Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T15:19:44.278Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Consequences of Public Policy for Democratic Citizenship: Bridging Policy Studies and Mass Politics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 June 2004

Suzanne Mettler  and
Joe Soss
Suzanne Mettler
Affiliation:
Is Alumni Associate Professor of Political Science at the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University ([email protected]).
Joe Soss
Affiliation:
Is associate professor of political science at the University of Wisconsin–Madison ([email protected]).
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Democracies, and the citizenries that stand at their center, are not natural phenomena; they are made and sustained through politics. Government policies can play a crucial role in this process, shaping the things publics believe and want, the ways citizens view themselves and others, and how they understand and act toward the political system. Yet, while political scientists have said a great deal about how publics influence policies, they know far less about the ways policies influence publics. In this article, we seek to clarify how policies, once enacted, are likely to affect political thought and action in the citizenry. Such effects are hard to locate within the standard framework of approaches to mass behavior, and they are generally ignored by program evaluators and policy analysts. To bridge this gap, we direct attention toward a long and vibrant, but underappreciated, line of inquiry we call the “political tradition” of mass behavior research. Drawing this tradition together with recent work on “policy feedback,” we outline a framework for thinking about how policies influence mass politics. The major types of such effects include defining membership; forging political cohesion and group divisions; building or undermining civic capacities; framing policy agendas, problems, and evaluations; and structuring, stimulating, and stalling political participation.

Type
Articles
Information
Perspectives on Politics , Volume 2 , Issue 1 , March 2004 , pp. 55 - 73
Copyright
2004 by the American Political Science Association

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abernathy Scott. 2001. Small worlds: School choice, informational networks, and political participation. Paper delivered at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco, 30 August–2 September.
Abramson Paul R., and John H. Aldrich. 1982. The decline of electoral participation in America. American Political Science Review 76: 3, 502–21.Google Scholar
Aldrich John H.1993. Rational choice and turnout. American Journal of Political Science 37: 1, 246–78.Google Scholar
Alford Robert R.1963. Party and Society: The Anglo-American Democracies. Chicago: Rand McNally.
Arnold R. Douglas. 1990. The Logic of Congressional Action. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Baker Paula C.1991. The Moral Frameworks of Public Life: Gender, Politics, and the State in Rural New York, 1870–1930. New York: Oxford University Press.
Bardach Eugene. 1977. The Implementation Game: What Happens After a Bill Becomes a Law. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Baumgartner Frank R., and Bryan D. Jones. 1993. Agendas and Instability in American Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago.
Beierle Thomas C.2000. The quality of stakeholder-based decisions: Lessons from the case study record. Discussion Paper 00-56, Resources for the Future. Available at www.rff.org/rff/Documents/RFF-DP-0056.pdf. Accessed 26 September 2003.Google Scholar
Bennett Andrew, and Alexander L. George. 1997. Process tracing in case study research. Paper presented at the MacArthur Foundation Workshop on Case Study Methods, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs (BCSIA), Harvard University, 17–19 October. Available at www.georgetown.edu/faculty/bennetta/PROTCG.htm. Accessed 26 September 2003.Google Scholar
Berelson Bernard R., Paul F. Lazarsfeld, and William N. McPhee. 1954. Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Campaign. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Bobo Lawrence, James R. Kleugel, and Ryan A. Smith. 1997. Laissez-faire racism: The crystallization of a kinder, gentler, antiblack ideology. In Racial Attitudes in the 1990s: Continuity and Change, eds. Steven A. Tuch and Jack K. Martin. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers, 15 44.
Bowers v. Hardwick. 478 U.S. 186 (1986).
Brown Lawrence D.1983. New Policies, New Politics: Government's Response to Government's Growth. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
Brown v. Board of Education. 347 U.S. 483 (1954).
Burnham Walter Dean. 1979. The Disappearance of the American Voter. Washington, D.C.: American Bar Association.
Campbell Andrea Louise. 2003. How Policies Make Citizens: Senior Political Activism and the American Welfare State. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Campbell Angus, Philip E. Converse, Warren E. Miller, and Donald E. Stokes. 1960. The American Voter. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Campbell Donald T.1965. Ethnocentric and other altruistic motives. In Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, ed. David Levine. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 283 311.
Carmines Edward G., and James A. Stimson. 1989. Issue Evolution: Race and the Transformation of American Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Carmines Edward G., and Robert Huckfeldt. 1996. Political behavior: An overview. In A New Handbook of Political Science, eds. Robert E. Goodin and Hans-Dieter Klingemann. New York: Oxford University Press, 223–54.
