Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T18:37:40.073Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A task for Paleobiology at the threshold of majority

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 February 2016

Stephen Jay Gould*
Affiliation:
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138

Extract

When asked how he might sum up his long life, an aged Benjamin Franklin replied that he had, at least, been useful to his fellows. Paleobiology is still young, as our journal has just completed 20 years and now begins this season of its majority, while the vibrancy of our subject certainly proclaims a vigorous incipiency. But academic generations are short, a mere 5 years or so, and Paleobiology has therefore enjoyed adequate time to demand judgment by accomplished results, not simple promise. When, fifteen years ago (6, 1, 80), I wrote a similar piece to celebrate the completion of this journal's first five volumes, I spoke in my title about “the promise of paleobiology”; now I must refer to “the task of paleobiology” and delineate what has been accomplished, and how much we have yet to do.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Paleontological Society 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

Alberch, P., Gould, S. J., Oster, G. F., and Wake, D. B. 1979. Size and shape in ontogeny and phylogeny. Paleobiology 5(3):296317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anstey, R. L. 1978. Taxonomic survivorship and morphologic complexity in Paleozoic bryozoan genera. Paleobiology 4(4):407418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anstey, R. L. 1987. Astogeny and phylogeny: evolutionary heterochrony in Paleozoic bryozoans. Paleobiology 13(1):2043.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnold, A. J., and Fristrup, K. 1982. The theory of evolution by natural selection: a hierarchical expansion. Paleobiology 8(2):113129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bambach, R. K. 1977. Species richness in marine benthic habitats through the Phanerozoic. Paleobiology 3(2):152167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnosky, A. D. 1990. Evolution of dental traits since latest Pleistocene in meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) from Virginia. Paleobiology 16(3):370383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baumiller, T. K. 1993. Survivorship analysis of Paleozoic Crinoidea: effect of filter morphology on evolutionary rates. Paleobiology 19(3):304321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennett, K. D. 1990. Milankovitch cycles and their effects on species in ecological and evolutionary time. Paleobiology 16(1):1121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berggren, W. A., and Casey, R. E. 1983. Introduction to the symposium on tempo and mode of evolution from micropaleontological data. Paleobiology 9(4):326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bookstein, F. L. 1987. Random walk and the existence of evolutionary rates. Paleobiology 13(4):446464.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bottjer, D. J., and Ausich, W. I. 1986. Phanerozoic development of tiering in soft substrata suspension-feeding communities. Paleobiology 12(4):400420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyajian, G. E. 1991. Taxon age and selectivity of extinction. Paleobiology 17(1):4957.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Budd, A. F., and Coates, A. G. 1992. Nonprogressive evolution in a clade of Cretaceous Montastraea-like corals. Paleobiology 18(4):425446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buss, L. W., and Seilacher, A. 1994. The phylum Vendobionta: a sister group of the Eumetazoa? Paleobiology 20(1):14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butterfield, N. J. 1990. A reassessment of the enigmatic Burgess Shale fossil Wiwaxia currugata (Matthew) and its relationship to the polychaete Canadia spinosa Walcott. Paleobiology 16(3):287303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheetham, A. H. 1986. Tempo of evolution in a Neogene bryozoan: rates of morphologic change within and across species boundaries. Paleobiology 12(2):190202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheetham, A. H. 1987. Tempo of evolution in a Neogene bryozoan: are trends in single morphologic characters misleading? Paleobiology 13(3):286296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crick, R. E. 1981. Diversity and evolutionary rates of Cambro-Ordovician nautiloids. Paleobiology 7(2):216229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emerson, S. B. 1988. Testing for historical patterns of change: a case study with frog pectoral girdles. Paleobiology 14(2):174186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erwin, D. H. 1990. Carboniferous–Triassic gastropod diversity patterns and the Permo-Triassic mass extinction. Paleobiology 16(2):187203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fagerstrom, J. A. 1978. Modes of evolution and their chronostratigraphic significance: evidence from Devonian invertebrates in the Michigan Basin. Paleobiology 4(4):381393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foote, M. 1988. Survivorship analysis of Cambrian and Ordovician trilobites. Paleobiology 14(3):258271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foote, M. 