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Postembryonic development of Dalmanitina, and the evolution of facial suture fusion in Phacopina

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 December 2018

Harriet B. Drage Open the ORCID record for Harriet B. Drage [Opens in a new window] ,
Lukáš Laibl  and
Petr Budil
Harriet B. Drage
Affiliation:
Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland. E-mail: [email protected]. Present address: Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, U.K.
Lukáš Laibl
Affiliation:
Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; and Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, Prague 12843, Czech Republic. E-mail: [email protected].
Petr Budil
Affiliation:
Czech Geological Survey, 118 21 Prague 1, Czech Republic. E-mail: [email protected]
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Abstract

A large sample of postembryonic specimens of Dalmanitina proaeva elfrida and D. socialis from the Upper Ordovician (Sandbian to Katian) Prague Basin allows for the first reasonably complete ontogenetic sequence of Dalmanitoidea (Phacopina). The material provides an abundance of morphological information, including well-preserved marginal spines in protaspides and meraspides, and hypostome external surfaces throughout. The development of D. proaeva elfrida is unusual due to variability in timing of the first trunk articulation. This broadens our developmental understanding of Phacopina, a diverse group of phacopid trilobites, and also allows us to study the evolution of their specializations in exoskeletal molting behavior. Adult phacopines, unlike most other trilobites, had fused facial sutures. This means that rather than molting through the sutural gape mode, characterized by opening of the facial sutures and separation of the librigenae, they disarticulated the entire cephalon in Salter’s mode of molting. For other phacopine clades (Phacopoidea) the transition to Salter’s mode occurs during the meraspid period or at the onset of holaspis, and its developmental timing is intraspecifically fixed. However, owing to the large sample size, we can see that facial suture fusion likely occurred later in Dalmanitina, usually during the holaspid period, and was intraspecifically variable with holaspides of varying sizes showing unfused sutures. Further, D. proaeva elfrida specimens showed an initial librigenal–rostral plate fusion event, where the librigenae began as separate entities but appear fused with the rostral plate as one structure (the “lower cephalic unit”) from M1, and are discarded as such during molting. Dalmanitoidea is considered to represent the first phacopine divergence, occurring earliest in the fossil record. This material therefore provides insight into how linked morphologies and behaviors evolved, potentially suggesting the timing of facial suture fusion in Phacopina moved earlier during development and became more intraspecifically fixed over geological time.

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Articles
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Paleobiology , Volume 44 , Issue 4 , November 2018 , pp. 638 - 659
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© 2018 The Paleontological Society. All rights reserved 

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