parties negotiate and manage issue conflict within their coalition. We apply that framework to the case of education policy, showing how education issue definition has changed over time—from a focus on resources and equality to an emphasis on values and excellence—and how those changes have been consequential for each party's changing, and converging, positions on education policy. We conclude by discussing the potential application of our model of party issue positioning to other issues in American politics.

Type
Articles
Information
Perspectives on Politics , Volume 12 , Issue 3 , September 2014 , pp. 603 - 630
Copyright
Copyright © American Political Science Association 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aldrich, John H. 2011. Why Parties? A Second Look. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baumgartner, Frank R. and Jones, Bryan D., eds. 2002. Policy Dynamics. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Baumgartner, Frank R. and Jones, Bryan D., 2009. Agendas and Instability in American Politics. 2d ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Bartels, Larry M. 2008. Unequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Bawn, Kathleen, Cohen, Marty, Karol, David, Masket, Seth, Noel, Hans, and Zaller, John. 2012. “A Theory of Parties: Groups, Policy Demands and Nominations in American Politics.” Perspectives on Politics 10(3): 571–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berkman, Michael and Plutzer, Eric. 2010. Evolution, Creationism, and the Battle to Control America’s Classrooms. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Black, Merle. 1971. “Regional and Partisan Bases of Congressional Support for the Changing Agenda of Civil Rights Legislation.” Journal of Politics 41(May): 665–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyd, William Lowe. 1988. “How to Reform Schools without Half Trying: Secrets of the Reagan Administration.” Educational Administration Quarterly 24(August): 299–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brademas, John, and Brown, Lynne P.. 2002. The Politics of Education: Conflict and Consensus on Capitol Hill. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Burns, John W. 1997. “Party Policy Change: The Case of the Democrats and Taxes, 1956–68.” Party Politics 3: 513–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burns, John W., and Taylor, Andrew J.. 2000. “The Mythical Causes of the Republican Supply-Side Economics Revolution.” Party Politics 6(4): 419–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carmines, Edward G., and Stimson, James A.. 1989. Issue Evolution: Race the Transformation of American Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, David E., and Wolbrecht, Christina. 2013. “Soldiers and Spouses: Policy Debates and the Growing Acceptance of Homosexuality in the United States.” University of Notre Dame working paper.Google Scholar
Campbell, John L. 2002. “Ideas, Politics, and Public Policy.” Annual Review of Sociology 28: 21–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caputo, Marc. 2013. “Jeb Bush pushes back against Common Core critics ‘comfortable with mediocrity.’” Naked Politics (Blog), The Miami Herald on-line. < http://miamiherald.typepad.com/nakedpolitics/2013/09/jeb-bush-pushes-back-against-common-core-critics-comfortable-with-mediocrity.html> Accessed September 20, 2013.Google Scholar
Chetty, Raj, Friedman, John, and Rockoff, Jonah. 2011. “The Long Term Impacts of Teachers: Teacher Value-Added and Student Outcomes in Adulthood.” NBER Working Paper No. 17699.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chong, Dennis, and Druckman, James N.. 2007. “Framing Theory.” Annual Review of Political Science 10: 103–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chong, Dennis, and Druckman, James N.. 2010. “Identifying Frames in Political News.” In Sourcebook for Political Communication Research: Methods, Measures, and Analytical Techniques, ed. Bucy, Erik P. and Lance Holbert, R.. Florence, KY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Chubb, John E., and Moe, Terry M.. 1990. Politics, Markets, and America’s Schools. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
Cobb, Roger W., and Elder, Charles D.. 1983. Participation in American Politics: The Dynamics of Agenda-Building. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). 2012. U.S. Education Reform and National Security . <http://www.cfr.org/united-states/us-education-reform-national-security/p27618> Accessed August 30, 2012.+Accessed+August+30,+2012.>Google Scholar
Congressional Quarterly Almanac. 1958. “Federal Education Aid Approved.” In Congressional Quarterly Almanac 1958, ed. Rathbun, Georgianna F.. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Service.Google Scholar
Cross, Christopher T. 2004. Political Education: National Policy Comes of Age. New York: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
Davis Graham, Hugh. 1984. The Uncertain Triumph: Federal Education Policy in the Kennedy and Johnson Years. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