1992. Rarefaction analysis of morphological and taxonomic diversity. Paleobiology 18(1):116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foote, M. 1993. Discordance and concordance between morphological and taxonomic diversity. Paleobiology 19(2):185204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foote, M. 1994. Morphological disparity in Ordovician–Devonian crinoids and the early saturation of morphological space. Paleobiology 20(3):320344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fortey, R. A. 1983. Geometrical constraints in the construction of graptolite stipes. Paleobiology 9(2):116125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, W. T. 1987. Harmonic analysis of periodic extinctions. Paleobiology 13(3):257271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geary, D. H. 1987. Evolutionary tempo and mode in a sequence of the Upper Cretaceous bivalve Pleuriocardia. Paleobiology 13(2):140151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geary, D. H. 1990. Patterns of evolutionary tempo and mode in the radiation of Melanopsis (Gastropoda; Melanopsidae). Paleobiology 16(4):492511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilinsky, N. L. 1981. Stabilizing species selection in the Archaeogastropoda. Paleobiology 7(3):316331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gould, S. J. 1980. The promise of paleobiology as a nomothetic, evolutionary discipline. Paleobiology 6(1):96118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gould, S. J. 1984. Morphological channeling by structural constraint: convergence in styles of dwarfing and gigantism in Cerion, with a description of two new fossil species and a report on the discovery of the largest Cerion. Paleobiology 10(2):172194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gould, S. J. 1985. The paradox of the first tier: an agenda for paleobiology. Paleobiology 11(1):212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gould, S. J. 1991. The disparity of the Burgess Shale arthropod fauna and the limits of cladistic analysis: why we must strive to quantify morphospace. Paleobiology 17(4):411423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gould, S. J., and Calloway, C. B. 1980. Clams and brachiopods—ships that pass in the night. Paleobiology 6(4):383396.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gould, S. J., and Eldredge, N. 1977. Punctuated equilibria: the tempo and mode of evolution reconsidered. Paleobiology 3(2):115151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gould, S. J., and Katz, M. 1975. Disruption of ideal geometry in the growth of receptaculitids: a natural experiment in theoretical morphology. Paleobiology 1(1):120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gould, S. J., and Robinson, B. A. 1994. The promotion and prevention of recoiling in a maximally snaillike vermetid gastropod: a case study for the centenary of Dollo's Law. Paleobiology 20(3):368390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gould, S. J., and Vrba, E. S. 1982. Exaptation—a missing term in the science of form. Paleobiology 8(1):415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gould, S. J., Raup, D. M., Sepkoski, J. J. Jr., Schopf, T. J. M., and Simberloff, D. S. 1977. The shape of evolution: a comparison of real and random clades. Paleobiology 3(1):2340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, T. A. 1980. Influence of larval dispersal and geographic distribution on species longevity in neogastropods. Paleobiology 6(2):193207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, T. A. 1982. Modes of larval development in early Tertiary neogastropods. Paleobiology 8(4):367377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, T. A. 1988. Early Tertiary radiation of marine molluscs and the long-term effects of the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction. Paleobiology 14(1):3751.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, T. A., Farrell, B. R., and Upshaw, B. III. 1993. The first 2 million years after the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in east Texas: rate and paleoecology of the molluscan recovery. Paleobiology 19(2):251265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hulbert, R. C. Jr. 1993. Taxonomic evolution in North American Neogene horses (subfamily Equinae): the rise and fall of an adaptive radiation. Paleobiology 19(2):216234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jablonski, D., and Valentine, J. W. 1990. From regional to total geographic ranges: testing the relationship in Recent bivalves. Paleobiology 16(2):126142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jablonski, D., Flessa, K. W., and Valentine, J. W. 1985. Biogeography and paleobiology. Paleobiology 11(1):7590.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenkins, R. J. F. 1985. The enigmatic Ediacaran (late Precambrian) genus Rangea and related forms. Paleobiology 11(3):336355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelley, P. H. 1983. The role of within-species differentiation in macroevolution of Chesapeake Group bivalves. Paleobiology 9(3):261268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kellogg, D. E. 1975. The role of phyletic change in the evolution of Pseudocubus vema (Radiolaria). Paleobiology 1(4):359370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koch, C. F. 1980. Bivalve species duration, areal extent and population size in a Cretaceous sea. Paleobiology 6(2):184192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kovach, W. L., and Batten, D. J. 1993. Diversity changes in lycopsid and aquatic fern megaspores through geologic time. Paleobiology 19(1):2842.