Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T17:39:18.541Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Morphological Diversity In The Evolutionary Radiation Of Paleozoic and Post-Paleozoic Crinoids

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 February 2016

Mike Foote
Mike Foote*
Affiliation:
Geophysical Sciences Department, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The Paleozoic and post-Paleozoic radiations of crinoids present an opportunity to explore genomic and ecological explanations for patterns of morphologic diversification. Analysis of discrete-character data that cover the principal features of the crinoid skeleton shows that both Paleozoic and post-Paleozoic increases in morphological disparity were abrupt; this is consistent with rapid exploitation of open ecological opportunities in both cases. For the post-Paleozoic, this result is sensitive to some aspects of data analysis and sampling, so it cannot be regarded as unequivocal. The deceleration in morphological diversification within each radiation is consistent with an observed decline in rates of taxonomic origination as well as with the attainment of functional or structural limits. Despite these similarities in the two radiations, Paleozoic crinoids exploited a wider range of morphological designs than did their post-Paleozoic successors. Post-Paleozoic crinoids exploited a wide range of ecological strategies despite being stereotyped in many aspects of form. This difference between the radiations is consistent with an increase in the rigidity of genetic and developmental systems. The range of post-Paleozoic designs is not in essence a subset of the Paleozoic spectrum. The two radiations resulted in morphological distributions that are largely nonoverlapping, perhaps reflecting a different range of ecological strategies.

Type
Research Article
Information
Paleobiology , Volume 25 , Issue S2 , Spring 1999 , pp. 1 - 115
Copyright
Copyright © The Paleontological Society 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

Anstey, R. L., and Pachut, J. F. 1995. Phylogeny, diversity history, and speciation in Paleozoic bryozoans. Pp. 239–284in Erwin, D. H. and Anstey, R. L., eds. New approaches to speciation in the fossil record. Columbia University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Arendt, Yu. A. 1974. Morskie lilii tsirtokrinidy. Akademia Nauk SSSR, Paleontologicheskii Institut, Trudy 144:1–251.Google Scholar
Ausich, W. I. 1988. Evolutionary convergence and parallelism in crinoid calyx design. Journal of Paleontology 62:906–916.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ausich, W. I. 1996. Crinoid plate circlet homologies. Journal of Paleontology 70:955–964.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ausich, W. I. 1998. Early phylogeny and subclass division of the Crinoidea(phylum Echinodermata). Journal of Paleontology 72:499–510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ausich, W. I., and Babcock, L. E. 1998. The phylogenetic position of Echmatocrinus brachiatus, a probable octocoral from the Burgess Shale. Palaeontology 41:193–202.Google Scholar
Bambach, R. K. 1985. Classes and adaptive variety: the ecology of diversification in marine faunas through the Phanerozoic. Pp. 191–243in Valentine, J. W., ed. Phanerozoic diversity patterns: profiles in macroevolution. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.Google Scholar
Baumiller, T. K. 1993. Survivorship analysis of Paleozoic Crinoidea: effect of filter morphology on evolutionary rates. Paleobiology 19:304–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bookstein, F. L., and Reyment, R. A. 1989. Microevolution in Miocene Brizalina (Foraminifera) studied by canonical variate analysis and analysis of landmarks. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 51:657–679.Google ScholarPubMed
Bottjer, D. J., Schubert, J. K., and Droser, M. L. 1996. Comparative evolutionary palaeoecology: assessing the changing ecology of the past. In Hart, M. B., ed. Biotic recovery from mass extinction events. Geological Society Special Publication 102:1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Briggs, D. E. G., Fortey, R. A., and Wills, M. A. 1992a. Morphological disparity in the Cambrian. Science 256:241–243.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Briggs, D. E. G., Fortey, R. A., and Wills, M. A. 1992b. Cambrian and Recent morphological disparity. Science 258:1817–1818.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conway Morris, S. 1993. The fossil record and the early evolution of the Metazoa. Nature 361:219–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Efron, B. 1982. The jackknife, the bootstrap, and other resampling plans. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erwin, D. H., Valentine, J. W., and Sepkoski, J. J. Jr. 1987. A comparative study of diversification events: the early Paleozoic versus the Mesozoic. Evolution 41:1177–1186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foote, M. 1992. Rarefaction analysis of morphological and taxonomic diversity. Paleobiology 18:1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foote, M. 1993. Contributions of individual taxa to overall morphological disparity. Paleobiology 19:403–419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foote, M. 1994a. Morphological disparity in Ordovician–Devonian crinoids and the early saturation of morphological space. Paleobiology 20:320–344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foote, M. 1994b. Morphology of Ordovician–Devonian crinoids. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 29:1–39.Google Scholar
Foote, M. 1994c. Temporal variation in extinction risk and temporal scaling of extinction metrics. Paleobiology 20:424–444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foote, M. 1995a. Morphological diversification of Paleozoic crinoids. Paleobiology 21:273–299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foote, M. 1995b. Morphology of Carboniferous and Permian crinoids. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 29:135–184.Google Scholar
Foote, M. 1996a. Ecological controls on the evolutionary recovery of post-Paleozoic crinoids. Science 274:1492–1495.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foote, M. 1996b. Models of morphological diversification. Pp. 62–86in Jablonski, D., Erwin, D. H., and Lipps, J. H., eds. Evolutionary paleobiology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Foote, M. 1997a. Sampling, taxonomic description, and our evolving knowledge of morphological diversity. Paleobiology 23:181–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foote, M. 1997b. Estimating taxonomic durations and preservation probability. Paleobiology 23:278–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foote, M. 1997c. The evolution of morphological diversity. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 28:129–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foote, M., and Gould, S. J. 1992. Cambrian and Recent morphological disparity. Science 258:1816.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foote, M., and Raup, D. M. 1996. Fossil preservation and the stratgraphic ranges of taxa. Paleobiology 22:121–140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gilinsky, N. L. 1991. The pace of taxonomic evolution. In Gilinsky, N. L. and Signor, P. W., eds. Analytical paleobiology. Short Courses in Paleontology 4:157–174. Paleontological Society, Knoxville, Tenn.Google Scholar
Gilinsky, N. L., and Bambach, R. K. 1987. Asymmetrical patterns of origination and extinction in higher taxa. Paleobiology 13:427–445.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gingerich, P. D. 1987. Extinction of Phanerozoic marine families. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 19:677.Google Scholar
Gower, J. C. 1966. Some distance properties of latent root and vector methods used in multivariate analysis. Biometrika 53:325–338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hagdorn, H. 1988. Ainigmacrinus calyconodalis n. g. n. sp., eine ungewöhnliche Seelilie aus der Obertrias der Dolomiten. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte 1988:71–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hagdorn, H. 1995. Triassic crinoids. Zentralblatt für Geologie und Paläontologie, Teil II 1995:1–22.Google Scholar
Harland, W. B., Armstrong, R. L., Cox, A. V., Craig, L. E., Smith, A. G., and Smith, D. G. 1990. A geological time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Harper, C. W. Jr. 1996. Patterns of diversity, extinction and origination in the Ordovician–Devonian Stropheodontacea. Historical Biology 11:267–288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holterhoff, P. F., and Baumiller, T. K. 1996. Phylogeny of the proto-articulates (ampelocrinids + basal articulates): implications for the Permo-Triassic extinction and re-radiation of the Crinoidea. Paleontological Society Special Publication 8:176.Google Scholar
Jablonski, D. 1991. Extinctions: a paleontological perspective. Science 253:754–757.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jablonski, D., and Bottjer, D. J. 1990. Onshore-offshore trends in marine invertebrate evolution. Pp. 21–75in Ross, R. M. and Allmon, W. D., eds. Causes of evolution. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Kendrick, D. C. 1996. Morphospace filling in flexible crinoids. Paleontological Society Special Publication 8:208.Google Scholar
Kendrick, D. C. 1997. Morphospace filling in flexible crinoids. . Harvard University, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lane, N. G., Waters, J. A., and Maples, C. G. 1997. Echinoderm faunas of the Hongguleleng Formation, Late Devonian (Famennian), Xinjiang-Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China. Paleontological Society Memoir 47:1–43.Google Scholar
Lee, M. S. Y. 1992. Cambrian and Recent morphological disparity. Science 258:1816–1817.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGhee, G. R. Jr. 1995. Geometry of evolution in the biconvex Brachiopoda: morphological effects of mass extinction. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 197:357–382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McShea, D. W. 1996. Perspective: Metazoan complexity and evolution: is there a trend? Evolution 50:477–492.Google ScholarPubMed
Meyer, D. L., and Macurda, D. B. Jr. 1977. Adaptive radiation of the comatulid crinoids. Paleobiology 3:74–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, R. C. 1962. Ray structures of some inadunate crinoids. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Echinodermata, Article 5:1–47.Google Scholar
Moore, R. C., Rasmussen, H. W., Lane, N. G., Ubaghs, G., Strimple, H. L., Peck, R. E., Sprinkle, J., Fay, R. O., and Sieverts-Doreck, H. 1978. Systematic descriptions. Pp. T403–T1027in Ubaghs, G. et al., eds. Echinodermata 2, Crinoidea. Part T ofMoore, R. C. and Teichert, C., eds. Treatise on invertebrate paleontology. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas, Boulder, Colo.Google Scholar
Pearson, E. S. 1926. Further note on the distribution of range in samples taken from a normal population. Biometrika 18:173–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pease, C. M. 1985. Biases in the durations and diversities of fossil taxa. Paleobiology 11:272–292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pease, C. M. 1988a. Biases in the total extinction rates of fossil taxa. Journal of Theoretical Biology 130:1–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pease, C. M. 1988b. Biases in the per-taxon origination and extinction rates of fossil taxa. Journal of Theoretical Biology 130:9–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raup, D. M. 1979a. Biases in the fossil record of species and genera. Bulletin of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History 13:85–91.Google Scholar
Raup, D. M. 1979b. Size of the Permo-Triassic bottleneck and its evolutionary implications. Science 206:217–218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raup, D. M., and Gould, S. J. 1974. Stochastic simulation and evolution of morphology—towards a nomothetic paleontology. Systematic Zoology 23:305–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raup, D. M., and Sepkoski, J. J. Jr. 1982. Mass extinctions in the marine fossil record. Science 215:1501–1503.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roy, K. 1996. The roles of mass extinction and biotic interaction in large-scale replacements: a reexamination using the fossil record of stromboidean gastropods. Paleobiology 22:436–452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sepkoski, J. J. Jr. 1981. A factor analytic description of the Phanerozoic marine fossil record. Paleobiology 7:36–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sepkoski, J. J. Jr. 1986. Phanerozoic overview of mass extinctions. Pp. 277–295in Raup, D. M. and Jablonski, D., eds. Patterns and processes in the history of life. Springer, Berlin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sepkoski, J. J. Jr. 1993a. Phanerozoic diversity at the genus level: problems and prospects. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 25:A50.Google Scholar
Sepkoski, J. J. Jr. 1993b. Ten years in the library: new data confirm paleontological patterns. Paleobiology 19:43–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sepkoski, J. J. Jr. 1998. Rates of speciation in the fossil record. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 353:315–326.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siegel, S., and Castellan, N. J. Jr. 1988. Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences, 2d ed.McGraw-Hill, New York.Google Scholar
Simms, M. J. 1988a. Patterns of evolution among Lower Jurassic crinoids. Historical Biology 1:17–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simms, M. J. 1988b. The phylogeny of post-Paleozoic crinoids. Pp. 269–284in Paul, C. R. C. and Smith, A. B., eds. Echinoderm phylogeny and evolutionary biology. Clarendon, Oxford.Google Scholar
Simms, M. J. 1989a. British Lower Jurassic crinoids. Palaeontographical Society Monograph 142(581):1–103.Google Scholar
Simms, M. J. 1989b. Contrasting lifestyles in Lower Jurassic crinoids: a comparison of benthic and pseudopelagic Isocrinida. Palaeontology 29:475–493.Google Scholar
Simms, M. J. 1990. The radiation of post-Paleozoic echinoderms. Pp. 287–304in Taylor, P. D. and Larwood, G. P., eds. Major evolutionary radiations. Clarendon, Oxford.Google Scholar
Simms, M. J. 1993. Reinterpretation of thecal plate homology and phylogeny in the Class Crinoidea. Lethaia 26:303–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simms, M. J., and Sevastopulo, G. D. 1993. The origin of articulate crinoids. Palaeontology 36:91–109.Google Scholar
Simms, M. J., Gale, A. S., Gilliland, P., Rose, E. P. F., and Sevastopulo, G. D. 1993. Echinodermata. Pp. 491–528in Benton, M. J., ed. The fossil record 2. Chapman and Hall, London.Google Scholar
Slatkin, M. 1981. A diffusion model of species selection. Paleobiology 7:421–425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sneath, P. H. A., and Sokal, R. R. 1973. Numerical taxonomy. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Solow, A. R., and Smith, W. 1997. On fossil preservation and the stratigraphic ranges of taxa. Paleobiology 23:271–277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sprinkle, J. 1973. Morphology and evolution of blastozoan echinoderms. Special Publication, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sprinkle, J., and Collins, D. 1995. Echmatocrinus revisited: still an echinoderm and probably the earliest crinoid. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 27:A113–A114.Google Scholar
Stebbins, G. L. Jr. 1951. Natural selection and the differentiation of angiosperm families. Evolution 5:299–324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, R. D. K., and Reif, W.-E. 1993. The skeleton space: a finite set of organic designs. Evolution 47:341–360.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tucker, R. D., and McKerrow, W. S. 1995. Early Paleozoic chronology: a review in light of new U-Pb zircon ages from Newfoundland and Britain. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 32:368–379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valentine, J. W. 1969. Patterns of taxonomic and ecological structure of the shelf benthos during Phanerozoic time. Palaeontology 12:684–709.Google Scholar
Valentine, J. W. 1980. Determinants of diversity in higher taxonomic categories. Paleobiology 6:444–450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valentine, J. W. 1986. Fossil record of the origin of Baupläne and its implications. Pp. 209–222in Raup, D. M. and Jablonski, D., eds. Patterns and processes in the history of life. Springer, Berlin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valentine, J. W. 1991. Major factors in the rapidity and extent of the metazoan radiation during the Proterozoic–Phanerozoic transition. Pp. 11–13in Simonetta, A. and Conway Morris, S., eds. The early evolution of Metazoa and the significance of problematic taxa. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Valentine, J. W. 1992. The macroevolution of phyla. Pp. 525–533in Lipps, J. H. and Signor, P. W., eds. Origin and early evolution of the Metazoa. Plenum, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valentine, J. W. 1995. Why no new phyla after the Cambrian? Genome and ecospace hypotheses revisited. Palaios 10:190–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valentine, J. W., Collins, A. G., and Meyer, C. P. 1994. Morphological complexity increase in metazoans. Paleobiology 20:131–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Valen, L. 1984. A resetting of Phanerozoic community evolution. Nature 307:50–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Valen, L. 1985a. How constant is extinction? Evolutionary Theory 7:93–106.Google Scholar
Van Valen, L. 1985b. Why and how do mammals evolve unusually rapidly? Evolutionary Theory 7:127–132.Google Scholar
Van Valen, L., and Maiorana, V. C. 1985. Patterns of origination. Evolutionary Theory 7:107–125.Google Scholar
Wagner, P. J. 1995. Testing evolutionary constraint hypotheses with early Paleozoic gastropods. Paleobiology 21:248–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Valen, L. 1997. Patterns of morphological diversification among the Rostroconchia. Paleobiology 23:115–150.Google Scholar
Ward, P. D. 1980. Comparative shell shape distributions in Jurassic–Cretaceous ammonites and Jurassic–Tertiary nautilids. Paleobiology 6:32–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webster, G. D. 1969. Bibliography and index of Paleozoic crinoids, 1942–1968. Geological Society of America Memoir 137:1–341.Google Scholar
Webster, G. D. 1977. Bibliography and index of Paleozoic crinoids, 1969–1973. Geological Society of American Microform Publication 8:1–235.Google Scholar
Webster, G. D. 1986. Bibliography and index of Paleozoic crinoids, 1974–1980. Geological Society of American Microform Publication 16:1–405.Google Scholar
Webster, G. D. 1988. Bibliography and index of Paleozoic crinoids and coronate echinoderms, 1981–1985. Geological Society of American Microform Publication 18:1–235.Google Scholar
Webster, G. D. 1993. Bibliography and index of Paleozoic crinoids, 1986–1990. Geological Society of American Microform Publication 25:1–204.Google Scholar
Weishampel, D. B. 1996. Fossils, phylogeny, and discovery: a cladistic study of the history of tree topologies and ghost lineage durations. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16:191–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, A. 1957. Evolutionary rates of brachiopods. Geological Magazine 94:201–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wills, M. A., Briggs, D. E. G., and Fortey, R. A. 1994. Disparity as an evolutionary index: a comparison of Cambrian and Recent arthropods. Paleobiology 20:93–130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sources for Morphological Data

1. Anderson, H. J. 1967. Himerometra grippae n. sp. (Crinoidea, Articulata), eine freischwimmende Seelilie aus dem niederrheinischen Oberoligocän. Geologica et Palaeontologica 1:179–182.Google Scholar
2. Angelin, N. P. 1878. Iconographia crinoideorum in stratis sueciae siluricis fossilium. Samson and Wallin, Stockholm.Google Scholar
3. Arendt, Yu. A. 1963. Krona morskoy lilii iz srednego Ordovika r. Podkamennoy Tunguski. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal 1963(4):131–136.Google Scholar
4. Arendt, Yu. A. 1970a. Arms of Phyllocrinus (Crinoidea, Cyrtocrinida). Paleontological Journal 1970(4):560–563.Google Scholar
5. Arendt, Yu. A. 1970b. Morskie lilii gipokrinidy. Akademiia Nauk SSSR, Paleontologicheskii Institut, Trudy 128:1–220.Google Scholar
6. Arendt, Yu. A. 1974. Morskie lilii tsirtokrinidy. Akademiia Nauk SSSR, Paleontologicheskii Institut, Trudy 144:1–251.Google Scholar
7. Arendt, Yu. A. 1981. Trekhrukie morskie lilii. Akademiia Nauk SSSR, Paleontologicheskii Institut, Trudy 189:1–195.Google Scholar
8. Arendt, Yu. A. 1983. A new Middle Carboniferous camerate crinoid genus from the Moscow Basin. Paleontological Journal 1983(4):97–101.Google Scholar
9. Arendt, Yu. A. 1987 [1985]. Some very old three-armed crinoids without pentameral radial symmetry. Translated by Scripta Technica, Inc. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 282:702–704.Google Scholar
10. Arendt, Yu. A. 1995. Carboniferous acrocrinid crinoids (Camerata) from the Moscow region. Paleontological Journal 29(2):75–90.Google Scholar
11. Arendt, Yu. A., and Stupachenko, A. V. 1983. New data on the acrocrinids. Paleontological Journal 1983(2):71–82.Google Scholar
12. Arendt, Yu. A., and Zubarev, A. D. 1993. Aberrant crinoids. Paleontological Journal 27(1):31–44.Google Scholar
13. Ausich, W. I. 1983. Functional morphology and feeding dynamics of the Early Mississippian crinoid Barycrinus asteriscus. Journal of Paleontology 57:31–41.Google Scholar
14. Ausich, W. I. 1984a. Calceocrinids from the Early Silurian (Llandoverian) Brassfield Formation of southwestern Ohio. Journal of Paleontology 58:1167–1185.Google Scholar
15. Ausich, W. I. 1984b. The genus Clidochirus from the Early Silurian of Ohio (Crinoidea: Llandoverian). Journal of Paleontology 58:1341–1346.Google Scholar
16. Ausich, W. I. 1985. New crinoids and revision of the superfamily Glyptocrinacea (Early Silurian, Ohio). Journal of Paleontology 59:793–808.Google Scholar
17. Ausich, W. I. 1986a. The crinoids of the Al Rose Formation (Early Ordovician, Inyo County, California, United States of America). Alcheringa 10:217–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18. Ausich, W. I. 1986b. Early Silurian rhodocrinitacean crinoids (Brassfield Formation, Ohio). Journal of Paleontology 60:84–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19. Ausich, W. I. 1986c. Early Silurian inadunate crinoids (Brassfield Formation, Ohio). Journal of Paleontology 60:719–735.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20. Ausich, W. I. 1986d. New camerate crinoids of the suborder Glyptocrinina from the Lower Silurian Brassfield Formation (southwestern Ohio). Journal of Paleontology 60:887–897.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21. Ausich, W. I. 1987. Brassfield Compsocrinina (Lower Silurian crinoids) from Ohio. Journal of Paleontology 61:552–562.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22. Ausich, W. I., and Kammer, T. W. 1990. Systematics and phylogeny of the late Osagean and Meramecian crinoids Platycrinites and Eucladocrinus from the Mississippian stratotype region. Journal of Paleontology 64:759–778.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23. Ausich, W. I., and Kammer, T. W. 1991a. Late Osagean and Meramecian Actinocrinites (Echinodermata: Crinoidea) from the Mississippian stratotype region. Journal of Paleontology 65:485–499.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24. Ausich, W. I., and Kammer, T. W. 1991b. Systematic revisions to Aorocrinus, Dorycrinus, Macrocrinus, Paradichocrinus, Strotocrinus, and Uperocrinus: Mississippian camerate crinoids (Echinodermata) from the stratotype region. Journal of Paleontology 65:936–944.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25. Ausich, W. I., and Kammer, T. W. 1992. Dizygocrinus: Mississippian camerate crinoid (Echinodermata) from the midcontinental United States. Journal of Paleontology 66:637–658.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26. Ausich, W. I., and Lane, N. G. 1982. Crinoids from the Edwardsville Formation (Lower Mississippian) of southern Indiana. Journal of Paleontology 56:1343–1361.Google Scholar
27. Ausich, W. I., and Meyer, D. L. 1992. Crinoidea Flexibilia (Echinodermata) from the Fort Payne Formation (Lower Mississippian; Kentucky and Tennessee). Journal of Paleontology 66:825–838.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28. Bachmeyer, F. 1958. Pseudosaccocoma (Crinoidea) aus dem Korallenriffkalk (Obermalm) von Ernstbrunn (Niederösterreich). Paläontologische Zeitschrift 32:40–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29. Bather, F. A. 1890. British fossil crinoids. III. Thenarocrinus callipygus, gen. et sp. nov., Wenlock Limestone. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 6th series 6:222–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30. Bather, F. A. 1891a. British fossil crinoids. IV. Thenarocrinus gracilis, sp. nov., Wenlock Limestone, and note on T. callipygus.. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 6th series 7:35–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31. Bather, F. A. 1891b. British fossil crinoids. V. Botryocrinus, Wenlock Limestone. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 6th series 7:389–413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
32. Bather, F. A. 1892a. British fossil crinoids. VII. Mastigocrinus loreus, nov. gen. et sp., Wenlock Limestone, Dudley. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 6th series 9:194–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33. Bather, F. A. 1892b. British fossil crinoids. VIII. Cyathocrinus: C.acinotubus, Ang., and C. vallatus, sp. nov., Wenlock Limestone. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 6th series 9:202–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
34. Bather, F. A. 1893. The Crinoidea of Gotland, Part 1. The Crinoidea Inadunata. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, new series, 2nd series 25(2):1–200.Google Scholar
35. Bather, F. A. 1898. Petalocrinus (Weller and Davidson). Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 54:401–441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
36. Baumiller, T. K., and Gaździcki, A. 1996. New crinoids from the Eocene La Meseta Formation of Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula. Palaeontologia Polonica 55:101–116.Google Scholar
37. Beyrich, H. E. von. 1858 [1857]. Über die Crinoiden des Muschelkalks. Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin, Physikalische Klasse, Abhandlungen 1857:1–49.Google Scholar
38. Biese, W. 1927. Über die Encriniten des unteren Muschelkalks von Mitteldeutschland. Abhandlungen der Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt, new series 103:1–119.Google Scholar
39. Biese, W. 1930 [1929]. Isocrinus H. v. Meyer und Cainocrinus Forbes. Jahrbuch der Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt 50:702–719.Google Scholar
40. Bigot, A. P. D. 1938. Crinoïdes du Bathonien du Calvados. Annales de Paléontologie 27:1–38.Google Scholar
41. Billings, E. 1859. On the Crinoideae of the Lower Silurian rocks of Canada. Canada Geological Survey, Figures and Descriptions of Canadian Organic Remains, Decade IV:7–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
42. Bowsher, A. L. 1953. A new Devonian crinoid from western Maryland. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 121(9):1–8.Google Scholar
43. Bowsher, A. L. 1955. New genera of Mississippian camerate crinoids. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Echinodermata, Article 1:1–23.Google Scholar
44. Branson, C. C. 1962. Additional illustrations of some Oklahoma crinoids. Oklahoma Geology Notes 22:162–163.Google Scholar
45. Breimer, A. 1960. On the structure and systematic position of the genus Rhipidocrinus Beyrich, 1879. Leidse Geologische Mededelingen 25:247–260.Google Scholar
46. Breimer, A. 1962. A monograph of Spanish Palaeozoic Crinoidea. Leidse Geologische Mededelingen 27:1–189.Google Scholar
47. Brett, C. E. 1978. Description and paleoecology of a new Lower Silurian camerate crinoid. Journal of Paleontology 52:91–103.Google Scholar
48. Brett, C. E. 1980. Paracolocrinus, a new inadunate crinoid genus from the Rochester Shale (Silurian, Wenlockian) of New York. Journal of Paleontology 54:913–922.Google Scholar
