Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T11:37:04.513Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

THIRTEENTH-CENTURY SEIGNIORIAL INSTITUTIONS AND OFFICIALS oF THE GUIDI COUNTS1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 September 2012

Tommaso Casini
Get access

Abstract

This paper illustrates some aspects of rural lordship in thirteenth-century north and central Italy, namely the territorial framework for the exercise of seigniorial powers and the seigniorial officials who administered the lords' dominions. How were seigniorial territories organized from an institutional point of view? How did the lords manage the adjustments and changes occurring in their lordships due to inheritance, purchases and sales of seigniorial rights? How was that framework connected to the institutional organization of rural communities? Who were the men who administered those lordships and how long did the connection between the families of those officials and the lords last? These are the questions I have tried to answer through the study of deeds (recorded in charters and notarial registers) regarding the Guidi counts, a family belonging to the upper aristocracy of north-central Italy. This study focuses on institutional matters, but in the section devoted to the relations between lords and seigniorial officials a prosopographical approach is adopted. The dynamics investigated in this study were fundamental in the historical evolution of the north-central Italian countryside, and their analysis provides useful material for further comparison with analogous phenomena in other parts of Europe.

Questo articolo illustra alcuni aspetti delle signorie rurali dell'Italia settentrionale e centrale nel XIII secolo, ovvero la struttura territoriale per l'esercizio dei poteri e degli uffici feudatari che amministravano le proprietà dei signori. Come erano organizzati i territori feudatari da un punto di vista istituzionale? Come gli amministratori conducevano le liquidazioni e i cambiamenti che occorrevano nelle loro signorie dovuti ad eredità, acquisti e vendite dei diritti feudatari? Come quella struttura era legata all'organizzazione istituzionale delle comunità rurali? Com'erano gli uomini che amministravano quei feudi e quanto a lungo duravano i legami tra famiglie di quegli ufficiali e i signori? Queste sono le domande a cui ho cercato di rispondere attraverso lo studio degli atti (registrati in documenti e atti notarili) riguardanti i conti dei Guidi, una famiglia appartenente all'alta aristocrazia dell'Italia centro-settentrionale. Questo studio si focalizza su questioni istituzionali, ma nella sezione dedicate alle relazioni tra i signori e gli ufficiali feudatari viene adottato un approccio prosopografico. Le dinamiche investigate in questo studio sono state fondamentali per l'evoluzione storica della campagna dell'Italia centro-settentrionale, e la loro analisi fornisce materiale utile per ulteriori confronti con fenomeni analoghi in altre parti d'Europa.

Type
Articles
Information
Papers of the British School at Rome , Volume 80 , October 2012 , pp. 157 - 188
Copyright
Copyright © British School at Rome 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

1

List of abbreviations: ASF = Archivio di Stato of Florence. Charters from the following archive groups within the Diplomatico deposit of the ASF have been used: Cam.SS.  =  Camaldoli, San Salvatore; Pass.  =  Passerini; Patr.Eccl.  =  Pistoia, Patrimonio Ecclesiastico; Prat.  =  Pratovecchio, San Giovanni Evangelista; Rif.AP.  =  Riformagioni, Atti Pubblici; S.Tr.Acq.  =  Firenze, Santa Trinita (Acquisto). Notarial registers: Not.Ant.  =  Notarile Antecosimiano (in the ASF). Libraries: BCRP = Biblioteca Comunale Rilliana of Poppi; BNCF = Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale of Florence.

References

2 Chittolini, G., ‘Signorie rurali e feudi alla fine del Medioevo’, in Galasso, G. (ed.), Storia d'Italia IV (Turin, 1981), 588–676, esp. pp. 602–6, 618–27, 631–3Google Scholar; on Piemonte, see Patrone, A.M. Nada, ‘Il Piemonte medievale’, in Galasso, G. (ed.), Storia d'Italia V (Turin, 1986), 3–362, esp. pp. 48–67Google Scholar; on Latium, see Carocci, S., ‘La signoria rurale nel Lazio (secoli XII e XIII)’, in Spicciani, A. and Violante, C. (eds), La signoria rurale nel medioevo italiano I (Studi medioevali 3) (Pisa, 1997), 167–98, esp. pp. 171–83Google Scholar; on southern Tuscany, see Giorgi, A., ‘Il conflitto magnati/popolani nelle campagne: il caso senese’, in Magnati e popolani nell'Italia comunale (Pistoia, 1997), 137–211, esp. pp. 174–8Google Scholar, and Collavini, S.M., ‘Honorabilis domus et spetiosissimus comitatus’. Gli Aldobrandeschi da ‘conti’ a ‘principi territoriali’ (secoli IX–XIII) (Studi medioevali 6) (Pisa, 1998), 293–579Google Scholar; on Emilia, see Varanini, G.M., ‘L'organizzazione del distretto cittadino nell'Italia padana nei secoli XIII–XIV (Marca Trevigiana, Lombardia, Emilia)’, in Chittolini, G. and Willoweit, D., L'organizzazione del territorio in Italia e Germania: secoli XIII–XIV (Annali dell'Istituto Storico Italo-germanico, Quaderno 37) (Bologna, 1994), 133–233, esp. pp. 219–23Google Scholar.