DeBray-Pelot, Elizabeth, and McGuinn, Patrick. 2009. “The New Politics of Education: Analyzing the Federal Education Policy Landscape in the Post-NCLB Era.” Educational Policy 23: 15–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dionne, E. J. 1991. Why Americans Hate Politics. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Edsall, Thomas B. 2006. Building Red America: The New Conservative Coalition and the Drive for Permanent Power. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Emerson, Adam. 2011. “What Rick Scott and Barack Obama Have to Say about Education.” redefinED. <http://www.redefinedonline.org/2011/03/what-rick-scott-and-barack-obama-have-to-say-about-education/> Accessed July 8, 2011.Google Scholar
Feinstein, Brian D., and Schickler, Eric. 2008. “Platforms and Partners: The Civil Rights Realignment Reconsidered.” Studies in American Political Development 22(Spring): 1–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finn, Chester E. 2011. “Agenda-Setters and Duds: A Bully Pulpit, Indeed.” In Carrots, Sticks, and the Bully Pulpit: Lessons for a Half-Century of Federal Efforts to Improve America’s Schools, ed. Hess, Frederick M. and Kelly, Andrew P.. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Education Press.Google Scholar
Finn, Chester E. 2008. Troublemaker: A Personal History of School Reform Since Sputnik. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gabriel, Trip. 2012. “Vouchers Unspoken, Romney Hails School Choice.” New York Times, June 11.Google Scholar
Gerring, John. 1998. Party Ideologies in America, 1828–1996. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldberg, Milton, and Traiman, Susan L.. 2001. “Why Business Backs Education Standards.” Brookings Papers on Education Policy 4: 75–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldhaber, Dan. 2002. “The Mystery of Good Teaching.” Education Next 2(1): 50–55.Google Scholar
Goldstein, Dana. 2009. “The Education Wars.” The American Prospect. <http://prospect.org/cs/articles?article=the_education_wars> Accessed January 23, 2011.Google Scholar
Greene, Jay P. 2005. Education Myths: What Special Interest Groups Want You to Believe about Our Schools—And Why It Isn’t So. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.Google Scholar
Greenhouse, Steven. 2012. “In Standoff, Latest Sign of Unions Under Siege.” New York Times, September 10.Google Scholar
Greenstone, J. David. 1977. Labor in American Politics. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Gutmann, Amy. 1987. Democratic Education. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. See n. 11. Google Scholar
Haake, Garrett. 2012. “Romney Offers Policy Details at Closed-Door Fundraiser.” MSNBC on-line. <http://firstread.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/04/15/11216845-romney-offers-policy-details-at-closed-door-fundraiser> Accessed April 16, 2012.+Accessed+April+16,+2012.>Google Scholar
Hacker, Jacob S., and Pierson, Paul. 2010. Winner-Take-All Politics: How Washington Made the Rich Richer—and Turned Its Back on the Middle Class. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Hanushek, Eric A. 1981a. “Throwing Money at Schools.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 1(1): 19–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanushek, Eric A. 1981b. “The Continuing Hope: A Rejoinder.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 1(1):53–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanushek, Eric A. 1996. “School Resources and Student Performance.” In Does Money Matter? The Effect of School Resources on Student Achievement and Adult Success, ed. Burtless., Gary Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.Google Scholar
Hanushek, Eric A., and Rivkin, Steven G.. 2004. “How to Improve the Supply of High Quality Teachers.” In Brookings Papers on Education Policy, ed. Ravitch, Diane. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
Harmel, Robert, and Tan, Alexander C.. 2003. “Party Actors and Party Change: Does Factional Dominance Matter?” European Journal of Political Research 42: 409–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harmel, Robert. and Janda, Kenneth. 1994. “An Integrated Theory of Party Goals and Party Change.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 63(3): 259–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartney, Michael, Shen, Francis, and Wong, Kenneth. 2010. “The Politics of Mayoral Support for School Choice.” Presented at the 2010 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association. Washington DC, September 1–5.Google Scholar
Hefling, Kimberly. 2012. “Obama, GOP Governors Share Many Views on Education.” Newsvine.com March 8. <http://www.newsvine.com/_news/2012/03/08/10611386-obama-gop-governors-share-many-views-on-education> Accessed August 3, 2012.+Accessed+August+3,+2012.>Google Scholar
Hess, Frederick M. 2003. “‘Trust Us,’ They Explained: Racial Distrust and School Reform.” American Experiment Quarterly Spring: 27–41.Google Scholar
Hess, Frederick M., and McGuinn, Patrick J.. 2002. “Seeking the Mantle of ‘Opportunity’: Presidential Politics and the Educational Metaphor, 1964–2000.” Educational Policy 16(January and March): 72–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hess, Rick. 2011. “Obama & Schooling: Two Fact Patterns.” Rick Hess Straight Up (blog), Education Week. <http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/rick_hess_straight_up/2011/07/obama_schooling_two_fact_patterns.html> Accessed July 7, 2011.Google Scholar