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landman, N. H. 1989. Iterative progenesis in Upper Cretaceous ammonites. Paleobiology 15(2):95117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laurin, B., and García-Joral, F. 1990. Miniaturization and heterochrony in Homoeorhynchia meridionalis and H. cynocephala (Brachiopoda, Rhynchonellidae) from the Jurassic of the Iberian Range, Spain. Paleobiology 16(1):6276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lazarus, D. 1986. Tempo and mode of morphologic evolution near the origin of the radiolarian lineage Pterocanium prismatium. Paleobiology 12(2):175189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lich, D. K. 1990. Cosomys primus: a case for stasis. Paleobiology 16(3):384395.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lidgard, S., and Jackson, J. B. C. 1989. Growth in encrusting cheilostome bryozoans: I. Evolutionary trends. Paleobiology 15(3):255282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lidgard, S., McKinney, F. K., and Taylor, P. D. 1993. Competition, clade replacement, and a history of cyclostome and cheilostome bryozoan diversity. Paleobiology 19(3):352371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lieberman, B. S., Allmon, W. D., and Eldredge, N. 1993. Levels of selection and macroevolutionary patterns in the turritellid gastropods. Paleobiology 19(2):205215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linsley, R. M. 1977. Some “laws” of gastropod shell form. Paleobiology 3(2):196206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malmgren, B. A., and Kennett, J. P. 1981. Phyletic gradualism in a Late Cenozoic planktonic foraminiferal lineage; DSDP Site 284, southwest Pacific. Paleobiology 7(2):230240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGhee, G. R. Jr. 1980. Shell form in the biconvex articulate Brachiopoda: a geometric analysis. Paleobiology 6(1):5776.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKinney, F. K. 1993. A faster-paced world?: contrasts in biovolume and life-process rates in cyclostome (Class Stenolaemata) and cheilostome (Class Gymnolaemata) bryozoans. Paleobiology 19(3):335351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKinney, M. L. 1984. Allometry and heterochrony in an Eocene echinoid lineage: morphological change as a by-product of size selection. Paleobiology 10(4):407419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKinney, M. L. 1986. Ecological causation of heterochrony: a test and implications for evolutionary theory. Paleobiology 12(3):282289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKinney, M. L., and Raup, D. M. 1982. A turn in the right direction: simulation of erect spiral growth in the bryozoans Archimedes and Bugla. Paleobiology 8(2):101112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McNamara, K. J. 1982. Heterochrony and phylogenetic trends. Paleobiology 8(2):130142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niklas, K. J. 1982. Computer simulations of early land plant branching morphologies: canalization of patterns during evolution? Paleobiology 8(3):196210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niklas, K. J., and Kerchner, V. 1984. Mechanical and photosynthetic constraints on the evolution of plant shape. Paleobiology 10(1):79101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norris, R. D. 1991. Biased extinction and evolutionary trends. Paleobiology 17(4):388399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okamoto, T. 1988. Developmental regulation and morphological saltation in the heteromorph ammonite Nipponites. Paleobiology 14(3):272286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quinn, J. F. 1987. On the statistical detection of cycles in extinctions in the marine fossil record. Paleobiology 13(4):465478.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Radinsky, L. 1977. Brains of early carnivores. Paleobiology 3(4):333349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raup, D. M. 1975a. Taxonomic survivorship curves and Van Valen's Law. Paleobiology 1(1):8296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raup, D. M. 1975b. Taxonomic diversity estimation using rarefaction. Paleobiology 1(4):333342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raup, D. M. 1985. Mathematical models of cladogenesis. Paleobiology 11(1):4252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raup, D. M. 1992. Large-body impact and extinction in the Phanerozoic. Paleobiology 18(1):8088.