3 Chittolini, ‘Signorie rurali e feudi alla fine del Medioevo’ (above, n. 2), 631, and Varanini, G.M., ‘Dal comune allo stato regionale’, in Tranfaglia, M. and Firpo, M. (eds), La Storia II (Turin, 1986), 693–724, esp. pp. 695, 697, 699, 711Google Scholar.

4 On the Montefeltro, see Vigueur, J.-C. Maire, ‘Comuni e signorie in Umbria, Marche, Lazio’, in Galasso, G. (ed.), Storia d'Italia VII/2 (Turin, 1987), 321–606, esp. pp. 562–8, 575–82Google Scholar.

5 Chittolini, ‘Signorie rurali e feudi alla fine del Medioevo’ (above, n. 2), 625–7, 646–8; Nada Patrone, ‘Il Piemonte medievale’ (above, n. 2), 51–7, 65–7. On northern Italy also see the articles collected in Cengarle, F., Chittolini, G. and Varanini, G.M. (eds), Poteri signorili e feudali nelle campagne dell'Italia settentrionale fra Tre e Quattrocento: fondamenti di legittimità e forme di esercizio (Quaderni di reti medievali rivista 1) (Florence, 2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. On Treviso, see Varanini, ‘L'organizzazione del distretto cittadino nell'Italia padana’ (above, n. 2), 183–9, and D. Canzian, ‘Signorie rurali nel territorio trevigiano al tempo della prima dominazione veneziana (1338–1381)’, in Cengarle, Chittolini and Varanini (eds), Poteri signorili e feudali (above), 227–48, esp. pp. 227–9, 233–6, 238. On Siena, see Giorgi, ‘Il conflitto magnati/popolani nelle campagne: il caso senese’ (above, n. 2), 184–207. On central Italy, see Maire Vigueur, ‘Comuni e signorie in Umbria, Marche, Lazio’ (above, n. 4), 489, 504, 548–54, 562–8, 575–82.

6 The word potestas is used also for the chief magistrate of a rural community (see below, pp. 167 and 173).

7 Luzzati, M., ‘Firenze e la Toscana nel Medioevo’, in Galasso, G. (ed.), Storia d'Italia VII/1 (Turin, 1987), 561–828, esp. pp. 675–8Google Scholar; Sestan, E., ‘I conti Guidi e il Casentino’, in Sestan, E., Italia medievale (Naples, 1966), 356–78, esp. pp. 362–4, 373–4Google Scholar. On relations between the Guidi and Arezzo, see Delumeau, J.P., ‘I conti Guidi e Arezzo: un ravvicinamento incompiuto?’, in Canaccini, F. (ed.), La lunga storia di una stirpe comitale. I conti Guidi tra Romagna e Toscana (Biblioteca storica toscana 57) (Florence, 2009), 105–17Google Scholar, and Scharf, G.P., ‘Le intersezioni del potere: i Guidi e la città di Arezzo nella seconda metà del Duecento’, in Canaccini (ed.), La lunga storia (above), 119–38Google Scholar.

8 A good basic bibliography on rural lordship in Italy, by P.G. Embriaco, can be found at http://www.repertorio.retimedievali.it, click on ‘I poteri signorili (Regno italico: secoli IX–XIII)’ (last consulted 06.06.2012).