Hill, Paul T., and Jochim, Ashley E.. 2009. “Political Perspectives on School Choice.” In Handbook of Research on School Choice, ed. Berends, Mark, Springer, Matthew G., Ballou, Dale, & Walberg, Herbert J.. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hochschild, Jennifer. 2004. “Three Puzzles in Search of an Answer from Political Scientists (with Apologies to Pirandello).” PS: Political Science and Politics 37(April): 225–29.Google Scholar
Howard, Christopher. 1997. The Hidden Welfare State: Tax Expenditures and Social Policy in the United States. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Howard, Christopher.. 2007. The Welfare State Nobody Knows: Debunking Myths about U.S. Social Policy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Howell, William, West, Martin, and Peterson, Paul E.. 2013. “Reform Agenda Gains Strength.” Education Next 13(Winter): 9–19.Google Scholar
Iyengar, Shanto, and Kinder, Donal R.. 1987. News That Matters: Television and American Opinion. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Jaiani, Vasil, and Whitford, Andrew B.. 2011. “Policy Windows, Public Opinion, and Policy Ideas: The Evolution of No Child Left Behind.” Quality Assurance in Education 19(1): 8–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jennings, John F. 1998. Why National Standards and Tests? Politics and the Quest for Better Schools. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Jencks, Christopher, and Phillips, Meredith. 1998. The Black-White Test Score Gap. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.Google Scholar
Jones, Bryan D. 1994. Reconceiving Decision-Making in Democratic Politics: Attention, Choice, and Public Policy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Jones, Bryan D.. 2001. Politics and the Architecture of Choice: Bounded Rationality and Governance. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Jones, Bryan D., and Baumgartner, Frank R.. 2004. “A Model of Choice for Public Policy.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 15(3): 325–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, Bryan D. 2005. The Politics of Attention: How Government Prioritizes Problems. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Karol, David. 2009. Party Position Change in American Politics: Coalition Management. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karol, David. 2012. “How Does Party Position Change Happen? The Case of Gay Rights in the U.S. Congress.” University of Maryland working paper.Google Scholar
Kelleher, James B. 2012. “U.S. Teacher Union Boss Bends to School Reform Winds.” Interview with Reuters News Wire on July 21, 2012.Google Scholar
Kingdon, John. 1984. Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies. New York: HarperCollins Publishers.Google Scholar
Klein, Alyson. 2010. “Congressional Pushback on Race to the Top, Competitive Grants.” Politics K–12 (blog), Education Week. <http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/campaign-k-12/2010/03/some_congressional_pushback_fo.html> Accessed August 28, 2012.Google Scholar
Klein, Alyson. 2012a. “Presidential Nominees Serve Up Sharp Differences on Education.” Campaign 2012 (blog), Education Week. <http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2012/09/12/03election_ep.h32.html> Accessed September 12, 2012.Google Scholar
Klein, Alyson. 2012b. “Common Core State Standards Dividing GOP.” Politics K–12 (blog), Education Week. <http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/campaign-k-12/2012/08/common_core_state_standards_di.html> Accessed January 4, 2012.Google Scholar
Klitgaard, Michael Baggesen. 2007. “Do Welfare State Regimes Determine Public Sector Reforms? Choice Reforms in American, Swedish, and German Schools.” Scandinavian Political Studies 30(4): 444–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lasswell, Harold D. 1936. Politics: Who Gets What, When, How. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Lay, J. Celeste, and Stokes-Brown, Atiya Kai. 2009. “Put to the Test: Understanding Differences in Support for High-Stakes Testing.” American Politics Research 37(May): 429–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Layman, Geoffrey. 2001. The Great Divide: Religious and Cultural Conflict in American Party Politics. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Lieberman, Robert C. 2002. “Ideas, Institutions, and Political Order: Explaining Political Change.” American Political Science Review 96(4): 697–712.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lugg, Catherine. 2000. “Reading, Writing, and Reconstructionism: The Christian Right and the Politics of Public Education.” Educational Policy 14(5): 622–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manna, Paul. 2006. School’s In: Federalism and the National Education Agenda. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Maranto, Robert, and McShane, Michael Q.. 2011. “President Obama and Education: The Personal and the Political.” In The Obama Presidency: Change and Continuity, ed. Dowdle, Andrew J., van Raemdonck, Dirk C., and Maranto., Robert New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Maranto, Robert, and McShane, Michael Q. 2012. President Obama and Education Reform: The Personal and the Political. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
