INTRODUCTION
Residential hospices—commonly referred to as “hospices” in the United Kingdom, Canada, and other countries—are free-standing inpatient facilities dedicated to providing comprehensive palliative care (Candy et al., Reference Candy, Holman and Leurent2011; Seow et al., Reference Seow, Bainbridge and Bryant2013; Sleeman et al., Reference Sleeman, Davies and Verne2016). Unlike home-based hospice palliative care, residential hospices are institutional, though they typically emulate a home-like setting. Commonly, hospices are small in size, with under 20 beds, yet spacious with private rooms and large common areas, so as to afford privacy to patients and family members. Care in these facilities has a clear end-of-life intent, including around-the-clock access to providers with palliative care expertise—usually an interdisciplinary team consisting of nurses, physicians, counselors, personal support workers, and volunteers. Patients in residential hospice often face imminent death and generally require a greater intensity of palliative care than can be effectively provided at home or even in hospital (Seow et al., Reference Seow, Bainbridge and Brouwers2017; Ventura et al., Reference Ventura, Burney and Brooker2014; Virdun et al., Reference Virdun, Luckett and Davidson2015).
While most individuals prefer to die at home (Gomes et al., Reference Gomes, Calanzani and Gysels2013), this is not always a feasible option due of the complexity of care and the unavailability of services required to keep the patient comfortable and safe. Even with the expansion and advancement of community-based palliative care services (Teno et al., Reference Teno, Freedman and Kasper2015; Williams et al., Reference Williams, Crooks and Whitfield2010; Woitha et al., Reference Woitha, Carrasco and Clark2016), enabling a home death still relies heavily on informal support provided by family caregivers, which is not always available or sufficient (Higginson et al., Reference Higginson, Sarmento and Calanzani2013; Morris et al., Reference Morris, King and Turner2015; Yu et al., Reference Yu, Guerriere and Coyte2015). Moreover, compared to hospitals, residential hospices typically offer more appropriate and cost-efficient care to support dying patients. For instance, the daily cost of residential hospice is ~$500 per patient, which is only half to a quarter of hospital care in both publically funded healthcare systems, such as in Canada, and privately funded ones, such as that in the United States (US) (Auditor General of Ontario, 2017; Bekelman et al., Reference Bekelman, Halpern and Blankart2016; Georghiou & Bardsley, Reference Georghiou and Bardsley2014; Kaiser Family Foundation, 2017).
As of 2015, there were 26 inpatient hospices in Ontario, most with 8 to 10 beds (212 total) (Residential Hospice Working Group [RHWG], 2015). Provincial regulations govern facility design and provision of care, which are provided at no cost to patients. Nearly all of these hospices receive government funding to cover residential frontline nursing costs; however, capital investment and operational costs are funded through charitable donations (RHWG, 2015; Sussman et al., Reference Sussman, Seow and Bainbridge2011). The average length of stay in hospice is 19 days. In Ontario, 4% of all deaths occur in hospice, and similar proportions are reported in the US (4%) and England (6%). The percentage of residential hospice-based deaths in these countries has increased in recent years (National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization (NHPCO), 2015; RHWG, 2015; Sleeman et al., Reference Sleeman, Davies and Verne2016).
Despite hospices representing an important setting for end-of-life care, and to some extent a gold standard, there has been little research on the care experience of patients in these facilities, particularly in comparison to the other settings of care accessed. The quality of end-of-life care received in settings such as hospices is critical, considering that the majority of patients who die receive palliative care for less than two months (Bennett et al., Reference Bennett, Ziegler and Allsop2016; NHPCO, 2015; Tanuseputro et al., Reference Tanuseputro, Budhwani and Bai2016). Furthermore, it is common for patients to access palliative care from multiple settings and providers (Lawson et al., Reference Lawson, Burge and Critchley2006; Walker et al., Reference Walker, Anderson and Farahati2011), and to transition between care settings during the last weeks of life (Hanratty et al., Reference Hanratty, Lowson and Grande2014). To date, research examining the quality of care at the end of life from the patient and family perspectives has largely consisted of quantitative measures of satisfaction, either only including the setting of death or not differentiating between hospice and other care settings. As a result, little is known about the hospice experience and of that relative to palliative care received at home and in hospital. Examination of these perspectives can reveal the most essential tenets of quality palliative care to patients and their family caregivers, and is key to informing improvement of palliative care services.