9 For a very good bibliography on the Guidi counts, see Bicchierai, M., Ai confini della repubblica di Firenze. Poppi dalla signoria dei conti Guidi al vicariato del Casentino (1360–1480) (Biblioteca storica toscana 50) (Florence, 2005), 8, n. 9Google Scholar. This is an almost complete bibliography, so only the most important studies since 2003, when that bibliography stops, are mentioned here. Articles devoted to the most important members of the family, some written by M. Bicchierai and others by Marrocchi, M., can be found in Dizionario biografico degli italiani LXI (Rome, 2003) [hereafter DBI LXI]Google Scholar, and some of them will be referred to below. Then we have: Rauty, N. (ed.), Documenti per la storia dei conti Guidi in Toscana. Le origini e i primi secoli (887–1164) (Documenti di storia italiana, new series 10) (Florence, 2003)Google Scholar, whose shortcomings have been pointed out by Collavini, S.M. in a review published in Società e Storia 103 (2004), 155–7Google Scholar; Francesconi, G., ‘La signoria monastica: ipotesi e modelli di funzionamento. Il monastero di Santa Maria di Rosano (secoli XI–XIII)’, in Pinto, G. and Pirillo, P. (eds), Lontano dalle città. Il Valdarno di Sopra nei secoli XII–XIII (Valdarno medievale: studi e fonti 1) (Rome, 2005), 29–65Google Scholar; Bicchierai, M., ‘La signoria dei conti Guidi in Valdarno. Osservazioni ed ipotesi’, in Pinto and Pirillo (eds), Lontano dalle città (above), 83–116Google Scholar; Cortese, M.E., ‘Signori di castello: gruppi aristocratici ed assetti del potere nel Valdarno di Sopra (secoli XI–XII)’, in Pinto and Pirillo (eds), Lontano dalle città (above), 119–40Google Scholar; Taddeucci, S., ‘Un castrum e la sua comunità alla metà del XIII secolo: Loro Ciuffenna’, in Pinto and Pirillo (eds), Lontano dalle città (above), 313–42Google Scholar; Pirillo, P., ‘Montevarchi: nascita, sviluppo e rifondazione di un centro del Valdarno’, in Pinto and Pirillo (eds), Lontano dalle città (above), 343–77Google Scholar; Cortese, M.E., Signori, castelli, città. L'aristocrazia del territorio fiorentino tra X e XII secolo (Biblioteca storica toscana 53) (Florence, 2007), 7–22, 116–25Google Scholar; Collavini, S.M., ‘Le basi materiali della contea dei conti Guidi tra prelievo signorile e obblighi militari (1150 c.–1230 c.)’, Società e Storia 115 (2007), 1–32Google Scholar. This latter article was re-published under the title ‘Le basi economiche e materiali della signoria guidinga (1075 ca.–1230 ca.)’, in Canaccini (ed.), La lunga storia (above, n. 7), 315–48Google Scholar: the journal article of 2007 has always been quoted in this paper. Also see the other articles in Canaccini (ed.), La lunga storia (above). On the Guidi's title, see Collavini, S.M., ‘Comites palatini / paladini: ipotesi sulle forme di legittimazione del principato dei Guidi’, Bullettino dell'Istituto Storico Italiano per il Medio Evo 110/1 (2008), 57–104Google Scholar. See also Vannini, G. (ed.), Rocca Ricciarda, dai Guidi ai Ricasoli. Storia e archeologia di un castrum medievale nel Pratomagno aretino (Media aetas 3) (Florence, 2009)Google Scholar, especially C. Molducci, ‘L'incastellamento dei conti Guidi nel Valdarno superiore fra X e XII secolo’ (pp. 53–69), and V. Cimarri, ‘La Rocca e la domus Guicciardi. Strutture del paesaggio tra XII e XIV secolo’ (pp. 71–87).

10 Curradi, C., ‘I conti Guidi nel secolo X’, Studi Romagnoli 28 (1977), 17–64Google Scholar.

11 Marrocchi, M., ‘Guidi, Guido (Guido Guerra III)’, in DBI LXI, 239–43, esp. p. 242Google Scholar.

12 Bicchierai, M., ‘Guidi, Aghinolfo’, in DBI LXI, 199–201Google Scholar.

13 Bicchierai, M., ‘Guidi, Marcovaldo’, in DBI LXI, 281–3, esp. p. 282Google Scholar.

14 Bicchierai, M., ‘Guidi, Tegrimo’, in DBI LXI, 304–7Google Scholar.

15 Marrocchi, M., ‘Guidi, Guido (Guido Guerra IV, detto il Vecchio)’, in DBI LXI, 243–5Google Scholar.

16 Marrocchi, M., ‘Guidi, Guido Novello’, in DBI LXI, 257–60Google Scholar.

17 Bicchierai, M., ‘Guidi, Simone’, in DBI LXI, 294–6Google Scholar.

18 Bicchierai, ‘Guidi, Simone’ (above, n. 17), 295.

19 Marrocchi, ‘Guidi, Guido (Guido Guerra II)’, in DBI LXI, 236–9, esp. p. 237; Marrocchi, ‘Guidi, Guido (Guido Guerra III)’ (above, n. 11), 239–40.

