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THE EXILIC BURIAL PLACE OF A GAELIC IRISH COMMUNITY AT SAN PIETRO IN MONTORIO, ROME

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 July 2017

Elizabeth FitzPatrick
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Abstract

This paper presents the findings of a survey of the funerary monuments and burial vault of an exiled community of Gaelic Irish who were interred (1608–23) at San Pietro in Montorio, Rome. The site of their burial and commemoration had an eventful history that resulted in loss, fragmentation and alteration of the ledgers of élite members of the group, including those of the respective chiefs and earls of the Ulster lordships of Tyrone and Tyrconnell in Ireland. The original form and layout of the ledgers and their inscriptions is proposed and they are examined in the context of their setting in a Franciscan church patronized by Philip III of Spain. The ledger inscriptions commemorate both the suffering and Counter-Reformation confessional identity of the Gaelic Irish as Catholic exiles. They indicate tension between the complex political circumstances of the exiles’ lives in Rome and a concern to provide an appropriate burial site publicly reflecting their status and piety.

L'articolo presenta gli esiti di un'indagine sui monumenti funerari e sulla cripta di una comunità gaelica irlandese in esilio, i cui membri furono sepolti a San Pietro in Montorio a Roma tra il 1608 e il 1623. Il luogo della loro sepoltura e della loro commemorazione è stato caratterizzato da una storia densa di avvenimenti che ha avuto come esito la perdita, la frammentazione e l'alterazione delle pietre tombali dei membri dell’élite del gruppo, inclusi quelle dei rispettivi capi e conti delle signorie dell'Ulster di Tyrone e Tyrconnell in Irlanda. Nell'articolo si propone la ricostruzione della forma e dell'impostazione originale delle pietre tombali e delle iscrizioni, che vengono esaminate nel contesto della loro ambientazione in una chiesa francescana, di cui Filippo III di Spagna era finanziatore. Le iscrizioni delle pietre tombali commemorano sia la sofferenza sia l'identità confessionale dei Gaelici Irlandesi, esuli cattolici nell'epoca della controriforma. Esse testimoniano inoltre la tensione tra le complesse circostanze politiche delle vite degli esiliati in Roma e la preoccupazione di fornire un luogo di sepoltura appropriato che rispecchiasse anche pubblicamente il loro status e la loro devozione.

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Articles
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Papers of the British School at Rome , Volume 85 , October 2017 , pp. 205 - 239
Copyright
Copyright © British School at Rome 2017 

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Footnotes

1

My thanks to Joseph Fenwick and Angela Gallagher, Archaeology, National University of Ireland, Galway (NUI Galway); Mark Stansbury, Classics, NUI Galway; Hiram Morgan, University College Cork; Geoffrey Shannon; Rev. Fearghus Ó Fearghail; Lisa Bartlam; Liam Hickey; Monica Price; Aniceto Gomez OFM, Rector of San Pietro in Montorio; Academia de España en Roma; Embassy of Ireland, Italy; and Embassy of Ireland, Holy See. This research was funded by an Ireland–Italy Bilateral Cultural Agreement Travel Bursary and NUI Galway Millennium Research Grant.

References

REFERENCES

Account Book of John Hogan, NLI MS 4179. National Library of Ireland Dublin.