The objective of the present study was to capture end-of-life care experiences across a wide range of palliative care settings used by deceased patients from the perspective of bereaved caregivers. Focusing on responses from caregivers of patients who died in hospice, we report on the qualitative analysis of open-ended questions as to what was good and bad about care during the last three months of life. These findings will advance our understanding of the relative strengths and weakness of key care settings for dying patients and their families, as well as illuminate important considerations in providing quality palliative care.
METHODS
Study Design and Population
Bereaved caregivers of decedents who died in one of 16 participating residential hospices in Ontario completed a questionnaire as part of a survey to capture the patient/caregiver experience at the end of life retrospectively after the patient had died. The instrument, the CaregiverVoice Survey, has been described in detail (Seow et al., Reference Seow, Bainbridge and Bryant2016). Data collection occurred between January and October of 2015. One inclusion criterion for survey participation was the ability of the caregiver to read and write English. The study received approval from the Hamilton Health Sciences/McMaster University research ethics review board (Hamilton, Ontario).
Data Collection
Two approaches were employed to identify bereaved caregivers. First, hospices retroactively approached all primary caregivers of decedents in the six months prior to the start of the study. Then, hospices prospectively identified caregivers, with contact initiated a minimum of six weeks after a patient's death. Hospices approached caregivers using a protocol that stipulated an initial phone contact to introduce the survey and determine if a paper or online version of the survey was preferred. The paper survey or online link was mailed to the caregiver, followed by a reminder letter about two weeks later. The survey's four open-text questions were as follows:
1. What if anything was good about the care?
2. What if anything was bad about the care?
3. What would you keep about the care provided?
4. What would you change about the care provided?
These questions were asked in reference to the care that the patient and the family received during the last three months of life. The platform used for the online survey was LimeSurvey (the LimeSurvey Project, Hamburg, Germany), hosted on a secure server at McMaster University (Hamilton, Ontario). Responses written on paper were entered into LimeSurvey by the research team.
Data Analysis
The data were exported from the LimeSurvey database to MS Excel for analysis. First, our analysts (H.Z., M.G., and D.B.) read the comments, which were grouped into positive and negative statements. The analysts then independently coded the comments using a constant-comparison approach to derive common themes (Lincoln & Guba, Reference Lincoln and Guba1985). Discrepancies in the emerging themes between analysts were compared and reconciled, first after an initial analysis of 10 respondents, then 50, and then the remainder. Resultant themes were discussed among the analysts to reach consensus and refined as necessary, with referral back to the original comments for validation. In addition to triple coding and consensus making, an audit trail was maintained to help ensure the methodological rigor of the analysis (Creswell, Reference Creswell2013). Descriptive statistics were used to summarize caregiver and patient characteristics.
RESULTS
A total of 550 primary caregivers responded to the survey, out of the 1,406 approached. The characteristics of the patients represented are given in Table 1. The caregiver respondents were more often women (70%) and tended to be younger than the patients (55% were under 70 years), often being the patient's spouse (53%) or child (29%). Although all patients died in hospice, almost half (45%) of the caregivers identified homecare as the major care setting during the last three months of life. In this timeframe, prior to hospice admission, caregivers reported that 69% of patients received homecare, 59% stayed in hospital, and 43% were receiving care at a cancer center (Table 2). The majority (75%) of patients were in hospice for less than a month before death, with 31% staying for a week or less.
Table 1. Demographics and characteristics: Patients cared for (N = 550)
* Includes chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)/asthma, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, and others.
** Includes Middle Eastern, Filipino, Black, Latin American, and others.
*** Includes Buddhist, Hindu, and others.
† Caregiver reported that patients used the most during the last three months of life.
Table 2. Settings of care used and commented upon (N = 550)
* Reported by caregiver; multiple settings are possible.
** Percentage of patients who used that setting.
Among caregiver respondents, some 84% (464) reported positive comments about care, 49% (268) reported negative comments, and 6% (35) completed the survey but provided no open-text comments. The average lengths of good and bad comments were 55 and 92 words, respectively. From these statements, 55 good themes and 45 bad themes emerged and were categorized by the care setting mentioned. Table 2 presents the percentage of caregivers that had a good or bad comment about a specified care setting. Overall, the majority (71%) of care-setting-specified positive statements were about care in the hospice. Most of the negative statements (87%) were about other settings of care used during the last three months of life.
What Was Good and Bad about Hospice Care
Some 70% of caregivers made a positive comment about hospice care, and 12% made a negative comment. Table 3 presents the 21 good and 6 bad themes that emerged about hospice care. Caregivers often used general statements such as “outstanding in every way,” “beyond anything we could have asked for,” and “everything was good” to indicate that the hospice afforded a positive overall experience. Some caregivers specified professionals or individuals in relation to these general comments. The most common good themes were related to the compassion shown by providers, the physical environment in the hospice, and the holistic manner in which the needs of patients and caregivers were met. The singular most prominent bad theme was that the caregivers felt that admission to hospice had occurred too late.
Table 3. Unique good and bad themes about hospice care (N = 550)
Many (26%) of the caregivers commented on the great extent to which hospice providers showed compassion, empathy, and support for patient and family:
First, the level of compassion and care given to him to the point that he felt safe and comfortable to pass away at hospice instead of home. Second, the friendly support given to the caregiver and family was welcomed overwhelmingly, giving us a chance to focus just on our time together with him, and giving him the peace of mind. The type of compassionate care that the staff give at hospice is not given at a hospital.
— wife caregiverMy father's care was caring and very empathetic from ALL homecare, PSW [personal support worker], and hospice workers throughout his illness.
— daughter caregiverA prominent theme was the pleasantness of the hospices' physical environment, with this space being perceived as peaceful, comforting, and allowing adequate privacy for patients and their families:
Good staff and upbeat surroundings—setting and design of hospice [provides a] home-like atmosphere.
— son caregiver (of mother)A number of favorable comments and resulting themes related to the hospices' management of patients' pain and symptoms, provision of emotional support, and meeting of personal/practical needs. The care was considered holistic, and the patient and family were treated as one unit:
My husband had excellent care at [name of hospice]. If he couldn't eat the food, they supplied something different, always helped with bathing, daily chores—given openly and with love. Never did he receive a “just a minute.” The nurses were always THERE.
— wife caregiverThe hospice and all the staff and volunteers could not have been more kind to my husband and our family, offering emotional support and explaining the stages of his death and reassuring us that he was not suffering. Meals and beds [were] provided for [the] family to be able to stay with my husband.
— wife caregiverFinally, the benevolent nature of the care provided by the hospice was perceived as being respectful, dedicated, informative, and personable and portrayed across various themes:
He was at the [name of hospice] for eight days. Those were the best days for him and for his family. The staff was so caring. They treated him [with] dignity and respect and helped him when he was in pain. They didn't ignore him like they did in the hospital, or like homecare did. Hospice staff were also supportive of the caregiver—me. Never had that kind of support in the last seven years that I had been caring for dad as his health declined.
— daughter caregiverCaregivers expressed few negative sentiments about the hospice experience. The primary complaint (6% of caregivers) was that admission to hospice should have happened earlier. In some cases the patient died within 1 to 2 days of transfer, and caregivers wished that the patient had had more time to adapt to the move or to benefit from the services offered before death. Some caregivers recognized the limited number of hospice beds and felt fortunate that their loved one was placed in this setting:
[I recommend] earlier entry criteria for the hospice. By the time she was transferred to the hospice, her disease had progressed so quickly that she was totally bedridden and unable to take in the beautiful surroundings.
— daughter caregiverI pray that when my time comes that I will be fortunate enough to get a bed in hospice. Nothing was bad about the care, but we need more beds and more staff and more hospices.
— wife caregiverThe remaining negative themes about hospice include perceptions that certain individual providers lacked compassion or competency, that pain and symptom management were inadequate, or that the caregiver would have liked to be better informed about the patient's prognosis or the availability of services:
What was disappointing was the fact that our family tried their best to be with my husband as much as possible, but we were not made aware that he was so close to death. We would have liked to be there, thinking that the personnel in the hospice would have some indication that the situation was deteriorating rapidly.
— wife caregiverWe compared responses between male and female caregivers, which overall were similar in terms of the themes expressed. Some relatively small observed differences were found in perceptions of hospice for the following themes (proportion of women vs. men respondents): respectful care (13 vs. 6%); accommodating to guest visits (9 vs. 3%); good emotional support (6 vs. 2%); and providers available and willing to answer questions (5 vs. 1%). However, this discrepancy is partially due to the lower proportion of male caregivers (–11% compared to women caregivers) who commented specifically on care in the hospice.
Comparison to Other Settings of Care
The relative quality of the care settings patients encountered prior to hospice can be ascertained from the magnitude of caregivers' good and bad statements directed at a particular setting, as well as the statements many caregivers provided that directly compared hospice to another setting. For non-hospice settings, the ratio of good comments to bad was more equivalent (Table 4). Overall, although many of the patients wished to die at home, most caregivers (96%) indicated in the quantitative data that hospice was the right place of death given the circumstances. Many felt relief in the transfer of the patient to hospice, allowing caregivers to focus on spending quality time with their loved one:
The stay in the hospital prior to entering hospice was unpleasant. For days he lay in an [emergency room] until healthcare providers figured out what to do with him. One day we were told one thing; the next we were told something else. His room was small. There was no place for his spouse or children to sit quietly by his bedside. There was no privacy. He was agitated because of all of this, and so were we. We were confused and stressed. When he entered hospice, this completely changed and brought about relief and peace for him and all the family.
— daughter caregiverTable 4. Unique good and bad themes about home and hospital care
* The calculated percentages reflect the number of patients who received care in the setting.
In retrospect, many caregivers stated that the different aspects of palliative care support that the patient needed at the end of life were largely absent from care settings prior to hospice, particularly in hospital. The most prominent bad themes that emerged for specified settings other than hospice were: “More homecare services were needed” (36 [9.5%]); “General issues with homecare” (16 [4.2%]); “General issues with hospital” (56 [18.3%]); “Hospital provider was insensitive, lacked empathy, unpleasant, or lacked respect” (23 [7.5%]); and “Needed better communication with hospital providers” (23 [7.5%]). In particular, the issues with homecare tended to revolve around the need for more support and greater familiarity with providers. In hospital, the more pronounced problems were the demeanor of providers and a lack of a palliative care understanding:
They tried too hard to fix something that couldn't be fixed in the hospital. Earlier decision to go to hospice [needed]—the outcome was clear, and he was kept in pain too long.
— male friend caregiverHomecare was good, too, but not enough. Homecare personnel are not available when really needed, such as at night. One visit a week from a nurse, and two from a personal support worker are not enough when one is alone with a dying person, especially when the caretaker is older, too.
— wife caregiverAlthough the care experience in home, hospital, and long-term care facilities tended to be less favorable than that of hospice, some caregivers expressed satisfaction with all of the care received during the last three months of life, praising the compassion and skill that certain homecare and hospital providers exhibited. Similar to hospice, the most prominent good themes that emerged for other settings specified were: “Generally good homecare” (101 [26.6%]); “Good specified homecare provider” (108 [28.5%]); “Compassionate homecare providers” (32 [8.4%]); “Generally good hospital care” (30 [9.8%]); and “Good specified hospital provider” (32 [10.5%]) (denominator = number who accessed the setting):
We received wonderful care from all caregivers; our own doctor [available 24 hours/day], our homecare nurse and case manager, the oncologist and the hospital staff, and others as well. We could not have had better and more supportive care. My husband lived a long while under palliative care, and we had superb care. We were able to establish strong bonds and relationships that gave both my husband and me a feeling of constant support as we walked the journey.
— wife caregiverDISCUSSION
Our study examined bereaved caregivers' open-text responses as to what was good and bad about the care their loved one received in residential hospice and other settings of care accessed during the last three months of life. To our knowledge, our study is one of the first to qualitatively explore care experiences across multiple settings, and specifically that in hospices, using a population-based sample. We found that most caregivers offered a positive recounting of the hospice experience, specifying the constituents of quality that can inform improvement in this and other care settings. The majority of patients also received care in the home and in hospital, which were regarded by some as favorable encounters, although for many caregivers the transition to hospice was perceived as an improvement to the prior palliative care support provided.
While the quality of practical support, pain relief, and symptom management were frequently mentioned by caregivers, these aspects of palliative care did not emerge as the most prominent themes from the good (or bad) comments. What the hospices appeared to excel at were the psychosocial elements of care in the delivery of services that were patient- and family-centric, compassionate, and respectful, in a physical setting that, in itself, was comforting, peaceful, and fostered privacy. The importance of the manner in which care is delivered, as opposed solely to clinical precision, has been emphasized in examinations of what quality palliative care means to patients and specialized healthcare providers (Hales et al., Reference Hales, Zimmermann and Rodin2008; Heyland et al., Reference Heyland, Dodek and Rocker2006; Mistry et al., Reference Mistry, Bainbridge and Bryant2015). Although some caregivers felt that homecare and hospital care adequately met the patient's physical needs, caregivers tended to be less likely to exalt the humanistic qualities of this care, compared to that in hospice. Our exploratory analysis of theme prominence by gender found little difference between male and female caregivers.
Large-scale surveys—including the National Survey of Bereaved People (VOICES) in England and the Family Evaluation of Hospice Care (FEHC) survey in the US—have examined satisfaction with multi-setting care at the end of life from the perspective of bereaved caregivers, and have demonstrated divergence in ratings of hospice compared to other settings similar to those in our findings (Connor et al., Reference Connor, Teno and Spence2005; Office for National Statistics [ONS], 2015). In the latest VOICES study (ONS, 2015; n = 21,300), 76% of caregivers rated hospice care as “excellent” (as opposed to “good,” “fair,” or “poor”) compared to 43% in the home and 41% in hospital (ONS, 2015). In a prior sample of VOICES respondents (n = 40) in which setting differences were explicated, hospice care was regarded as providing better pain control, more sufficient communication, and was more respectful, compared to care provided in hospital (Addington-Hall & O'Callaghan, Reference Addington-Hall and O'Callaghan2009). In terms of the FEHC data, care setting comparisons have only been published from one hospice palliative care agency, located in Pennsylvania (2008–2013; n = 1,611) (Ong et al., Reference Ong, Brennsteiner and Chow2016). Among caregivers of patients who died in an inpatient hospice unit, 88% rated care as “excellent” (on a 5-point scale) compared to 73% of those who died in home hospice care. The covariate found to be associated with higher satisfaction in both settings was being informed about the patient's condition, and in the homecare group also having the right amount of support for the patient's anxiety. These studies provide some insights into the qualities of residential hospice that contribute to higher satisfaction; however, the quantitative approaches taken potentially exclude important factors that culminate the care experience and what is actually meaningful to the patient and caregivers. Moreover, the extent to which care setting experiences influence perceptions of subsequent settings remains to be investigated.
Unfortunately, few qualitative studies exist on perceived care at residential hospices that could be compared to our findings. An in-depth study of caregivers (n = 10) of patients in a hospice in New Zealand found that these experiences were characterized by staff being attuned to individual patients' needs and preferences in an environment that engenders qualities similar to those found in our study (Bolton et al., Reference Bolton, Loveard and Brander2016). A recent meta-synthesis of the palliative care experience in hospital, based on patient and caregiver narratives from 16 studies, identified 6 essential themes, seemingly applicable to all care settings: expert care, effective communication and shared decision making, respectful and compassionate care, adequate environment for care, family involvement, and financial affairs (Virdun et al., Reference Virdun, Luckett and Lorenz2016). These authors report that these specified priories have remained consistent over time—also reflecting continuing gaps in this care (Cardona-Morrell et al., Reference Cardona-Morrell, Kim and Turner2016; McCourt et al., Reference McCourt, James and Glackin2013; Pringle et al., Reference Pringle, Johnston and Buchanan2015; Robinson et al., Reference Robinson, Gott and Ingleton2014). The findings of these studies and ours characterize the optimal type of care that needs to be available to dying patients, regardless of setting, and sets a standard for system development.
The findings from our study exemplify prior presumptions of residential hospices as being centers of excellence in palliative care (Addington-Hall & O'Callaghan, Reference Addington-Hall and O'Callaghan2009; Finlay et al., Reference Finlay, Higginson and Goodwin2002; Grande et al., Reference Grande, McKerral and Addington-Hall2003). Most caregivers were expressive of the positive effect that the hospice had on death. This is presumable given that these hospices were founded based on a philosophy of personalization, compassion, and comfort, rather than with a curative focus, and are accountable to the local community. The hospices carefully recruit professionals and volunteers with the skill and demeanor to promote the hospice philosophy. Furthermore, great consideration goes into the design of residential hospices to create comforting spaces, rather than medical or institutional ones, which complement the nature of the care provided (Niedzielski et al., Reference Niedzielski, Rodin and Emmerson2016; Verderber, Reference Verderber2014). The dilemma is that hospice beds are limited and that placement is a reality for only a small percentage of the general population at the end of life. However, the principles of hospice—namely, the residing philosophy of care, the quality of staff, and the physical environment—are transferable to other care settings, as was evident in positive accounts of select home and hospital care. Particularly in hospital, adopting a hospice approach to care for the dying (e.g., private spaces, specialized providers, patient- and family-centric care) has been shown to significantly increase patient and caregiver satisfaction and improve system outcomes (Gade et al., Reference Gade, Venohr and Conner2008; Higginson & Evans, Reference Higginson and Evans2010; Isenberg et al., Reference Isenberg, Lu and McQuade2017).
The present study has inherent limitations in terms of its representativeness and the depth of caregiver perspectives examined, and given that these data are a proxy measure of patients' experiences. The responses elicited are a function of the extent to which patients voiced their options to the caregiver for the care being offered, as well as the caregivers' own expectations, the degree to which they witnessed the care provided, and their ability to recall these encounters. Collecting data from patients who are actively dying is a challenge, as they are often too ill to respond. Research evidence has found bereaved caregivers to be an adequate substitute for collecting these data directly from the patient (Tang & McCorkle, Reference Tang and McCorkle2002), and this approach also has the advantage of including care perceptions near death, which is not otherwise possible. Another study limitation is that open-text comments were only obtained from about 40% of the caregivers surveyed, which may have resulted in biases in opinion (e.g., exaggeration of extreme perspectives). In addition, the survey approach to elicit perceptions most likely lacks the depth possible from personal interviews, as was evident in some caregivers merely stating that the care was good, without further elaboration. Despite these limitations, we were able to obtain rich data from a large number of caregivers with a diversity of perspectives. Additional research is required that explicitly asks patients and caregivers to articulate differences perceived between palliative care settings experienced and explore the relativity of care perceptions based on settings encountered, in order to further inform system quality improvement.
Our examination of the reported experiences across multiple settings during the last months of life affirms the elements of care that patients and their caregivers most value. The hospices where the patients died were largely effective at addressing these priorities, and the other settings to a lesser extent. This finding suggests the need for expansion of care settings of appropriate palliation, including residential hospice, but also patients' homes, long-term care facilities, and even specialized low-intensity hospital units. The positive qualities of the care experiences in hospice that the caregivers expressed in this study can be reinforced in these other settings to create a comforting and supportive environment for the dying patient and their family.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The authors hereby declare that they have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
ETHICS APPROVAL
This study was approved by the Hamilton Health Sciences/McMaster University research ethics review board (Ontario).
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