20 Marrocchi, ‘Guidi, Guido (Guido Guerra IV, detto il Vecchio)’ (above, n. 15), 244; Bicchierai, ‘Guidi, Aghinolfo’ (above, n. 12), 199–200; Bicchierai, ‘Guidi, Marcovaldo’ (above, n. 13), 282–3; Bicchierai, ‘Guidi, Tegrimo’ (above, n. 14), 305–6; Pirillo, ‘Montevarchi’ (above, n. 9), 349–50, 352. The 1219 deed was published in Santini, P. (ed.), Documenti dell'antica costituzione del comune di Firenze (Documenti di storia italiana 10) (Florence, 1895)Google Scholar, section ‘Capitoli del comune di Firenze’, document no. 67 (24 April 1219).

21 Bicchierai, M., ‘Guidi, Guido (Guido Pace)’, in DBI LXI, 245–7Google Scholar; Bicchierai, M., ‘Guidi, Guido’, in DBI LXI, 247–9 (the son of Tegrimo)Google Scholar; Marrocchi, M., ‘Guidi, Guido Guerra (Guido di Dovadola)’, in DBI LXI, 255–7Google Scholar; Marrocchi, ‘Guidi, Guido Novello’ (above, n. 16), 258–9; Bicchierai, ‘Guidi, Simone’ (above, n. 17), 294–5; Bicchierai, ‘Guidi, Tegrimo’ (above, n. 14), 306. On the upper Valdarno and the Val d'Ambra, also see Bicchierai, ‘La signoria dei conti Guidi in Valdarno’ (above, n. 9), 97–110, and Pirillo, ‘Montevarchi’ (above, n. 9), 355–6, 359–60.

22 Bicchierai, ‘Guidi, Guido’ (the son of Tegrimo) (above, n. 21), 248; Bicchierai, M., ‘Guidi, Guido’, in DBI LXI, 249–52 (the son of Simone)Google Scholar; Bicchierai, M., ‘Guidi, Guido Novello (Guido Novello il Giovane, Guido Novello di Raggiolo)’, in DBI LXI, 260–3Google Scholar; Bicchierai, M., ‘Guidi, Guido Salvatico’, in DBI LXI, 263–5Google Scholar.

23 Bicchierai, M., ‘Guidi, Aghinolfo’, in DBI LXI, 201–3Google Scholar (the son of Guido of Romena); Bicchierai, ‘Guidi, Guido’ (the son of Tegrimo) (above, n. 21), 248; Bicchierai, ‘Guidi, Guido Novello (Guido Novello il Giovane, Guido Novello di Raggiolo)’ (above, n. 22), 261; Bicchierai, M., ‘Guidi, Manfredi’, in DBI LXI, 279–81Google Scholar.

24 Wickham, C., Legge, pratiche e conflitti. Tribunali e risoluzione delle dispute nella Toscana del XII secolo (I libri di Viella 23) (Rome, 2000), 347–51Google Scholar, and Francesconi, ‘La signoria monastica’ (above, n. 9), 46–54.

25 The word vicecomes, in a seigniorial context, usually designates a lord's agent with large administrative powers, though not always including defence and justice.

26 On the Guidi's vicecomites between the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries, see Collavini, ‘Le basi materiali’ (above, n. 9), 15–18. By the phrase ‘powers of a public nature’ or ‘public-type powers’ I mean the prerogatives of the civil authority: military defence, justice, taxes and tolls.

27 Cam.SS., 3 March 1276. In case of discrepancy between the chronological style used in a charter and current style, the charter date is quoted as is, and current style is used in the text.

28 Rif.AP., 28 May 1225.

29 Santini, P., ‘Nuovi documenti dell'antica costituzione del comune di Firenze’, Archivio Storico Italiano series V, 19 (1897), 276–325, document no. 10 (19 March 1230)Google Scholar.

30 Santini, ‘Nuovi documenti’ (above, n. 29), document no. 11 (19 March 1230).

31 Santini, ‘Nuovi documenti’ (above, n. 29), document no. 13 (17 April 1230).

32 BNCF, MS II,X,101, pp. 141–8 (5 March 1239), esp. p. 145.

33 Schneider, F. (ed.), Toscanische Studien, 5 vols (Rome, 1908), II, document no. 20 (September 1240)Google Scholar.

34 Huillard-Bréholles, J.L.A. (ed.), Historia diplomatica Friderici secundi, 6 vols in 12 (Paris, 1852–61), VI, part 1, 518–24 (April 1247)Google Scholar.

35 The text of this diploma, issued by Frederick II to Guido of Romena in April 1247, was recorded in a diploma issued by Henry VII, published in Bonaini, F. (ed.) (published posthumously), Acta Henrici VII Romanorum Imperatoris et Monumenta quaedam alia suorum Temporum Historiam Illustrantia, 2 vols (Florence, 1877), I, document no. 146 (7 June 1312)Google Scholar.

36 ASF, Capitoli, Registri, XXIX, fols 228r–229r (28 August 1274), and 229v–232r (3 September 1274).

37 Pass., 18 April 1236.

38 Santini, ‘Nuovi documenti’ (above, n. 29), document no. 12 (21 March 1230).

39 Marrocchi, ‘Guidi, Guido (Guido Guerra IV, detto il Vecchio)’ (above, n. 15), 245.

40 BNCF, MS II,X,101, pp. 141–8 (5 March 1239), esp. p. 146.

41 Schneider (ed.), Toscanische Studien (above, n. 33), II, document no. 20 (September 1240)Google Scholar.

42 Huillard-Bréholles (ed.), Historia diplomatica (above, n. 34), VI, part 1, 518–24 (April 1247)Google Scholar.

43 Bicchierai, ‘Guidi, Tegrimo’ (above, n. 14), 307.

44 Ragazzini, V., Modigliana e i conti Guidi in un lodo arbitrale del secolo XIII (Modigliana, 1921), 55–76 (29 December 1271)Google Scholar.

45 Ragazzini, Modigliana e i conti Guidi (above, n. 44), 57, 58, 59, 62. The arbitration of 1271 does not mention any vicecomes.

46 Brentani, A., Tredozio sotto la dominazione dei conti Guidi (Faenza, 1930), 75–85 (13 May 1271)Google Scholar.

47 Pasqui, U. (ed.), Documenti per la storia della città di Arezzo nel Medio Evo, 3 vols (Documenti di storia italiana 11, 13–14) (Florence, 1899–1937), II, document no. 603 (12 October 1257)Google Scholar.

48 Taddeucci, ‘Un castrum’ (above, n. 9), 318. For the list of communes, see pp. 314, 332–3. The boundaries of the lordship have been recognized in Cimarri, ‘La Rocca’ (above, n. 9), 73–4.

49 Taddeucci, ‘Un castrum’ (above, n. 9), 333.

50 Not.Ant., 21110, fols 87v (20 May 1286) and 88r (22 May 1286) on Sagona; fol. 94r (4 June 1290) on Loro.

51 Sometimes we find a vicarius, a temporary substitute of the vicecomes: see Not.Ant., 21108, fols 29v (three deeds from January 1269) and 45r (10 May 1271), and Not.Ant., 21110, fols 72v (15 January 1285), 107v (8 November 1291) and 122v (6 June 1293). The parish priest (plebanus) of Gropina, Guido, who in some deeds was styled ‘vicarius domini comitis Alessandri de Romena’ or similar forms, is a different case, since he was the temporary substitute of the count when the latter personally administered the lordship: see Not.Ant., 21110, fols 126r (6 November 1293), 131r (8 August 1294), 135v (30 December 1294), 139r (3 and 18 May 1295), 143r (11 September 1295), 146r (28 October 1295), 147v (25 November 1295), 149r (18 December 1295), 151r (28 January 1296), 151v (12 February 1296), 152v (19 February 1296), 153r (18 March 1296), 154r (29 March 1296) and 155r (29 April 1296). In those years the count presumably resided in the lordship and did not appoint vicecomites.

52 Not.Ant., 21108, fol. 137r (18 December 1278), and 21110, fols 5r (25 November 1280), 5v (30 November 1280), 12r (10 and 14 May 1281), 12v (8 June 1281), 86v (6 May 1286) and 157r (9 July 1296).

53 Not.Ant., 21108, fols 54v (February 1272), 97r (13 January 1274), 90r (30 January 1274) and 93r (24 April 1274).

54 Not.Ant., 21108, fol. 90r (27 January 1274).

55 Not.Ant., 21108, fol. 104v (9 December 1274).

56 Not.Ant., 21110, fols 88v (11 June 1286), 90r (13 July 1286) and 105r (8 October 1292). It is possible that the official mentioned in the two deeds from 1286 was a vicarius and not a vicecomes, since the count was probably residing in the lordship in these years.

57 Schiaparelli, L., Baldasseroni, F. and Lasinio, E. (eds), Regesto di Camaldoli, 4 vols (Regesta Chartarum Italiae 2, 5, 13–14) (Rome, 1907–22), IV, document no. 2314 (25 July 1244)Google Scholar, and Pasqui, Documenti (above, n. 47), II, document no. 603 (12 October 1257).