Alveri, G. (1664) Della Roma in ogni stato (parte seconda). Rome, Fabio di Falco.Google Scholar
Binasco, M. (2012) La comunità irlandese a Roma, 1377–1870: il case-study storiografico. Studi Irlandesi: A Journal of Irish Studies 2: 353–72.Google Scholar
Bruschi, A. (1969) Bramante architetto. Bari, Laterza.Google Scholar
Cantatore, F. (2007) San Pietro in Montorio: la Chiesa dei Re Cattolici a Roma. Rome, Edizioni Quasar.Google Scholar
Carroll, C. (2007) Turas na nIarladh as Éire: international travel and national identity in Ó Cianáin's narrative. History Ireland 15: 56–61.Google Scholar
Casway, J. (1980–2) Rosa O Dogherty: a Gaelic woman. Seanchas Ardmhacha 10: 42–62.Google Scholar
Cipriani, L. (n.d.) Studio Storico-giuridico di Luigi Cipriani: S. Pietro in Montorio & il Tempietto del Bramante. Rome.Google Scholar
Cockerham, P. (2009) ‘My body to be buried in my owne monument’: the social and religious context of Co. Kilkenny funeral monuments, 1600–1700. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 109C: 239–65.Google Scholar
Connors, J. and Rice, L. (1991) Specchio di Roma Barocca: una Guida Inedita del XVII Secolo. Rome, Edizioni dell’Elefante.Google Scholar
Cox, M. and Kneller, P. (2001) Crypt archaeology: an approach. Institute of Field Archaeologists 3: 2–21.Google Scholar
Ditchfield, S. (2005) Reading Rome as a sacred landscape, c. 1586–1635. In Coster, W. and Spicer, A. (eds), Sacred Space in Early Modern Europe: 167–92. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
FitzPatrick, E. (2007) San Pietro in Montorio: burial place of the exiled Irish in Rome, 1608–1623. History Ireland 15(4): 46–51.Google Scholar
FitzPatrick, E. (2010) Memorialising Gaelic Ireland: the curious case of the Ballyshannon fragments and the Irish monuments at San Pietro in Montorio, Rome. In Finnegan, D., Ciardha, E.Ó. and Peters, M.C. (eds), The Flight of the Earls: imeacht na n-Iarlaí: 286–92. Derry, Guildhall Press.Google Scholar
Gallico, S. (2000) Guide to the Excavations of Ostia Antica: With a Section about the Renaissance Borgo. Rome, ATS Italia Editrice.Google Scholar
Gillespie, R. (1994) Irish funeral monuments and social change, 1500–1700: perceptions of death. In Kennedy, B.P. and Gillespie, R. (eds), Ireland: Art into History: 155–68. Dublin, Town House; Niwot, CO, Roberts Rinehart.Google Scholar
Harding, V. (2002) The Dead and the Living in Paris and London, 1500–1670. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Healy, J.H. (1908) Irish Essays: Literary and Historical. Dublin, Catholic Truth Society.Google Scholar
Hirst, M. (1981) Sebastiano del Piombo. Oxford, Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Janssen, G.H. (2013) The exile experience. In Bamji, A., Janssen, G.H. and Laven, M. (eds), The Ashgate Research Companion to the Counter-Reformation: 73–90. Farnham and Burlington, VT, Ashgate.Google Scholar
Janssen, G.H. (2014) The Dutch Revolt and Catholic Exile in Reformation Europe. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jennings, B. (1953) (ed.) Wadding Papers 1614–1638. Dublin, Irish Manuscripts Commission.Google Scholar
Jungić, J. (1988) Joachimist prophecies in Sebastiano del Piombo's Borgherini Chapel and Raphael's Transfiguration. Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 51: 66–83.Google Scholar
Kane, B. (2008) Making the Irish European: Gaelic honor politics and its continental contexts. Renaissance Quarterly 61: 1139–66.Google Scholar
Kane, B. (2010) The Politics and Culture of Honour in Britain and Ireland, 1541–1641. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kerney Walsh, M. (1986) Destruction by Peace: Hugh O'Neill after Kinsale. Armagh, Cumann Seanchais Ard Mhacha.Google Scholar
Kerney Walsh, M. (1996) An Exile of Ireland: Hugh O Neill, Prince of Ulster. Dublin, Four Courts Press.Google Scholar
Knott, E. (1960) Mac an Bhaird's elegy on the Ulster lords. Celtica 5: 161–71.Google Scholar