49. Brett, C. E. 1981a. Systematics and paleoecology of the Late Silurian (Wenlockian) calceocrinid crinoids from New York and Ontario. Journal of Paleontology 55:145–175.Google Scholar
50. Brett, C. E. 1981b. Terminology and functional morphology of attachment structures in pelmatozoan echinoderms. Lethaia 14:343–370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
51. Broadhead, T. W. 1981. Carboniferous camerate crinoid subfamily Dichocrininae. Palaeontographica, Abteilung A 176:81–157.Google Scholar
52. Broadhead, T. W., and Strimple, H. L., 1980. Hyrtanecrinus, a new Carboniferous camerate crinoid genus from eastern North America. Journal of Paleontology 54:35–44.Google Scholar
53. Brower, J. C. 1965. The genus, Steganocrinus. Journal of Paleontology 39:773–793.Google Scholar
54. Brower, J. C. 1966. Functional morphology of Calceocrinidae with description of some new species. Journal of Paleontology 40:613–634.Google Scholar
55. Brower, J. C. 1973. Crinoids from the Girardeau Limestone (Ordovician). Palaeontographica Americana 7(46):263–499.Google Scholar
56. Brower, J. C. 1975. Silurian crinoids from the Pentland Hills, Scotland. Palaeontology 18:631–656.Google Scholar
57. Brower, J. C. 1976. Promelocrinus from the Wenlock at Dudley. Palaeontology 19:651–680.Google Scholar
58. Brower, J. C. 1977. Calceocrinids from the Bromide Formation (Middle Ordovician) of southern Oklahoma. Oklahoma Geological Survey Circular 78:1–27.Google Scholar
59. Brower, J. C. 1992a. Cupulocrinid crinoids from the Middle Ordovician (Galena Group, Dunleith Formation) of northern Iowa and southern Minnesota. Journal of Paleontology 66:99–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
60. Brower, J. C. 1992b. Hybocrinid and disparid crinoids from the Middle Ordovician (Galena Group, Dunleith Formation) of northern Iowa and southern Minnesota. Journal of Paleontology 66:973–993.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
61. Brower, J. C. 1994. Camerate crinoids from the Middle Ordovician (Galena Group, Dunleith Formation) of northern Iowa and southern Minnesota. Journal of Paleontology 68:570–599.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
61a. Brower, J. C. 1995a. Eoparisocrinid crinoids from the Middle Ordovician (Galena Group) of northern Iowa and southern Minnesota. Journal of Paleontology 69:351–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
62. Brower, J. C. 1995b. Dendrocrinid crinoids from the Ordovician of northern Iowa and southern Minnesota. Journal of Paleontology 69:939–960.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
63. Brower, J. C. 1996. Carabocrinid crinoids from the Ordovician of northern Iowa and southern Minnesota. Journal of Paleontology 70:614–631.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
64. Brower, J. C. 1997. Homocrinid crinoids from the Upper Ordovician of northern Iowa and southern Minnesota. Journal of Paleontology 71:442–458.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
65. Brower, J. C., and Veinus, J. 1974. Middle Ordovician crinoids from southwestern Virginia and eastern Tennessee. Bulletins of American Paleontology 66(283):1–125.Google Scholar
66. Brower, J. C., and Veinus, J. 1978. Middle Ordovician crinoids from the Twin Cities area of Minnesota. Bulletins of American Paleontology 74(304):369–506.Google Scholar
67. Brower, J. C., and Veinus, J. 1982. Long-armed cladid inadunates. Pp. 129–144in Sprinkle, 1982a.Google Scholar
68. Burdick, D. W., and Strimple, H. L. 1969. Revision of some Chesteran inadunate crinoids. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Paper 40:1–14.Google Scholar
69. Burdick, D. W., and Strimple, H. L. 1971. Faunal studies of the type Chesteran, Upper Mississippian of southwestern Illinois, Part 2. Crinoids from the Beech Creek Limestone, lower Golconda Group, St. Clair County, Illinois. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Paper 51:15–47.Google Scholar
70. Burdick, D. W., and Strimple, H. L. 1973. New Late Mississippian crinoids from northern Arkansas. Journal of Paleontology 47:231–242.Google Scholar
71. Burdick, D. W., and Strimple, H. L. 1983. Genevievian and Chesterian crinoids of Alabama. Geological Survey of Alabama Bulletin 121:1–277.Google Scholar
72. Burke, J. J. 1967. A new Endelocrinus from the Brush Creek Limestone (Pennsylvanian) of Pennsylvania. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 39:75–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
73. Burke, J. J. 1975. A new Permian Cibolocrinus from Bolivia. Kirtlandia 20:1–7.Google Scholar
74. Burke, J. J., and Pabian, R. K. 1978. Two crowns of Cibolocrinus patriciae (Crinoidea, Flexibilia) from the Lower Permian of Bolivia. Journal of Paleontology 52:1065–1069.Google Scholar
75. Campbell, K. S. W., and Bein, J. 1971. Some Lower Carboniferous crinoids from New South Wales. Journal of Paleontology 45:419–436.Google Scholar
75a. Campredon, R., Bodelle, J., and de Villoutreys, O. 1968. Découverte d'Isselicrinus didactylus (d'Orb. in d'Archiac) et de Conocrinus thorenti d'Archiac dans les marnes éocènes dur synclinal d'Annot (Basses-Alpes). Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris D266:83–85.Google Scholar
76. Carpenter, P. H. 1880a. On some undescribed Comatulae from the British secondary rocks. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 36:36–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
77. Carpenter, P. H. 1880b. On some new Cretaceous Comatulae. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 36:549–558.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
78. Carpenter, P. H. 1881a. On the genus Solanocrinus, Goldfuss, and its relations to recent Comatulae. Journal of the Linnean Society of London (Zoology) 15:187–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
79. Carpenter, P. H. 1881b. On two new crinoids from the Upper Chalk of southern Sweden. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 37:128–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
80. Carpenter, P. H. 1882. On some new or little-known Jurassic crinoids. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 38:29–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
81. Carpenter, P. H., and Etheridge, R. Jr. 1881. Contributions to the study of the British Paleozoic crinoids, No. 1. On Allagecrinus, the representative of the Carboniferous limestone series. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 5th series 7:281–298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
82. Castellana, M., Manni, R., and Nicosia, U. 1989. Bajocian cyrtocrinid crinoids from the central Italy. Bolletino della Società Paleontologica Italiana 28:71–77.Google Scholar
83. Castellana, M., Manni, R., and Nicosia, U. 1990. A new cyrtocrinid crinoid from Middle Jurassic of central Italy. Atti della Società dei Naturalisti e Matematici di Modena 121:17–26.Google Scholar
84. Chesnut, D. R. Jr., and Ettensohn, F. R. 1988. Hombergian (Chesterian) echinoderm paleontology and paleoecology, south-central Kentucky. Bulletins of American Paleontology 95(330):1–102.Google Scholar
85. Clark, A. H. 1909. Descriptions of seventeen new species of recent crinoids. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 36:633–651.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
86. Closset, J. 1970. Ctenocrinus arduennensis (Crinoidea Camerata), espèce nouvelle du Dévonien Inférieur da la Belgique. Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique 46(29):1–17.Google Scholar
87. Cope, J. C. W. 1988. A reinterpretation of the Arenig crinoid Ramseyocrinus. Palaeontology 31:229–235.Google Scholar
88. Delogu, D., and Nicosia, U. 1986. Hoyacrinus sincerus n. gen. n. sp. from the Malm of the central Italy, type of Hoyacrinidae, n. fam. Bolletino della Società Paleontologica Italiana 25:3–7.Google Scholar
89. Donovan, S. K. 1984. Ramseyocrinus and Ristnacrinus from the Ordovician of Britain. Palaeontology 27:623–634.Google Scholar
90. Donovan, S. K. 1985. The Ordovician crinoid genus Caleidocrinus Waagen and Jahn, 1899. Geological Journal 20:109–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
91. Donovan, S. K. 1989. Pelmatozoan columnals from the Ordovician of the British Isles, Part 2. Palaeontographical Society Monograph 142(580):69–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
92. Donovan, S. K. 1992. A new crinoid from the Ashgill Starfish Bed, Threave Glen. Scottish Journal of Geology 28:123–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
93. Donovan, S. K. 1995. Pelmatozoan columnals from the Ordovician of the British Isles, Part 3. Palaeontographical Society Monograph 149(597):115–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
94. Donovan, S. K., and Veltkamp, C. J. 1993. Crinoids from the upper Ashgill (Upper Ordovician) of Wales. Journal of Paleontology 67:604–613.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
95. Donovan, S. K., Hollingworth, N. T. J., and Veltkamp, C. J. 1986. The British Permian crinoid ‘Cyathocrinites’ ramosus (Schlotheim). Palaeontology 29:809–825.Google Scholar
96. Eckert, J. D. 1984. Early Llandovery crinoids and stelleroids from the Cataract Group (Lower Silurian) in southern Ontario, Canada. Royal Ontario Museum Life Sciences Contributions 137:1–83.Google Scholar
97. Eckert, J. D. 1987. Illemocrinus amphiatus, a new cladid inadunate crinoid from the Middle Ordovician of Ontario. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 24:860–865.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
98. Eckert, J. D. 1990. The Early Silurian myelodactylid crinoid Eomyelodactylus Foerste. Journal of Paleontology 64:135–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
99. Eckert, J. D., and Brett, C. E. 1985. Taxonomy and palaeoecology of the Silurian myelodactylid crinoid Crinobrachiatus brachiatus (Hall). Royal Ontario Museum Life Sciences Contributions 141:1–15.Google Scholar
100. Eckert, J. D., and Brett, C. E. 1987. Stipatocrinus, a new and unusual camerate crinoid from the Lower Silurian of western New York. Royal Ontario Museum Life Sciences Contributions 146:1–17.Google Scholar
101. Ehrenberg, K. 1922. Über einige eingerollte Pelmatozoenstiele und ihre Beziehungen zur Sessilität. Acta Zoologica 3:271–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
102. Ehrenberg, K. 1929. Pelmatozoan root-forms (fixation). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 59(1):1–76.Google Scholar
103. Engelking, R. 1952. Über einen Fund von Encrinus carnalli aus dem Unteren Muschelkalk von Leimen. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte 1952(6):277–288.Google Scholar
104. Ernst, R., and Löffler, T. 1993. Crinoiden aus dem Unteren Muschelkalk (Anis) Südniedersachsens. Pp. 223–233in Hagdorn, H. and Seilacher, A., eds. Muschelkalk. Korb (Goldschneck), Stuttgart.Google Scholar
105. Etheridge, R. Jr. 1902. A monograph on the Cretaceous invertebrate fauna of New South Wales. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of New South Wales 11:1–98.Google Scholar
106. Ettensohn, F. R. 1975. The autecology of Agassizocrinus lobatus. Journal of Paleontology 49:1044–1061.Google Scholar
107. Ettensohn, F. R. 1980. Paragassizocrinus: systematics, phylogeny and ecology. Journal of Paleontology 54:978–1007.Google Scholar
108. Franzén, C. 1981. A Silurian crinoid thanatotope from Gotland. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 103:469–490.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
109. Frederickson, E. A., and Waddell, D. E. 1960. An unusual crinoid from the Pennsylvanian of Oklahoma. Oklahoma Geology Notes 20:172–174.Google Scholar
110. Frest, T. J., and Strimple, H. L. 1978a. The flexible crinoid genus Anisocrinus (Ordovician–Silurian) in North America. Journal of Paleontology 52:683–696.Google Scholar
111. Frest, T. J., and Strimple, H. L. 1978b. Manicrinus (nov.), a cladid evolutionary homeomorph of the bottom-dwelling Hybocrinus, Brownsport (Silurian: Ludlow) of Tennessee. Southeastern Geology 19:157–175.Google Scholar
112. Frest, T. J., and Strimple, H. L. 1982. New Manicrinidae (Crinoidea, Inadunata, Dendrocrinina) from the Silurian of Illinois and Indiana. Journal of Paleontology 56:720–728.Google Scholar
112a. Frest, T. J., Strimple, H. L., and McGinnis, M. R. 1979. Two new crinoids from the Ordovician of Virginia and Oklahoma, with notes on pinnulation in the Disparida. Journal of Paleontology 53:399–415.Google Scholar
113. Gasche, E. 1938. Ein Crinoidenkelch aus dem Hydasp (der untersten Mitteltrias) der nördlichen Kalkalpen Oberösterreichs. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie, und Paläontologie, Beilage-Band 80(B):72–112.Google Scholar
114. Giebel, C. 1855. Crinoideen im Kreidenmergel bei Quedlinburg. Zeitschrift für die Gesammten Naturwissenschaften 5:25–34.Google Scholar
115. Girty, G. H. 1908. The Guadalupian fauna. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 58:1–512.Google Scholar
116. Gislén, T. 1924. Echinoderm studies. Zooligska Bidrag från Uppsala 9:1–316.Google Scholar
117. Gislén, T. 1925. Some Mesozoic comatulids. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 9th series 16:1–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
118. Gislén, T. 1934. A reconstruction problem: analysis of fossil comatulids from North America, with a survey of all known types of comatulid arm ramifications. Acta Universitatis Lundensis, new series 30:1–59.Google Scholar
119. Głuchowski, E. 1986. Crinoids from the lower Gogolin Beds (lower Muschelkalk) of the north-eastern part of Upper Silesia. Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Earth Sciences 34:179–187.Google Scholar
120. Głuchowski, E. 1987. Jurassic and Early Cretaceous articulate Crinoidea from the Pieniny Klippen Belt and the Tatra Mts., Poland. Studia Geologica Polonica 94:1–101.Google Scholar
121. Goldring, W. 1923. The Devonian crinoids of the state of New York. New York State Museum Memoir 16:1–670.Google Scholar
122. Goldring, W. 1933. A new species of crinoid from the Devonian (Oriskany) of Maine. Proceedings of the Portland Society of Natural History 4:153–155.Google Scholar
123. Goldring, W. 1935. New and previously known Middle Devonian crinoids of New York. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 24:349–368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
124. Goldring, W. 1938. Devonian crinoids from the Mackenzie River Basin (N.W.T.), Canada. Bulletins of American Paleontology 24(81):1–23.Google Scholar
125. Goldring, W. 1945. Notes on Thamnocrinus springeri Goldring and other Hamilton crinoids. American Journal of Science 243:57–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
126. Goldring, W. 1954. Devonian crinoids: new and old, II. New York State Museum Circular 37:1–51.Google Scholar
127. Grewingk, C. C. A. 1867. Über Hoplocrinus dipentas and Baerocrinus ungerni. Archiv für die Naturkunde Liv-, Ehst-, und Kurlands, series 1, 4:100–114.Google Scholar
128. Guensburg, T. E. 1984. Echinodermata of the Middle Ordovician Lebanon Limestone, central Tennessee. Bulletins of American Paleontology 87(319):1–100.Google Scholar
129. Guensburg, T. E. 1993. Glaucocrinus falconeri Parks and Alcock, 1912 (Crinoidea) and its systematic status. Royal Ontario Museum Life Sciences Occasional Papers 39:1–7.Google Scholar
130. Haarmann, E. 1921 [1920]. Die Botryocriniden und Lophocriniden des rheinischen Devons. Jahrbuch der Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt, new series 41(1):1–87.Google Scholar
131. Hagdorn, H. 1982. Chelocrinus schlotheimi (QUENSTEDT) 1835 aus dem Oberen Muschelkalk (mo1, Anisium) von Nordwestdeutschland. Veröffentlichungen aus dem Naturkunde-Museum Bielefeld 4:1–38.Google Scholar
132. Hagdorn, H. 1986. Neue Funde von Encrinus greppini de Loriol 1877 aus dem Oberen Muschelkalk von Südbaden und der Nordschweiz. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 60:285–297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
133. Hagdorn, H. 1988. Ainigmacrinus calyconodalis n. g. n. sp., eine ungewöhnliche Seelilie aus der Obertrias der Dolomiten. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte 1988(2):71–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
134. Hagdorn, H., and Campbell, H. J. 1993. Paracomatula triadica sp. nov.—an early comatulid crinoid from the Otapirian (Late Triassic) of New Caledonia. Alcheringa 17:1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
135. Hall, J. 1852. Palaeontology of New York, Vol. 2. Containing descriptions of the organic remains of the Lower Middle Division of the New-York System. New York State Natural History Survey, Albany.Google Scholar
136. Hall, J. 1858. Palaeontology of Iowa. Iowa Geological Survey Report 1(2):473–724.Google Scholar
137. Hall, J. 1861. Descriptions of new species of Crinoidea from the Carboniferous rocks of the Mississippi valley. Boston Society of Natural History Journal 7:261–328.Google Scholar
138. Hall, J. 1862. Contributions to palaeontology. New York State Cabinet Annual Report 15:115–153.Google Scholar
139. Hall, J. 1882. Descriptions of the species of fossils found in the Niagara group at Waldron. Pp. 217–345in Indiana Department of Geology and Natural History, 11th Annual Report.Google Scholar
140. Hashimoto, K. 1995. Akiyoshicrinus, a new erisocrinid crinoid genus from the Upper Carboniferous of the Akiyoshi Limestone Group, southwest Japan. Bulletin of the Akiyoshi-Dai Museum of Natural History 30:1–14.Google Scholar
141. Haude, R., and Thomas, E. 1989. Ein Oberdevon- / Unterkarbon-Profil im velberter Sattel (nördliches rheinisches Schiefergebirge) mit neuen Arten von (?) Sostronocrinus (Echinodermata). Bulletin de la Société Belge de Géologie 98:373–383.Google Scholar
142. Haugh, B. N. 1979. Late Ordovician channel-dwelling crinoids from southern Ontario, Canada. American Museum Novitates 2665:1–25.Google Scholar
143. Hess, H. 1951 [1950]. Ein neuer Crinoide aus dem mittleren Dogger der Nordschweiz (Paracomatula helvetica n. gen. n. sp.). Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 43:208–216.Google Scholar
144. Hess, H. 1955. Zur Kenntnis der Crinoidenfauna des Schweizer Juras. I. Die Gattungsmerkmale von Isocrinus und Pentacrinus. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 38:468–486.Google Scholar
145. Hess, H. 1972a. Chariocrinus n. gen. für Isocrinus andreae Desor aus dem unteren Hauptrogenstein (Bajocien) des Basler Juras. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 65:197–210.Google Scholar
146. Hess, H. 1972b. Eine Echinodermen-Fauna aus dem mittleren Dogger des Aargauer Juras. Schweizerische Paläontologische Abhandlungen 92:1–87.Google Scholar
147. Hess, H. 1973. Neue Echinodermenfunde aus dem mittleren Dogger des Aargauer Juras. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 66:625–656.Google Scholar
148. Hess, H. 1975. Die fossilen Echinodermen des Schweizer Juras. Natural History Museum, Basel.Google Scholar
149. Hildebrand, E. 1926. Moenocrinus deeckei, eine neue Crinoidengattung aus dem fränkischen Wellenkalk und ihre systematische Stellung. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie, und Paläontologie, Beilage-Band 54(B):259–288.Google Scholar
150. Hildebrand, E., and Pia, J. 1929. Zwei Crinoidenkelche aus der Anisischen Stufe der Südalpen. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 11:129–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
151. Horowitz, A. S. 1965. Crinoids from the Glen Dean Limestone of southern Indiana and Kentucky. Indiana Geological Survey Bulletin 34:1–52.Google Scholar
152. Jaekel, O. 1891. Über Holopocriniden mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Stramberge Formen. Deutsche Geologische Gesellschaft, Zeitschrift 43:557–670.Google Scholar
153. Jaekel, O. 1892. Über Plicatocriniden, Hyocrinus und Saccocoma. Deutsche Geologische Gesellschaft, Zeitschrift 44:619–696.Google Scholar
154. Jaekel, O. 1893. Über Holocrinus W. u. Sp. aus dem unteren Muschelkalk. Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, Sitzungs-Bericht 1893:201–206.Google Scholar
155. Jaekel, O. 1895. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der paläozoischen Crinoiden Deutschlands. Palaeontologishe Abhandlungen, new series 3:1–116.Google Scholar
156. Jaekel, O. 1904. Über einen Pentacriniden der deutschen Kreide. Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, Sitzungs-Bericht 1909:191–196.Google Scholar
157. Jaekel, O. 1907. Über die Körperform der Holopocriniten. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie, und Paläontologie, Festband:272–309.Google Scholar
158. Jaekel, O. 1918. Phylogenie und System der Pelmatozoen. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 3:1–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
159. Jäger, M. 1980. Ungewöhnliche Crinoiden aus dem Unter-Campan (Oberkreide) von Höver bei Hannover. Naturhistorische Gesellschaft zu Hannover, Berichte 123:63–77.Google Scholar
160. Jäger, M. 1982. Seltene Crinoiden aus der Oberkreide der Umgebung von Hannover. Naturhistorische Gesellschaft zu Hannover, Berichte 125:61–87.Google Scholar
161. Jagt, J. W. M. 1986. Cyathidium vlieksi, a new holopodid crinoid from the Upper Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) of southern Limburg, The Netherlands. Geologie en Mijnbouw 65:215–221.Google Scholar
162. Jagt, J. W. M., Deckers, M., and Kuypers, M. 1994. Well-preserved bourgueticrinid crinoids from the Late Maastrichtian of The Netherlands. Pp. 221–222in David, B., Guille, A., Féral, J.-P. and Roux, M., eds. Echinoderms through time. Balkema, Rotterdam.Google Scholar
163. Jefferies, R. P. S. 1989. The arm structure and mode of feeding of the Triassic crinoid Encrinus liliiformis. Palaeontology 32:483–497.Google Scholar