58 Rif.AP., 5 May 1299.

59 Ceppari, M., Jacona, E. and Turrini, P. (eds), ‘Statuta et ordinamenta vallis Ambre’, in Ascheri, M. (ed.), Bucine e la val d'Ambra nel Dugento. Gli ordini dei conti Guidi (Documenti di storia 11) (Siena, 1995), 29–74Google Scholar. The early nucleus of this statute dates back to 1208 but the extant text was completed in 1268: see Ascheri, M., ‘Lo statuto di val d'Ambra: un testo complesso di difficile datazione’, in Bucine e la val d'Ambra (above), 11–21, esp. p. 20Google Scholar. For attribution to the year 1268, see Bicchierai, ‘La signoria dei conti Guidi in Valdarno’ (above, n. 9), 101–6, and on the Guidi counts and the Val d'Ambra, see pp. 101–9. Also see M. Resti, Il Viscontado d'Ambra. Archeologia e storia dell'insediamento di un territorio di confine nel medioevo (San Giovanni Valdarno, 2001), 31–47.

60 Rif.AP., 13 February 1299.

61 Rif.AP., 13 February, 5 and 21 May 1299.

62 See the imperial diplomas mentioned above, pp. 164, 168 and 170.

63 See Wickham, C., ‘Manentes e diritti signorili durante il XII secolo: il caso della Lucchesia’, in Società, istituzioni, spiritualità. Studi in onore di Cinzio Violante II (Spoleto, 1994), 1,067–80Google Scholar, and Wickham, C., ‘La signoria rurale in Toscana’, in Dilcher, G. and Violante, C. (eds), Strutture e trasformazioni della signoria rurale nei secoli X–XIII (Annali dell'Istituto Storico Italo-germanico — Quaderno 44) (Bologna, 1996), 343–409, esp. pp. 396–401Google Scholar. See also Collavini, S.M., ‘Il ‘servaggio’ in Toscana nel XII e XIII secolo: alcuni sondaggi nella documentazione diplomatica', Mélanges de l'École Française de Rome. Moyen Âge 112 (2000)Google Scholar (monographic issue entitled La servitude dans les pays de la Méditerranée occidentale chrétienne au XII esiècle et au-delà: déclinante ou renouveleé?), 775–801. Collavini's text also can be found on the web at: http://fermi.univr.it/RM/biblioteca/scaffale/Download/Autori_C/RM-Collavini-Servaggio.zip (last consulted 06.06.2012). The digital edition is always quoted in this paper. On pp. 9 and 12 Collavini referred to the seigniorial burdens in a generic way, although nevertheless he did mention military services (p. 12).

64 Collavini, ‘Il ‘servaggio’' (above, n. 63), 9: Collavini stated that coloni's dependent status in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries was ‘frutto in primo luogo dell'applicazione dei rapporti signorili a singoli individui e gruppi famigliari, autonomamente dai quadri più ampi costituiti dalla signoria fondiaria e da quella territoriale’. The expressions ‘estate lordship’ and ‘territorial lordship’ are used in the text to translate, respectively, the Italian phrases signoria fondiaria and signoria territoriale, which represent the main categories commonly used in Italy to classify lordships, distinguishing those in which the lord only exercised seigniorial powers on the people living on his land from those in which the lord exercised such powers on the whole population of an area, even though not all the land belonged to him.

65 Messeri, A. (ed.), Chronica Breviora aliaque Monumenta Faventina a Bernardino Azzurrino Collecta (Rerum Italicarum Scriptores, second edition) XXVIII, part 3/1 (Città di Castello, 1905–21), 132–3 (9 January 1195)Google Scholar.

66 Rossini, G. (ed.), Magistri Tolosani Chronicon Faventinum (Rerum Italicarum Scriptores, second edition) XXVIII, part 1 (Bologna, 1939), appendix 2, document no. 23 (5 June 1209)Google Scholar.

67 BNCF, MS II,X,101, pp. 173–5 (March 1219). On this as yet unpublished diploma, see Zinsmaier, P. (ed.), Die Regesten des Kaiserreiches unter Philipp, Otto IV, Friedrich II, Heinrich (VII), Conrad IV, Heinrich Raspe, Wilhelm und Richard, 1198–1272, part 4: Nachträge und Ergänzungen (J.F. Böhmer Regesta Imperii 5) (Cologne/Vienna, 1983), summary no. 159Google Scholar.

68 Ceppari, Jacona and Turrini, ‘Statuta’ (above, n. 59), 46.

69 Pass., 18 April 1236.

70 Pasqui, Documenti (above, n. 47), II, document no. 657 (19 February 1281).

71 Cam.SS., 3 March 1276.

72 Santini, ‘Nuovi documenti’ (above, n. 29), document no. 12 (21 March 1230).

73 For references to the documents, see above, nn. 29–30 and 32–5.

74 Pasqui, Documenti (above, n. 47), II, document no. 657 (19 February 1281).

75 Schneider (ed.), Toscanische Studien (above, n. 33), II, document no. 20 (September 1240).

76 Huillard-Bréholles (ed.), Historia diplomatica (above, n. 34), VI, part 1, 518–24 (April 1247)Google Scholar.

77 Brentani, Tredozio (above, n. 46), 49–74 (24 April 1263).

78 Cherubini, G., ‘La signoria del conte Ruggero di Dovadola nel 1332’, in Canaccini (ed.), La lunga storia (above, n. 7), 407–44, esp. ppGoogle Scholar. 410–11 on lordships in Romagna, 412–14 and 441 on lordships in the Casentino.

79 The subdistrict of Porrena is mentioned in a 1262 deed recorded in the register of Ubaldino of Fronzola, the notary who drew it up: BCRP, MS 36, fol. 3r (16 September 1262). The subdistrict of Bucena is attested in a document from 1258: S.Tr.Acq., 20 April 1258, and in another from 1264 where a nuntius of the subdistrict of Porrena is also mentioned: Cam.SS., 16 April 1264. Another nuntius of the same subdistrict is mentioned in a document from 1269: Prat., a deed dated 20 May 1269 on a charter marked 7 February 1269.

80 Brentani, Tredozio (above, n. 46), 9–10, 51.

81 Bicchierai, M., Il castello di Raggiolo e i conti Guidi. Signoria e società nella montagna casentinese del Trecento (Raggiolo/Montepulciano, 1994), document no. 13 (15 March 1320)Google Scholar. On Guido Novello the Younger, see Bicchierai, ‘Guidi, Guido Novello (Guido Novello il Giovane, Guido Novello di Raggiolo)’ (above, n. 22).

82 Bicchierai, Il castello di Raggiolo (above, n. 81), 90–1.

83 On Mugello, see Pirillo, P., ‘Due contee ed i loro signori: Belforte ed il Pozzo tra XII e XV secolo’, in Castelli e strutture fortificate nel territorio di Dicomano in età medievale. Storia e archeologia (Borgo San Lorenzo, 1989), 9–56Google Scholar, esp. the map on p. 12.

84 Pirillo, ‘Due contee’ (above, n. 83), 22: ‘la creazione della contea di Belforte sembra essere stata operata mediante la sua separazione da quella di Ampinana. I due territori, in effetti, sembrano riuniti, almeno prima degli anni ottanta del XIII secolo’ (‘the creation of the Belforte castellany seems to have been executed through its separation from that of Ampinana. The two districts seem indeed united at least before the 1280s’).

85 For the charters' references, see below.

86 Not.Ant., 15968.

87 This summary was produced in the eighteenth century, and was published in Torraca, F., ‘A proposito di Aghinolfo da Romena’, Bullettino della Società Dantesca Italiana. Rassegna Critica degli Studi Danteschi, new series 11, issue 3 (1904), 97–108, esp. pp. 103–4Google Scholar.

88 The quire is in Camaldoli, Archivio del Monastero di Camaldoli, MS Camaldoli 262 [hereafter C.262], fols 237r–240v. The whole manuscript is varied and of great interest; it is composed of 244 folios, containing documents mostly dating back to the years 1265–85.

89 Not.Ant., 21108, fols 128v (16 April 1278) and 156v (17 December 1279), and 21110, fol. 5r (25 November 1280).

90 Not.Ant., 21108, 21109 and 21110. The codicological and formal aspects of these registers are examined in A. Ghignoli, ‘I quaterni di ser Vigoroso’, in Studi in onore di Francesco Magistrale, soon to be published. The folios of the register marked 21108 are unnumbered: in the present paper, they are referred to using a continuous ad hoc numeration (with dates), but since this numeration does not correspond to actual marks on the manuscript, the reader would have to count the folios.

91 Schiaparelli, Baldasseroni and Lasinio, Regesto di Camaldoli (above, n. 57), III, documents nos. 1957 (22 June 1231) and 2093 (2 March 1236). Also see Cam.SS., 7 May 1276 and 2 July 1301.

92 Cam.SS., 29 September 1274 (two deeds).

93 C.262, fols 237r–240v (year 1275), and Cam.SS., 7 May 1276.

94 Not.Ant., 15968, fols 1r (two deeds from 20 January 1279 and two from 4 February 1279), 1v (5 February 1279 and 23 April 1279), 2r (12 March 1278 and 2 April 1278), 3r (18 November 1279), 3v (13 and 19 January 1280), 4r (two deeds from 25 April 1278 and one from 6 June 1278), and 4v (11 September 1278).

95 Not.Ant., 15968, fol. 3v (19 January 1280).

96 See above, p. 000.

97 Not.Ant., 15968. On fol. 3r, we find a deed from 14 August 1279, in which the three sons of Guido dei Pazzi swear to the captains of the Parte Guelfa of Arezzo, as well as to the Counts Guido Salvatico, Guido of Romena and Guido of Battifolle, to support the same Parte Guelfa.

98 Cam.SS., 20 January 1281.

99 Patr.Eccl., 28 January 1290.

100 Cam.SS., 3 April 1294.

101 Cam.SS., 2 October 1295.

102 Torraca, ‘A proposito di Aghinolfo da Romena’ (above, n. 87), 103–4 (11 December 1295).

103 Cam.SS., 2 July 1301.

104 The charters drawn up by Pagno after 1301 are the following: Cam.SS., 12 March 1304 (two deeds), 7 March 1305, 28 March 1305, 21 May 1307, 29 November 1307, 2 April 1308, 15 August 1308, 3 December 1308, 24 February 1309, 17 May 1309 and 20 October 1309.

105 Not.Ant., 21110, fol. 122v (6 June 1293). On vicarius, see above, p. 172.

106 Pass., 1239. The month and day are illegible.

107 Glanzolum is the ancient name of Castel San Niccolò, in the Casentino.

108 Messeri, Chronica Breviora (above, n. 65), 191–2 (22 August 1280). The published text reads ‘de Glauçolo’, but it is surely an error made by the editor or the notary.

109 Pass., 24 August 1286. Vincino is defined ‘de Glanzolo’, and son ‘quondam Guidonis Luttieri’.

110 S.Tr.Acq., December 1248. The charter is badly damaged. Florentine archivists attributed this charter to the year 1248 on the grounds of a note written on the dorse of the document, possibly in the sixteenth century.

111 Schiaparelli, Baldasseroni and Lasinio, Regesto di Camaldoli (above, n. 57), IV, document no. 2200 (15 October 1240). The document bears the date 1240, but the indiction indicated is the fifteenth, which coincides with the year 1242.

112 Prat., 11 February 1245. Florentine ab incarnatione style is employed in this document, and the indiction is the fourth.

113 Rif.AP., 10 February 1286. Vessa is less than 10 km from Bagno di Romagna.

114 BCRP, 36, fol. 16r (1 December 1269).

115 S.Tr.Acq., 30 November 1277.

116 Pass., 18 April 1236.

117 Santini, P. (ed.), Documenti dell'antica costituzione del comune di Firenze. Appendice (Documenti di storia italiana 15) (Florence, 1952)Google Scholar, section ‘Miscellanea diplomatica’, document no. 77 (24 March 1253).

118 Pass., 1239.

119 Santini, Documenti dell'antica costituzione … Appendice, section ‘Capitoli del comune di Firenze’ (above, n. 117), document no. 22 (10 September and 10 November 1254).

120 Messeri, Chronica Breviora (above, n. 65), 191–2 (22 August 1280). The published text reads: ‘presentibus domino Tebaldo et domino Doççolo fratribus, filiis olim Tebaldi de Glauçolo’; as for the toponym ‘Glauçolum’ and the name ‘Doççolus’, either the editor or the notary was mistaken.

121 S.Tr.Acq., December 1248.

122 Schiaparelli, Baldasseroni and Lasinio, Regesto di Camaldoli (above, n. 57), IV, documents nos. 2259 (15 September 1242), 2260 (29 September 1242) and 2304 (13 February 1244). The two deeds from 1242 were drawn up at Fontebona, not far from the hermitage of Camaldoli, while the deed from 1244 was drawn up in Poppi.

123 Schiaparelli, Baldasseroni and Lasinio, Regesto di Camaldoli (above, n. 57), IV, document no. 2260 (29 September 1242).

124 S.Tr.Acq., 24 July 1253.

125 S.Tr.Acq., 9 May 1299.

126 Cam.SS., 3 March 1276.

127 Rif.AP., 13 February and 5 May 1299.

128 In Val d'Ambra the service term was one year: see Ceppari, Jacona and Turrini, ‘Statuta’ (above, n. 59), 39.