Lacy, B. (1983) Archaeological Survey of County Donegal. Lifford, Donegal County Council.Google Scholar
Loeber, R. (1981) Sculptured memorials to the dead in early seventeenth-century Ireland. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 81C: 267–93.Google Scholar
Lotz-Heumann, U. (2013) Confessionalization. In Bamji, A., Janssen, G.-H. and Laven, M. (eds), The Ashgate Research Companion: 33–53. Farnham and Burlington, VT, Ashgate.Google Scholar
Lynn, C.J. (1975) Excavation in the Franciscan friary church, Armagh. Ulster Journal of Archaeology 38: 61–80.Google Scholar
Mac Craith, M. (2010) Early-modern Catholic self-fashioning ‘Spanish style’: aspects of Tadhg Ó Cianáin's Rome. In Finnegan, D., Ciardha, É.Ó. and Peters, M.C. (eds), The Flight of the Earls: Imeacht na n-Iarlaí: 156–66. Derry, Guildhall Press.Google Scholar
Mac Craith, M. (2013) An Irishman's diary: aspects of Tadhg Ó Cianáin's Rome. In Gillespie, R. and Ó hUiginn, R. (eds), Irish Europe 1600–1650: Writing and Learning: 63–84. Dublin, Four Courts Press.Google Scholar
Meehan, C.P. (1868–86) The Fate and Fortunes of Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone and Rory O'Donel, Earl of Tyrconnel: Their Flight from Ireland, and their Exile (first edition 1868; second edition 1870; third edition 1886). Dublin, James Duffy and Sons.Google Scholar
Millett, B. (1965) Catalogue of volume 294 of the scritture originali riferite nelle congregazioni generali in Propaganda Archives. Collectanea Hibernica 8: 7–37.Google Scholar
Montijano Garcia, J.M. (1998) La Academia de España en Roma. Madrid, Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores de España.Google Scholar
Mooney, C. (1954–6) A noble shipload. Irish Sword 2: 194–205.Google Scholar
Moran, P. F. (1864) History of the Catholic Archbishops of Dublin since the Reformation. Dublin, James Duffy and Sons.Google Scholar
Morgan, H. (1998) Flight of the earls. In Connolly, S.J. (ed.), The Oxford Companion to Irish History: 201–15. Oxford, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nussdorfer, L. (2014) Men at home in Baroque Rome. I Tatti Studies in the Italian Renaissance 17: 103–29.Google Scholar
Ó Clabaigh, C. (2012) The Friars in Ireland 1224–1540. Dublin, Four Courts Press.Google Scholar
O'Connor, T. and Lyons, M.A. (2010) (eds) The Ulster Earls and Baroque Europe: Refashioning Irish Identities, 1600–1800. Dublin, Four Courts Press.Google Scholar
O'Donovan, J. (1856) Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland by the Four Masters, 7 vols. Dublin, Hodges, Smith and Co.Google Scholar
O'Dowd, M. (2013) Women in Ulster 1600–1800. In Kennedy, L. and Ollerenshaw, P. (eds), Ulster since 1600: Politics, Economy and Society: 43–57. Oxford, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ó Fearghail, F. (2007–8) The tomb of Hugh O'Neill. Seanchas Ard Mhacha 21: 69–86.Google Scholar
Ó Fearghail, F. and Troy, K. (2010) The ‘Flight of the Earls’: new light from a Roman necrology. Ossory, Laois and Leinster 4: 72–106.Google Scholar
Ó Fiaich, T. (1989) Appendix: notes of Cardinal Tomás Ó Fiaich. In F. Ó Fearghail (2007–8), The tomb of Hugh O'Neill. Seanchas Ard Mhacha 21: 69–86; 84.Google Scholar
Ó hAnnachráin, T. (2015) Catholic Europe, 1592–1648: Centre and Peripheries. Oxford: Oxford, University Press.Google Scholar
Ó Muraíle, N. (2007) Turas na dTaoiseach nUltach as Éirinn: From Ráth Maoláin to Rome. Rome, Pontifical Irish College.Google Scholar
Ó Muraíle, N. (2013) An insider's view: Tadhg Ó Cianáin as eyewitness to the exile of Ulster's Gaelic lords, 1607–8. In Gillespie, R. and Ó hUiginn, R. (eds), Irish Europe 1600–1650: Writing and Learning: 44–62. Dublin, Four Courts Press.Google Scholar
Ó Riain, P. (2011) A Dictionary of Irish Saints. Dublin, Four Courts Press.Google Scholar
Parshall, P. (2006) Antonio Lafreri's ‘Speculum Romanae Magnificentiae’. Print Quarterly 23: 3–28.Google Scholar