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosenzweig, M. L., and McCord, R. D. 1991. Incumbent replacement: evidence for long-term evolutionary progress. Paleobiology 17(3):202213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schopf, T. J. M. 1979. Evolving paleontological views on deterministic and stochastic approaches. Paleobiology 5(3):337352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schweitzer, P. N., and Lohmann, G. P. 1990. Life-history and the evolution of ontogeny in the ostracode genus Cyprideis. Paleobiology 16(2):107125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seilacher, A. 1979. Constructional morphology of sand dollars. Paleobiology 5(3):191221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sepkoski, J. J. Jr. 1978. A kinetic model of Phanerozoic taxonomic diversity I. Analysis of marine orders. Paleobiology 4(3):223251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sepkoski, J. J. Jr. 1979. A kinetic model of Phanerozoic taxonomic diversity II. Early Phanerozoic families and multiple equilibria. Paleobiology 5(3):222251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sepkoski, J. J. Jr. 1981. A factor analytic description of Phanerozoic marine fossil record. Paleobiology 7(1):3653.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sepkoski, J. J. Jr. 1984. A kinetic model of Phanerozoic taxonomic diversity III. Post-Paleozoic families and mass extinctions. Paleobiology 10(2):246267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sepkoski, J. J. Jr. 1988. Alpha, beta, or gamma: where does all the diversity go? Paleobiology 14(3):221234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sepkoski, J. J. Jr. 1991. A model of onshore–offshore change in faunal diversity. Paleobiology 17(1):5877.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sepkoski, J. J. Jr. 1993. Ten years in the library: new data confirm paleontological patterns. Paleobiology 19(1):4351.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Signor, P. W. III, and Brett, C. E. 1984. The mid-Paleozoic precursor to the Mesozoic marine revolution. Paleobiology 10(2):229245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Signor, P. W., and Vermeij, G. J. 1994. The plankton and the benthos: origins and early history of an evolving relationship. Paleobiology 20(3):297319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slatkin, M. 1981. A diffusion model of species selection. Paleobiology 7(4):421425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanley, S. M. 1976. Ideas on the timing of metazoan diversification. Paleobiology 2(3):209219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanley, S. M. 1985. Rates of evolution. Paleobiology 11(1):1326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanley, S. M. 1986. Population size, extinction, and speciation: the fission effect in Neogene Bivalvia. Paleobiology 12(1):89110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanley, S. M. 1990. Delayed recovery and the spacing of major extinctions. Paleobiology 16(4):401414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanley, S. M. 1992. An ecological theory for the origin of Homo. Paleobiology 18(3):237257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanley, S. M., and Newman, W. A. 1980. Competitive exclusion in evolutionary time: the case of the acorn barnacles. Paleobiology 6(2):173183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanley, S. M., and Yang, X. 1987. Approximate evolutionary stasis for bivalve morphology over millions of years: a multivariate, multilineage study. Paleobiology 13(2):113139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanley, S. M., Wetmore, K. L., and Kennett, J. P. 1988. Macroevolution differences between two major clades of Neogene planktonic Foraminifera. Paleobiology 14(3):235249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, R. D. K. 1978. Shell form and the ecological range of living and extinct Arcoida. Paleobiology 4(2):181194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valentine, J. W. 1992. Dickinsonia as a polyploid organism. Paleobiology 18(4):378382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Valkenburgh, B. 1991. Iterative evolution of hypercarnivory in canids (Mammalia: Carnivora): evolutionary interactions among sympatric predators. Paleobiology 17(4):340362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vermeij, G. J. 1977. The Mesozoic marine revolution: evidence from snails, predators and grazers. Paleobiology 3(3):245258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vrba, E. S., and Eldredge, N. 1984. Individuals, hierarchies and processes: towards a more complete evolutionary theory. Paleobiology 10(2):146171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vrba, E. S., and Gould, S. J. 1986. The hierarchical expansion of sorting and selection: sorting and selection cannot be equated. Paleobiology 12(2):217228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ward, P. D., and Signor, P. W. III. 1983. Evolutionary tempo in Jurassic and Cretaceous ammonites. Paleobiology 9(2):183198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Werdelin, L. 1987. Jaw geometry and molar morphology in marsupial carnivores: analysis of a constraint and its macroevolutionary consequences. Paleobiology 13(3):342350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
West, R. M. 1979. Apparent prolonged evolutionary stasis in the primitive Eocene hoofed mammal Hyopsodus. Paleobiology 5(3):252260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westrop, S. R. 1989. Macroevolutionary implications of mass extinctions—evidence from an Upper Cambrian stage boundary. Paleobiology 15(1):4652.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wight, D. C. 1987. Non-adaptive change in early land plant evolution. Paleobiology 13(2):208214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar