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Press-pulse: a general theory of mass extinction?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 April 2016

Nan Crystal Arens  and
Ian D. West
Nan Crystal Arens
Affiliation:
Department of Geoscience, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456. E-mail: [email protected]
Ian D. West
Affiliation:
Department of Environmental Studies. Hobart College, Geneva, New York 14456
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Abstract

Previous discussions of mass extinction mechanisms generally focused on circumstances unique to each event. However, some have proposed that extensive volcanism combined with bolide impact may offer a general mechanism of mass extinction. To test this hypothesis we compared generic extinction percentages for 73 stages or substages of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. We found that the highest frequency of intervals with elevated extinction occurred when continental flood basalt volcanism and bolide impact co-occurred. In contrast, neither volcanism nor impact alone yielded statistically elevated extinction frequencies. Although the magnitude of extinction was uncorrelated with the size of the associated flood basalt or impact structure, crater diameter did correlate with extinction percentage when volcanism and impact coincided. Despite this result, case-by-case analysis showed that the volcanism-impact hypothesis alone cannot explain all intervals of elevated extinction. Continental flood volcanism and impact share important ecological features with other proposed extinction mechanisms. Impacts, like marine anoxic incursions, are pulse disturbances that are sudden and catastrophic, and cause extensive mortality. Volcanism, like climate and sea level change, is a press disturbance that alters community composition by placing multi-generational stress on ecosystems. We propose that the coincidence of press and pulse events, not merely volcanism and impact, is required to produce the greatest episodes of dying in Phanerozoic history.

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Articles
Information
Paleobiology , Volume 34 , Issue 4 , Fall 2008 , pp. 456 - 471
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Copyright © The Paleontological Society 

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