Pollmann, J. (2013) Being a Catholic in Early Modern Europe. In Bamji, A., Janssen, G.-H. and Laven, M. (eds), The Ashgate Research Companion: 165–82. Farnham and Burlington, VT, Ashgate.Google Scholar
Price, M.T. (2007) Decorative Stone: The Complete Sourcebook. London, Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar
Reeves, M. (1999) Joachim of Fiore and the Prophetic Future: A Medieval Study in Historical Thinking. Stroud, Sutton Publishing.Google Scholar
Rinne, K. (2012) Urban ablutions: cleansing Counter-Reformation Rome. In Bradley, M. and Stow, K. (eds), Rome, Pollution and Propriety: Dirt, Disease and Hygiene in the Eternal City from Antiquity to Modernity: 182–201. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Russell, C.W. and Prendergast, J.P. (1874) (eds) Calendar of the State Papers, Relating to Ireland, of the Reign of James I. 1606–1608. London, Longman.Google Scholar
Silke, J.J. (1975) Relics, Refugees and Rome: Being a Sort of Irish Guide-Book to the Eternal City. Rome, Irish College.Google Scholar
Simms, K. (1983) Propaganda use of the Táin in the later Middle Ages. Celtica 15: 142–9.Google Scholar
Simms, K. (1987) From Kings to Warlords: The Changing Political Structure of Gaelic Ireland in the Later Middle Ages. Woodbridge, The Boydell Press.Google Scholar
Tait, C. (2002) Death, Burial and Commemoration in Ireland, 1550–1650. New York, Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Turpin, J. (1982) John Hogan: Irish Neoclassical Sculptor in Rome 1800–1858. Blackrock, Irish Academic Press.Google Scholar
Vannicelli, P.L. (1971) S. Pietro in Montorio e il Tempietto del Bramante. Rome, Tip. Centenari.Google Scholar
Walsh, P. (1916) The Flight of the Earls by Tadhg Ó Cianáin. Maynooth, St Patrick's College.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, R.J. (2007) Orientalism, Aramaic and Kabbalah in the Catholic Reformation. Leiden and Boston, MA, Brill.Google Scholar
Alveri, G. (1664) Della Roma in ogni stato (parte seconda). Rome, Fabio di Falco.Google Scholar
Binasco, M. (2012) La comunità irlandese a Roma, 1377–1870: il case-study storiografico. Studi Irlandesi: A Journal of Irish Studies 2: 353–72.Google Scholar
Bruschi, A. (1969) Bramante architetto. Bari, Laterza.Google Scholar
Cantatore, F. (2007) San Pietro in Montorio: la Chiesa dei Re Cattolici a Roma. Rome, Edizioni Quasar.Google Scholar
Carroll, C. (2007) Turas na nIarladh as Éire: international travel and national identity in Ó Cianáin's narrative. History Ireland 15: 56–61.Google Scholar
Casway, J. (1980–2) Rosa O Dogherty: a Gaelic woman. Seanchas Ardmhacha 10: 42–62.Google Scholar
Cipriani, L. (n.d.) Studio Storico-giuridico di Luigi Cipriani: S. Pietro in Montorio & il Tempietto del Bramante. Rome.Google Scholar
Cockerham, P. (2009) ‘My body to be buried in my owne monument’: the social and religious context of Co. Kilkenny funeral monuments, 1600–1700. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 109C: 239–65.Google Scholar
Connors, J. and Rice, L. (1991) Specchio di Roma Barocca: una Guida Inedita del XVII Secolo. Rome, Edizioni dell’Elefante.Google Scholar
Cox, M. and Kneller, P. (2001) Crypt archaeology: an approach. Institute of Field Archaeologists 3: 2–21.Google Scholar
Ditchfield, S. (2005) Reading Rome as a sacred landscape, c. 1586–1635. In Coster, W. and Spicer, A. (eds), Sacred Space in Early Modern Europe: 167–92. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
FitzPatrick, E. (2007) San Pietro in Montorio: burial place of the exiled Irish in Rome, 1608–1623. History Ireland 15(4): 46–51.Google Scholar
FitzPatrick, E. (2010) Memorialising Gaelic Ireland: the curious case of the Ballyshannon fragments and the Irish monuments at San Pietro in Montorio, Rome. In Finnegan, D., Ciardha, E.Ó. and Peters, M.C. (eds), The Flight of the Earls: imeacht na n-Iarlaí: 286–92. Derry, Guildhall Press.Google Scholar
Gallico, S. (2000) Guide to the Excavations of Ostia Antica: With a Section about the Renaissance Borgo. Rome, ATS Italia Editrice.Google Scholar
Gillespie, R. (1994) Irish funeral monuments and social change, 1500–1700: perceptions of death. In Kennedy, B.P. and Gillespie, R. (eds), Ireland: Art into History: 155–68. Dublin, Town House; Niwot, CO, Roberts Rinehart.Google Scholar
Harding, V. (2002) The Dead and the Living in Paris and London, 1500–1670. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Healy, J.H. (1908) Irish Essays: Literary and Historical. Dublin, Catholic Truth Society.Google Scholar
Hirst, M. (1981) Sebastiano del Piombo. Oxford, Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Janssen, G.H. (2013) The exile experience. In Bamji, A., Janssen, G.H. and Laven, M. (eds), The Ashgate Research Companion to the Counter-Reformation: 73–90. Farnham and Burlington, VT, Ashgate.Google Scholar
Janssen, G.H. (2014) The Dutch Revolt and Catholic Exile in Reformation Europe. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jennings, B. (1953) (ed.) Wadding Papers 1614–1638. Dublin, Irish Manuscripts Commission.Google Scholar
Jungić, J. (1988) Joachimist prophecies in Sebastiano del Piombo's Borgherini Chapel and Raphael's Transfiguration. Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 51: 66–83.Google Scholar
Kane, B. (2008) Making the Irish European: Gaelic honor politics and its continental contexts. Renaissance Quarterly 61: 1139–66.Google Scholar
Kane, B. (2010) The Politics and Culture of Honour in Britain and Ireland, 1541–1641. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kerney Walsh, M. (1986) Destruction by Peace: Hugh O'Neill after Kinsale. Armagh, Cumann Seanchais Ard Mhacha.Google Scholar
Kerney Walsh, M. (1996) An Exile of Ireland: Hugh O Neill, Prince of Ulster. Dublin, Four Courts Press.Google Scholar
Knott, E. (1960) Mac an Bhaird's elegy on the Ulster lords. Celtica 5: 161–71.Google Scholar
Lacy, B. (1983) Archaeological Survey of County Donegal. Lifford, Donegal County Council.Google Scholar
Loeber, R. (1981) Sculptured memorials to the dead in early seventeenth-century Ireland. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 81C: 267–93.Google Scholar
Lotz-Heumann, U. (2013) Confessionalization. In Bamji, A., Janssen, G.-H. and Laven, M. (eds), The Ashgate Research Companion: 33–53. Farnham and Burlington, VT, Ashgate.Google Scholar
Lynn, C.J. (1975) Excavation in the Franciscan friary church, Armagh. Ulster Journal of Archaeology 38: 61–80.Google Scholar
Mac Craith, M. (2010) Early-modern Catholic self-fashioning ‘Spanish style’: aspects of Tadhg Ó Cianáin's Rome. In Finnegan, D., Ciardha, É.Ó. and Peters, M.C. (eds), The Flight of the Earls: Imeacht na n-Iarlaí: 156–66. Derry, Guildhall Press.Google Scholar
Mac Craith, M. (2013) An Irishman's diary: aspects of Tadhg Ó Cianáin's Rome. In Gillespie, R. and Ó hUiginn, R. (eds), Irish Europe 1600–1650: Writing and Learning: 63–84. Dublin, Four Courts Press.Google Scholar
Meehan, C.P. (1868–86) The Fate and Fortunes of Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone and Rory O'Donel, Earl of Tyrconnel: Their Flight from Ireland, and their Exile (first edition 1868; second edition 1870; third edition 1886). Dublin, James Duffy and Sons.Google Scholar
Millett, B. (1965) Catalogue of volume 294 of the scritture originali riferite nelle congregazioni generali in Propaganda Archives. Collectanea Hibernica 8: 7–37.Google Scholar
Montijano Garcia, J.M. (1998) La Academia de España en Roma. Madrid, Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores de España.Google Scholar
Mooney, C. (1954–6) A noble shipload. Irish Sword 2: 194–205.Google Scholar
Moran, P. F. (1864) History of the Catholic Archbishops of Dublin since the Reformation. Dublin, James Duffy and Sons.Google Scholar
Morgan, H. (1998) Flight of the earls. In Connolly, S.J. (ed.), The Oxford Companion to Irish History: 201–15. Oxford, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nussdorfer, L. (2014) Men at home in Baroque Rome. I Tatti Studies in the Italian Renaissance 17: 103–29.Google Scholar
Ó Clabaigh, C. (2012) The Friars in Ireland 1224–1540. Dublin, Four Courts Press.Google Scholar
O'Connor, T. and Lyons, M.A. (2010) (eds) The Ulster Earls and Baroque Europe: Refashioning Irish Identities, 1600–1800. Dublin, Four Courts Press.Google Scholar
O'Donovan, J. (1856) Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland by the Four Masters, 7 vols. Dublin, Hodges, Smith and Co.Google Scholar
O'Dowd, M. (2013) Women in Ulster 1600–1800. In Kennedy, L. and Ollerenshaw, P. (eds), Ulster since 1600: Politics, Economy and Society: 43–57. Oxford, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ó Fearghail, F. (2007–8) The tomb of Hugh O'Neill. Seanchas Ard Mhacha 21: 69–86.Google Scholar
Ó Fearghail, F. and Troy, K. (2010) The ‘Flight of the Earls’: new light from a Roman necrology. Ossory, Laois and Leinster 4: 72–106.Google Scholar
Ó Fiaich, T. (1989) Appendix: notes of Cardinal Tomás Ó Fiaich. In F. Ó Fearghail (2007–8), The tomb of Hugh O'Neill. Seanchas Ard Mhacha 21: 69–86; 84.Google Scholar
Ó hAnnachráin, T. (2015) Catholic Europe, 1592–1648: Centre and Peripheries. Oxford: Oxford, University Press.Google Scholar
Ó Muraíle, N. (2007) Turas na dTaoiseach nUltach as Éirinn: From Ráth Maoláin to Rome. Rome, Pontifical Irish College.Google Scholar
Ó Muraíle, N. (2013) An insider's view: Tadhg Ó Cianáin as eyewitness to the exile of Ulster's Gaelic lords, 1607–8. In Gillespie, R. and Ó hUiginn, R. (eds), Irish Europe 1600–1650: Writing and Learning: 44–62. Dublin, Four Courts Press.Google Scholar
Ó Riain, P. (2011) A Dictionary of Irish Saints. Dublin, Four Courts Press.Google Scholar
Parshall, P. (2006) Antonio Lafreri's ‘Speculum Romanae Magnificentiae’. Print Quarterly 23: 3–28.Google Scholar
Pollmann, J. (2013) Being a Catholic in Early Modern Europe. In Bamji, A., Janssen, G.-H. and Laven, M. (eds), The Ashgate Research Companion: 165–82. Farnham and Burlington, VT, Ashgate.Google Scholar
Price, M.T. (2007) Decorative Stone: The Complete Sourcebook. London, Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar
Reeves, M. (1999) Joachim of Fiore and the Prophetic Future: A Medieval Study in Historical Thinking. Stroud, Sutton Publishing.Google Scholar
Rinne, K. (2012) Urban ablutions: cleansing Counter-Reformation Rome. In Bradley, M. and Stow, K. (eds), Rome, Pollution and Propriety: Dirt, Disease and Hygiene in the Eternal City from Antiquity to Modernity: 182–201. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Russell, C.W. and Prendergast, J.P. (1874) (eds) Calendar of the State Papers, Relating to Ireland, of the Reign of James I. 1606–1608. London, Longman.Google Scholar
Silke, J.J. (1975) Relics, Refugees and Rome: Being a Sort of Irish Guide-Book to the Eternal City. Rome, Irish College.Google Scholar
Simms, K. (1983) Propaganda use of the Táin in the later Middle Ages. Celtica 15: 142–9.Google Scholar
Simms, K. (1987) From Kings to Warlords: The Changing Political Structure of Gaelic Ireland in the Later Middle Ages. Woodbridge, The Boydell Press.Google Scholar
Tait, C. (2002) Death, Burial and Commemoration in Ireland, 1550–1650. New York, Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Turpin, J. (1982) John Hogan: Irish Neoclassical Sculptor in Rome 1800–1858. Blackrock, Irish Academic Press.Google Scholar
Vannicelli, P.L. (1971) S. Pietro in Montorio e il Tempietto del Bramante. Rome, Tip. Centenari.Google Scholar
Walsh, P. (1916) The Flight of the Earls by Tadhg Ó Cianáin. Maynooth, St Patrick's College.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, R.J. (2007) Orientalism, Aramaic and Kabbalah in the Catholic Reformation. Leiden and Boston, MA, Brill.Google Scholar