Chong Dennis. 1991. Collective Action and the Civil Rights Movement. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Chong Dennis. 1993. How people think, reason, and feel about rights and liberties. American Journal of Political Science 37: 3, 867–99.Google Scholar
Chong Dennis. 2000. Rational Lives: Norms and Values in Politics and Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Chubb John E., and Terry M. Moe. 1990. Politics, Markets, and America's Schools. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
Cobb Roger W., and Charles D. Elder. 1972. Participation in American Politics: The Dynamics of Agenda Building. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Conover Pamela Johnston. 1988. The role of social groups in political thinking. British Journal of Political Science 18: 1, 51 76.Google Scholar
Converse Philip E.1964. The nature of belief systems in mass publics. In Ideology and Discontent, ed. David E. Apter. New York: Free Press of Glencoe, 206–61.
Costain Anne N.1992. Inviting Women's Rebellion: A Political Process Interpretation of the Women's Movement. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Delli Carpini, Michael X., and Scott Keeter. 1996. What Americans Know About Politics and Why It Matters. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Dennis Jack. 1991. The study of electoral behavior. In Political Behavior, vol. 3 of Political Science: Looking to the Future, ed. William Crotty. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 51 89.
Derthick Martha. 1979. Policymaking for Social Security. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
Donahue John D.1999. Hazardous Crosscurrents: Confronting Inequality in an Era of Devolution. New York: Century Foundation Press.
Downs Anthony. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper and Row.
Dye Thomas R.1998. Understanding Public Policy, 9th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
Easton David. 1953. The Political System: An Inquiry into the State of Political Science. New York: Knopf.
Easton David. 1957. An approach to the analysis of political systems. World Politics 9: 3, 383 400.Google Scholar
Edelman Murray J.1964. The Symbolic Uses of Politics. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Edelman Murray J.1971. Politics as Symbolic Action: Mass Arousal and Quiescence. New York: Academic Press.
Edelman Murray J.1983. Systematic confusions in the evaluation of implementing decisions. In Evaluating the Welfare State: Social and Political Perspectives, eds. Shimon E. Spiro and Ephraim Yuchtman-Yaar. New York: Academic Press, 131–47.
Edsall Thomas Byrne, with Mary D. Edsall. 1991. Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on American Politics. New York: W. W. Norton.
Emirbayer Mustafa. 1997. Manifesto for a relational sociology. American Journal of Sociology 103: 2, 281 317.Google Scholar
Esping-Andersen Gøsta. 1990. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Finkel Steven E., Edward N. Muller, and Karl-Dieter Opp. 1989. Personal influence, collective rationality, and mass political action. American Political Science Review 83: 3, 885 903.Google Scholar
Foner Philip S.1979. Women and the American Labor Movement: From the First Trade Unions to the Present. New York: Free Press.
Gamson William A.1992. Talking Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gilbert Neil. 2002. Transformation of the Welfare State: The Silent Surrender of Public Responsibility. New York: Oxford University Press.
Gilens Martin. 2001. Political ignorance and collective policy preferences. American Political Science Review 95: 2, 379–96.Google Scholar
Ginsberg Benjamin. 1986. The Captive Public: How Mass Opinion Promotes State Power. New York: Basic Books.
Glaeser Edward L., and Jesse M. Shapiro. 2002. The benefits of the home mortgage interest deduction. NBER Working Paper w9284. Available at papers.nber.org/papers/w9284. Accessed 26 September 2003.Google Scholar
Gusmano Michael K., Mark Schlesinger, and Tracey Thomas. 2002. Policy feedback and public opinion: The role of employer responsibility in social policy. Journal of Health Politics, Policy, and Law 27 (October): 731–72.Google Scholar
Gutmann Amy, and Dennis Thompson. 1996. Democracy and Disagreement. Cambridge: Belknap Press, Harvard University Press.
Hacker Jacob S.1998. The historical logic of national health insurance: Structure and sequence in the development of British, Canadian, and U.S. medical policy. Studies in American Political Development 12: 1, 57 130.Google Scholar
Edelman Murray J.2002. The Divided Welfare State: The Battle over Public and Private Social Benefits in the United States. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Hall Peter, and Rosemary Taylor. 1996. Political science and the three new institutionalisms. Political Studies 44: 4, 936–57.Google Scholar
Hardy-Fanta Carol. 1993. Latina Politics, Latino Politics: Gender, Culture, and Political Participation in Boston. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Hayward Clarissa. 2003. The difference states make: Democracy, identity, and the American city. American Political Science Review 97: 4, 501–14.Google Scholar
Heclo Hugh.1974. Modern Social Politics in Britain and Sweden: From Relief to Income Maintenance. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Highton Benjamin. 1997. Easy registration and voter turnout. Journal of Politics 59: 2, 565–75.Google Scholar
Hochschild Jennifer L.1981. What's Fair? American Beliefs about Distributive Justice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Howard Christopher. 1997. The Hidden Welfare State: Tax Expenditures and Social Policy in the United States. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Howard Christopher. 2003. Is the American welfare state unusually small? PS: Political Science and Politics 36: 3, 411–16.Google Scholar
Huckfeldt Robert, and John Sprague. 1995. Citizens, Politics, and Social Communication: Information and Influence in an Election Campaign. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Hurwitz John, and Mark Peffley. 2001. Racial polarization on criminal justice issues: Sources and political consequences of fairness judgments. Revised version of paper delivered at annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco, 30 August–2 September. Available from authors.
Ingram Helen, and Steven Rathgeb Smith, eds. 1993. Public Policy for Democracy. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
Iyengar Shanto. 1991. Is Anyone Responsible? How Television Frames Political Issues. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Iyengar Shanto, and Donald R. Kinder. 1987. News That Matters: Television and American Opinion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Jackman Mary R.1994. The Velvet Glove: Paternalism and Conflict in Gender, Class, and Race Relations. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Jackman Robert W.1993. Rationality and political participation. American Journal of Political Science 37: 1, 279–90.Google Scholar
Jacobs Lawrence R., Fay Lomax Cook, and Dukhong Kim. 2002. Trusting what you know: Information, knowledge, and confidence in Social Security. Paper delivered at annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, 29 August–1 September.
Kagan Robert A.2001. Adversarial Legalism: The American Way of Law. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Katz Elihu, and Paul F. Lazarsfeld. 1955. Personal Influence. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press.
Katzenstein Mary Fainsod. 1998. Faithful and Fearless: Moving Feminist Protest inside the Church and Military. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Kerber Linda K.1998. No Constitutional Right to Be Ladies: Women and the Obligations of Citizenship. New York: Hill and Wang.
Kertzer David I.1989. Ritual, Politics, and Power. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Key V. O., Jr.1966. The Responsible Electorate: Rationality in Presidential Voting, 1936–1960, with Milton C. Cummings, Jr. Cambridge: Belknap Press, Harvard University Press.
Keyssar Alexander. 2000. The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States. New York: Basic Books.
Kinder Donald R.1998. Opinion and action in the realm of politics. In The Handbook of Social Psychology, eds. Daniel T. Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, and Gardner Lindzey. Vol. 2, 4th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 823–35.
Kingdon John W.1995. Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies, 2d ed. New York: HarperCollins College Publishers.
Klandermans Bert. 1997. The Social Psychology of Protest. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers.
Kriesi Hanspeter, Ruud Koopmans, Jan Willem Duyvendak, and Marco G. Giugni, eds. 1995. New Social Movements in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis. Vol. 5. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Krosnick Jon A., and Kathleen M. McGraw. 2002. Psychological political science versus political psychology true to its name: A plea for balance. In Political Psychology, ed. Kristen Renwick Monroe. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 79 94.
Kumlin Staffan. 2002. The Personal and the Political: How Personal Welfare State Experiences Affect Political Trust and Ideology. Ph.D. diss., Göteberg University.
Landy Marc. 1993. Public policy and citizenship. In Public Policy for Democracy, eds. Helen Ingram and Steven Rathgeb Smith. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 19 45.
Lawless Jennifer L., and Richard L. Fox. 2001. Political participation of the urban poor. Social Problems 48: 3, 362–85.Google Scholar
Lawrence v. Texas. Case number 01-0102 (2003).
Layzer Judith. 2002. Science, politics, and international environmental policy. Global Environmental Politics 2: 3, 118–23.Google Scholar
Lazarsfeld Paul F., Bernard R. Berelson, and Hazel Gaudet. 1948. The People's Choice: How the Voter Makes Up His Mind in a Presidential Election. New York: Columbia University Press.
Lee Taeku. 2002. Mobilizing Public Opinion: Black Insurgency and Racial Attitudes in the Civil Rights Era. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lin Ann Chih. 1998. Bridging positivist and interpretivist approaches to qualitative methods. Policy Studies Journal 26: 1, 162–80.Google Scholar
Lindblom Charles E.1959. The science of “muddling through.” Public Administration Review 19: 2, 79 88.Google Scholar
Lowi Theodore J.1964. American business, public policy, case-studies, and political theory. World Politics 16: 4, 677–715.Google Scholar
Lowi Theodore J.1972. Four systems of policy, politics, and choice. Public Administration Review 32: 4, 298 310.Google Scholar
Lowi Theodore J.1979[1969]. The End of Liberalism: The Second Republic of the United States, 2d ed. New York: W. W. Norton.
Lowi Theodore J., and Benjamin Ginsberg. 1990. Poliscide: Big Government, Big Science, Lilliputian Politics. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America.
Lupia Arthur, and Mathew D. McCubbins. 1998. The Democratic Dilemma: Can Citizens Learn What They Need to Know?New York: Cambridge University Press.
Marcus George E., John L. Sullivan, Elizabeth Theiss-Morse, and Sandra L. Wood. 1995. With Malice toward Some: How People Make Civil Liberties Judgments. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Marshall T. H.1965. Class, Citizenship, and Social Development: Essays. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday Publishers.
Marston Sallie A.1993. Citizen action programs and participatory politics in Tucson. In Public Policy for Democracy, eds. Helen Ingram and Steven Rathgeb Smith. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 119–35.
Mazmanian Daniel A., and Paul A. Sabatier. 1983. Implementation and Public Policy. Glenview, Ill.: Scott, Foresman.
McAdam Doug. 1982. Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930–1970. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
McAdam Doug, Sidney Tarrow, and Charles Tilly. 2001. Dynamics of Contention. New York: Cambridge University Press.
McCarthy John D., and Mayer N. Zald. 1977. Resource mobilization and social movements: A partial theory. American Journal of Sociology 82: 6, 1,212–41.Google Scholar
Mead Lawrence M.1986. Beyond Entitlement: The Social Obligations of Citizenship. New York: Free Press.
Mead Lawrence M.1998. Telling the poor what to do. The Public Interest 132 (Summer), 97 112.Google Scholar
Melnick R. Shep. 1994. Between the Lines: Interpreting Welfare Rights. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
Merelman Richard M.2003. Pluralism at Yale: The Culture of Political Science in America. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Mettler Suzanne B.1998. Dividing Citizens: Gender and Federalism in New Deal Public Policy. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Mettler Suzanne B.2000. States' rights, women's obligations: contemporary welfare reform in historical perspective. Women and Politics 21: 1, 1 34.Google Scholar
Mettler Suzanne B.2002a. Bringing the state back in to civic engagement: Policy feedback effects of the G.I. Bill for World War II veterans. American Political Science Review 96: 2, 351–65.Google Scholar
Mettler Suzanne B.2002b. Policy feedback effects for collective action: Lessons from veterans programs. Paper presented at conference on Democracy, Public Policy and Social Movements, University of California, Irvine, 11–13 January. Available from author.
Mettler Suzanne B., and Eric Welch. Forthcoming. Civic generation: Policy feedback effects of the G.I. Bill on political involvement over the life course. British Journal of Political Science.
Milbrath Lester W., and M. L. Goel. 1977. Political Participation: How and Why Do People Get Involved in Politics?2d ed. Chicago: Rand McNally College Publishing Company.
Miller Arthur H., Patricia Gurin, Gerald Gurin, and Oksana Malanchuk. 1981. Group consciousness and political participation. American Journal of Political Science 25: 3, 494 511.Google Scholar
Miller Warren E., and J. Merrill Shanks. 1996. The New American Voter. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Moe Terry M.1989. The politics of bureaucratic structure. In Can the Government Govern?, eds. John E. Chubb and Paul Peterson. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 267 329.
Monroe Kristen Renwick. 1991. The theory of rational action: Origins and usefulness for political science. In The Economic Approach to Politics: A Critical Reassessment of the Theory of Rational Action, ed. Kristen Renwick Monroe. New York: HarperCollins, 1 31.
Morone James A.1998. The Democratic Wish: Popular Participation and the Limits of American Government, rev. ed. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Nelson Thomas E., and Donald R. Kinder. 1996. Issue frames and group-centrism in American public opinion. Journal of Politics 58: 4, 1,055–78.Google Scholar
Nie Norman H., Jane Junn, and Kenneth Stehlik-Barry. 1996. Education and Democratic Citizenship in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
O'Connor Julia S., Ann Shola Orloff, and Sheila Shaver. 1999. States, Markets, Families: Gender, Liberalism, and Social Policy in Australia, Canada, Great Britain, and the United States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Oliver Pamela E., and Gerald Marwell. 1988. The paradox of group size in collective action: A theory of the critical mass, II. American Sociological Review 53: 1, 1 8.Google Scholar
Olson Mancur. 1965. The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theories of Groups. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Orfield Gary. 2001. Schools more separate: Consequences of a decade of resegregation. The Civil Rights Project, Harvard University. Available at www.civilrightsproject.harvard.edu/research/deseg/Schools_More_Separate.pdf. Accessed 26 September 2003.Google Scholar
Page Benjamin I., and Robert Y. Shapiro. 1992. The Rational Public: Fifty Years of Trends in Americans' Policy Preferences. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Pateman Carole. 1970. Participation and Democratic Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Peters B. Guy. 1999. American Public Policy: Promise and Performance, 5th ed. New York: Chatham House Publishers.
Phillips Katherin Ross. 2001. The Earned Income Tax Credit: Knowledge is money. Political Science Quarterly 116: 3, 413–24.Google Scholar
Pierson Paul. 1993. When effect becomes cause: Policy feedback and political change. World Politics 45: 4, 595 628.Google Scholar
Pitkin Hanna Fenichel. 1969. Representation. New York: Atherton Press.
Piven Frances Fox, and Richard A. Cloward. 1977. Poor People's Movements: Why They Succeed, How They Fail. New York: Vintage Books.
Piven Frances Fox, and Richard A. Cloward. 1983. The American road to democratic socialism. Democracy 3: 3, 58 69.Google Scholar
Piven Frances Fox, and Richard A. Cloward. 1988. Why Americans Don't Vote. New York: Pantheon Books.
Piven Frances Fox, and Richard A. Cloward. 1993[1971]. Regulating the Poor: The Functions of Public Welfare. New York: Vintage Books.
Piven Frances Fox, and Richard A. Cloward. 1997. The Breaking of the American Social Compact. New York: New Press.
Popkin Samuel L.1994. The Reasoning Voter: Communication and Persuasion in Presidential Campaigns. 2d ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Pressman Jeffrey L.1975. Federal Programs and City Politics: The Dynamics of the Aid Process in Oakland. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Pressman Jeffrey L., and Aaron Wildavsky. 1973. Implementation: How Great Expectations in Washington Are Dashed in Oakland. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Przeworski Adam. 1985. Capitalism and Social Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Putnam Robert D.2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Quadagno Jill. 1994. The Color of Welfare: How Racism Undermined the War on Poverty. New York: Oxford University Press.
Ragin Charles. 2000. Fuzzy-Set Social Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Ravitch Diane. 2000. Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Riker William H., and Peter C. Ordeshook. 1968. A theory of the calculus of voting. American Political Science Review 62: 1, 25 42.Google Scholar
Rochefort David A., and Roger W. Cobb, eds. 1994. The Politics of Problem Definition: Shaping the Policy Agenda. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
Rosenstone Steven J., and John Mark Hansen. 1993. Mobilization, Participation, and Democracy in America. New York: Macmillan.
Rothstein Bo. 1998. Just Institutions Matter: The Moral and Political Logic of the Universal Welfare State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rushefsky Mark E.2002. Public Policy in the United States: At the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century. 3d ed. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe.
Sapiro Virginia. 1984. Women, citizenship, and nationality: Immigration and naturalization policies in the United States. Politics and Society 13: 1, 1 26.Google Scholar
Schattschneider E. E.1935. Politics, Pressures, and the Tariff: A Study of Free Private Enterprise in Pressure Politics, as Shown in the 1929–1930 Revision of the Tariff. New York: Prentice-Hall.
Schattschneider E. E.1960. The Semi-Sovereign People: A Realist's View of Democracy in America. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Schneider Anne, and Helen Ingram. 1993. Social construction of target populations: Implications for politics and policy. American Political Science Review 87: 2, 334–47.Google Scholar
Schneider Anne, and Helen Ingram. 1997. Policy Design for Democracy. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press.
Schram Sanford F.2000. After Welfare: The Culture of Postindustrial Social Policy. New York: NYU Press.
Schram Sanford F., and Joe Soss. 2001. Success stories: Welfare reform, policy discourse, and the politics of research. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 557 (September), 49 65.Google Scholar
Schudson Michael. 1999. The Good Citizen: A History of American Civic Life. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Sears David O., Jim Sidanius, and Lawrence Bobo, eds. 2000. Racialized Politics: The Debate about Racism in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Shapiro Martin. 1995. Of interests and values: The new politics and the new political science. In The New Politics of Public Policy, eds. Marc K. Landy and Martin A. Levin. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 3 20.
Sharp Elaine B.1994. Paradoxes of national antidrug policymaking. In The Politics of Problem Definition: Shaping the Policy Agenda, eds. David A. Rochefort and Roger W. Cobb. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 98 116.
Shefter Martin. 1978. The electoral foundations of the political machine: New York City, 1884–1897. In The History of American Electoral Behavior, eds. Joel H. Silbey, Allan G. Bogue, and William H. Flanigan. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 263–98.
Shefter Martin. 1984. Political parties, political mobilization, and political demobilization. In The Political Economy: Readings in the Politics and Economics of American Public Policy, eds. Thomas Ferguson and Joel Rogers. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 140–8.
Shepsle Kenneth A., and Barry R. Weingast. 1987. The institutional foundations of committee power. American Political Science Review 81: 1, 85 104.Google Scholar
Shklar Judith N. 1991. American Citizenship: The Quest for Inclusion. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Sigel Roberta S.1996. Ambition and Accommodation: How Women View Gender Relations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Simon Herbert A.1985. Human nature in politics: The dialogue of psychology with political science. American Political Science Review 79: 2, 293 304.Google Scholar
Skocpol Theda. 1992. Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Smith Rogers M.1997. Civic Ideals: Conflicting Visions of Citizenship in U.S. History. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Soss Joe. 1999. Lessons of welfare: Policy design, political learning, and political action. American Political Science Review 93: 2, 363–80.Google Scholar
Tilly Charles. 2000. Unwanted Claims: The Politics of Participation in the U.S. Welfare System. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Tilly Charles. Forthcoming. Making clients and citizens: Welfare policy as a source of status, belief, and action. In Deserving and Entitled: Social Constructions and Public Policy, eds. Anne Larason Schneider and Helen M. Ingram. Albany: SUNY Press.
Soss Joe, and Lael R. Keiser. 2001. The political roots of disability claims: How state environments and policies shape citizen demands. Revised version of paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago. Available from authors.
Stone Deborah. 1997. Policy Paradox: The Art of Political Decision Making, rev. ed. New York: W. W. Norton.
Tilly Charles. 1978. From Mobilization to Revolution. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
Tilly Charles. 1995. To explain political processes. American Journal of Sociology 100: 6, 1,594 1,610.Google Scholar
Tilly Charles. 2001. Mechanisms in political processes. Annual Review of Political Science 4 (Summer), 21 41.Google Scholar
Uggen Christopher, and Jeff Manza. 2001. Democratic contraction? The political consequences of felon disenfranchisement laws in the United States. American Sociological Review 67 (December), 777 803.Google Scholar
Verba Sidney, and Norman H. Nie. 1972. Participation in America: Political Democracy and Social Equality. New York: Harper and Row.
Verba Sidney, Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Henry E. Brady. 1995. Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Wedeen Lisa. 2002. Conceptualizing culture: Possibilities for political science. American Political Science Review 96: 4, 713–28.Google Scholar
Weir Margaret, Ann Shola Orloff, and Theda Skocpol. 1988. Introduction: Understanding American social policies. In The Politics of Social Policy in the United States, eds. Margaret Weir, Ann Shola Orloff, and Theda Skocpol. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 3 27.
Wilson James Q.1973. Political Organizations. New York: Basic Books.
Wilson James Q.1980. The politics of regulation. In The Politics of Regulation, ed. James Q. Wilson. New York: Basic Books, 357–94.
Wolfinger Raymond E., and Steven J. Rosenstone. 1980. Who Votes?New Haven: Yale University Press.
Yanow Dvora. 1999. Conducting Interpretive Policy Analysis. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.
Yanow Dvora. 2002. Constructing “Race” and “Ethnicity” in America: Category-Making in Public Policy and Administration. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe.
Yeric Jerry L., and John R. Todd. 1996. Public Opinion: The Visible Politics, 3d ed. Itasca, Ill.: F. E. Peacock Publishers.
Zaller John R.1992. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Zaller John, and Stanley Feldman. 1992. A simple theory of the survey response: Answering questions versus revealing preferences. American Journal of Political Science 36: 3, 579 616.Google Scholar