March, James G. 1978. “Bounded Rationality, Ambiguity, and the Engineering of Choice.” Bell Journal of Economics 9: 578–608.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarty, Nolan, Poole, Keith T., and Rosenthal, Howard. 2006. Polarized America: The Dance of Ideology and Unequal Riches. Boston, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
McGuinn, Patrick. 2006. No Child Left Behind and the Transformation of Federal Education Policy, 1965–2005. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
McGuinn, Patrick. 2010. “Divided Democrats: The Two Narratives of School Reform.” Rick Hess Straight Up (blog), Education Week. <http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/rick_hess_straight_up/2010/06/divided_democrats_the_two_narratives_of_school_reform.html> Accessed June 2, 2011.Google Scholar
McGuinn, Patrick. 2012. “Fight Club: Are Advocacy Organizations Changing the Politics of Education?” Education Next 12(Summer): 25–31.Google Scholar
McGuinn, Patrick, and Hess, Frederick. 2005. “Freedom from Ignorance? The Great Society and the Evolution of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965.” In The Great Society and the High Tide of Liberalism, ed. Milkis, Sidney and Mileur, J.. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Mehta, Jal. 2013. “How Paradigms Create Politics: The Transformation of American Educational Policy, 1980–2001.” American Educational Research Journal. Published on-line January 24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mettler, Suzanne. 2011. The Submerged State: How Invisible Government Policies Undermine American Democracy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mettler, Suzanne. 2010. “Reconstituting the Submerged State: The Challenges of Social Policy Reform in the Obama Era.” Perspectives on Politics 8(3): 803–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mintrom, Michael. 2000. Policy Entrepreneurs and School Choice. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Moe, Terry M. 2011. Special Interest: Teachers Unions and America’s Public Schools. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
National Commission on Excellence in Education (NCEE). 1983. A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform. Washington, D.C.: Department of Education, United States government.Google Scholar
National Education Association. 2009. NEA Handbook, 2009 . <http://www.nea.org/assets/docs/2009Handbook.pdf> Accessed August 15, 2012.+Accessed+August+15,+2012.>Google Scholar
Noel, Hans. 2013. Political Ideologies and Political Parties in America. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nowlin, Matthew C. 2011. “Theories of the Policy Process: State of the Research and Emerging Trends.” Policy Studies Journal 39(S1): 41–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orfield, Gary, and Frankenberg, Erica. 2013. Educational Delusions? Why Choice Can Deepen Inequality and How to Make Schools Fair. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Peterson, Paul E., and Rabe, Barry G.. 1983. “The Role of Interest Groups in the Formation of Educational Policy: Past Practice and Future Trends.” Teachers College Record 84(3): 708–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petrilli, Michael, and Finn, Chester E. Jr. 2010. “Would a Republican Congress be good for school reform?” Thomas B. Fordham Institute <http://edexcellence.net/commentary/education-gadfly-weekly/2010/september-23/would-a-republican-congress-be-good-for-school-reform.html> Accessed May 23, 2014.+Accessed+May+23,+2014.>Google Scholar
Petrocik, John R., Benoit, William L., and Hansen, Glenn J.. 2003/2004. “Issue Ownership and Presidential Campaigning, 1952–2000.” Political Science Quarterly 118(Winter): 599–626.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, Kevin. 1969. The Emerging Republican Majority. New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House.Google Scholar
Phillips, Kevin. 2002. Wealth and Democracy: A Political History of the American Rich. New York: Broadway Books.Google Scholar
Piper, J. Richard. 1997. Ideologies and Institutions: American Conservative and Liberal Governance Prescriptions since 1933. Lanham MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.Google Scholar
Pope, Jeremy C., and Woon, Jonathan. 2009. “Measuring Changes in American Party Reputations, 1939–2004.” Political Research Quarterly 62(December): 653–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rhodes, Jesse H. 2011. “Progressive Policy Making in a Conservative Age? Civil Rights and the Politics of Federal Education Standards, Testing, and Accountability.” Perspectives on Politics 9(3): 519–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rhodes, Jesse H 2012. An Education in Politics: The Origins and Evolution of No Child Left Behind. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rich, Motoko. 2012. “Seeking Allies, Teachers’ Unions Court G.O.P., Too.” New York Time,s September 24.Google Scholar
Riker, William H. 1986. The Art of Political Manipulation. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Rivkin, Steven G., Hanushek, Eric A., and Kain, John F.. 2005. “Teachers, Schools, and Academic Achievement.” Econometrica 73(2): 417–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rochefort, David A., and Cobb, Roger W., eds. 1994a. The Politics of Problem Definition: Shaping the Policy Agenda. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press.Google Scholar
Rochefort, David A., and Cobb, Roger W. 1994b. “Problem Definition: An Emerging Perspective.” In The Politics of Problem Definition: Shaping the Policy Agenda, ed. Rochefort, David A. and Cobb, Roger W.. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press.Google Scholar
Rudalevige, Andrew. 2003. “The Politics of No Child Left Behind.” Education Next Fall: 63–69.Google Scholar
Sabatier, Paul A. 1999. “The Need for Better Theories.” In Theories of the Policy Process, ed. Sabatier, Paul A.. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Sanbonmatsu, Kira. 2002. Democrats, Republicans, and the Politics of Women’s Place. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanders, William, and Rivers, June C.. 1996. “Cumulative and Residual Effects of Teachers on Future Student Academic Achievement.” Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Value-Added Research and Assessment Center.Google Scholar
Schattschneider, E.E. 1942. Party Government. New York: Holt, Rinhart and Winston.Google Scholar
Schattschneider, E. E.. 1960. The Semi-Sovereign People: A Realist’s View of Democracy in America. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar
Schickler, Eric, Pearson, Kathryn, and Feinstein, Brian D.. 2010. “Congressional Parties and Civil Rights Politics from 1933 to 1972.” Journal of Politics 72(July): 672–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schlozman, Kay Lehman, Verba, Sidney, and Brady, Henry E.. 2012. The Unheavenly Chorus: Unequal Political Voice and the Broken Promise of American Democracy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Schneider, Mark, and Teske, Paul with Mintrom, Michael. 1995. Public Entrepreneurs: Agents for Change in American Government. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, Mark, Teske, Paul, and Marschall, Melissa. 2000. Choosing Schools: Consumer Choice and the Quality of American Schools. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharp, Elaine B. 1994. “Paradoxes of National Antidrug Policymaking.” In The Politics of Problem Definition: Shaping the Policy Agenda, ed. Rochefort, David A. and Cobb., Roger W. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press.Google Scholar
Shipan, Charles R., and Lowry, William R.. 2001. “Environmental Policy and Party Divergence in Congress.” Political Research Quarterly 54(June): 245–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skocpol, Theda. 1997. Boomerang: Health Care Reform and the Turn against Government. New York: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar
Smarick, Andy. 2012. The Urban School System of the Future: Applying the Principles and Lessons of Chartering. New York: Roman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Spring, Joel. 1998. Conflict of Interests: The Politics of American Education. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Stephens, David. 1983–1984. “President Carter, the Congress, and NEA: Creating the Department of Education.” Political Science Quarterly 98(4): 641–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
True, James L., Jones, Bryan D., and Baumgartner, Frank R.. 1999. “Punctuated-Equilibrium Theory: Explaining Stability and Change in American Policymaking.” In Theories of the Policy Process, ed. Sabatier, Paul A.. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Toch, Thomas. 1991. In the Name of Excellence: The Struggle to Reform the Nation’s Schools, Why It’s Failing, and What Should Be Done. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Toppo, Greg. 2008. “Democrats, teachers unions now divided on many issues.” USA Today, September 2.Google Scholar
Vinovskis, Maris A. 2005. The Birth of Head Start: Preschool Education Policies in the Kennedy and Johnson Administrations. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vinovskis, Maris A. 2009. From a Nation at Risk to No Child Left Behind: National Education Goals and the Creation of Federal Education Policy. New York: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
West, Martin R., Battistoni, Richard M., Frymer, Paul, Casey, Leo, Swensen, Peter A., and Victoria Murillo, M.. 2012. “Teachers Unions and Public Education: A Discussion of Terry Moe’s Special Interest: Teachers Unions and America’s Public Schools .” Perspectives on Politics 10(1): 119–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wieder, Ben. 2012. “Teach for America Alums Run for Office over Union Objections.” Stateline Magazine, June 27.Google Scholar
Williams, Joe. 2005. Cheating Our Kids: How Politics and Greed Ruin Education. New York: Palgrave MacMillion.Google Scholar
Wolbrecht, Christina. 2000. The Politics of Women’s Rights: Parties, Positions, and Change. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Wolfe, Michelle, Jones, Bryan D., and Baumgartner, Frank R.. 2013. “A Failure to Communicate: Agenda-Setting in Media and Policy Studies.” Political Communication 30: 175–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Wolbrecht Supplementary Material

Wolbrecht Supplementary Material

Download Wolbrecht Supplementary Material(File)
File 82.4 KB