164. Jell, P. A., and Willink, R. J. 1993. Early Permian cladid crinoids from the Gharif Formation of Oman. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 15:305–312.Google Scholar
165. Jobson, L., and Paul, C. R. C. 1979. Compagicrinus fenestratus, a new Lower Ordovician inadunate crinoid from North Greenland. Rapport Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 91:71–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
166. Kammer, T. W., and Ausich, W. I. 1992. Advanced cladid crinoids from the middle Mississippian of the east-central United States: primitive-grade calyces. Journal of Paleontology 66:461–480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
167. Kammer, T. W., and Ausich, W. I. 1993. Advanced cladid crinoids from the middle Mississippian of the east-central United States: intermediate-grade calyces. Journal of Paleontology 67:614–639.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
168. Kammer, T. W., and Ausich, W. I. 1994. Advanced cladid crinoids from the middle Mississippian of the east-central United States: advanced-grade calyces. Journal of Paleontology 68:339–351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
169. Kammer, T. W., and Ausich, W. I. 1996. Primitive cladid crinoids from upper Osagean-lower Meramecian (Mississippian) rocks of east-central United States. Journal of Paleontology 70:835–866.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
170. Kästle, B. 1982. Zur Morphologie und Systematik von Pseudosaccocoma (Crinoidea). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte 1982(1):12–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
171. Kelly, S. M., Frest, T. J., and Strimple, H. L. 1978. Additional information on Simplococrinus persculptus. Journal of Paleontology 52:1227–1232.Google Scholar
172. Kesling, R. V., and Mintz, L. W. 1963a. Species of the crinoid Dolatocrinus from the Middle Devonian Dock Street clay of Michigan. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 18:67–100.Google Scholar
173. Kesling, R. V., and Mintz, L. W. 1963b. Dolatocrinus and Stereocrinus, its junior synonym. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 18:229–237.Google Scholar
174. Kesling, R. V., and Paul, C. R. C. 1968. New species of Porocrinidae and brief remarks upon these unusual crinoids. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 22:1–32.Google Scholar
175. Kesling, R. V., and Paul, C. R. C. 1971. Agostocrinus and Acolocrinus, two new Ordovician crinoids with peculiar ray and respiratory structures. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 23:221–237.Google Scholar
176. Kesling, R. V., and Sigler, J. P. 1969. Cunctocrinus, a new Middle Devonian calceocrinid crinoid from the Silica Shale of Ohio. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 22:339–360.Google Scholar
177. Kesling, R. V., and Smith, R. N. 1963. The crinoid Synbathocrinus in the Middle Devonian Traverse Group of Michigan. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 18:185–196.Google Scholar
178. Kier, P. M. 1952. Echinoderms of the Middle Devonian Silica Formation of Ohio. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 10:59–81.Google Scholar
179. Kier, P. M. 1958. Infrabasals in the crinoid Opsiocrinus Kier. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 14:201–206.Google Scholar
180. Kirk, E. 1929a. Cryphiocrinus, a new genus of free-swimming crinoids. American Journal of Science, series 5, 17:153–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
181. Kirk, E. 1929b. The fossil crinoid genus Vasocrinus Lyon. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 74(15):1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
182. Kirk, E. 1929c. Pagecrinus, a new crinoid genus from the American Devonian. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 74(22):1–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
183. Kirk, E. 1937a. Clistocrinus, a new Carboniferous crinoid genus. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 27:105–111.Google Scholar
184. Kirk, E. 1937b. Eupachycrinus and related Carboniferous crinoid genera. Journal of Paleontology 11:598–607.Google Scholar
185. Kirk, E. 1938. Five new genera of Carboniferous Crinoidea Inadunata. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 28:158–172.Google Scholar
186. Kirk, E. 1939. Two new genera of Carboniferous inadunate crinoids. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 29:469–473.Google Scholar
187. Kirk, E. 1940a. Anartiocrinus, a new crinoid genus from the Mississippian. American Journal of Science 238:47–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
188. Kirk, E. 1940b. A redescription of Lageniocrinus de Koninck. American Journal of Science 238:129–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
189. Kirk, E. 1940c. Cestocrinus, a new fossil inadunate crinoid genus. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 88(3080):220–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
190. Kirk, E. 1940d. Lebetocrinus, a new crinoid genus from the upper Borden of Indiana. Journal of Paleontology 14:74–77.Google Scholar
191. Kirk, E. 1940e. Seven new genera of Carboniferous Crinoidea Inadunata. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 30:321–344.Google Scholar
192. Kirk, E. 1941a. Dinotocrinus, a new fossil inadunate crinoid genus. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 89(3103):513–517.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
193. Kirk, E. 1941b. Four new genera of Mississippian Crinoidea Inadunata. Journal of Paleontology 15:82–88.Google Scholar
194. Kirk, E. 1942a. Ampelocrinus, a new crinoid genus from the Upper Mississippian. American Journal of Science 240:22–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
195. Kirk, E. 1942b. Rhopocrinus, a new fossil inadunate crinoid genus. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 92(3144):151–155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
196. Kirk, E. 1942c. Sarocrinus, a new crinoid genus from the Lower Mississippian. Journal of Paleontology 16:382–386.Google Scholar
197. Kirk, E. 1943. A revision of the genus Steganocrinus. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 33:259–265.Google Scholar
198. Kirk, E. 1944a. Aphelecrinus, a new inadunate crinoid genus from the upper Mississippian. American Journal of Science 242:190–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
199. Kirk, E. 1944b. Cymbiocrinus, a new inadunate crinoid genus from the upper Mississippian. American Journal of Science 242:233–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
200. Kirk, E. 1944c. Cribanocrinus, a new rhodocrinoid genus. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 34:13–16.Google Scholar
201. Kirk, E. 1945a. Four new genera of camerate crinoids from the Devonian. American Journal of Science 243:341–355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
202. Kirk, E. 1945b. Holcocrinus, a new inadunate crinoid genus from the Lower Mississippian. American Journal of Science 243:517–521.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
203. Kirk, E. 1945c. Gaulocrinus, a new inadunate crinoid genus from the Mississippian. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 35:180–182.Google Scholar
204. Kirk, E. 1946a. Corythocrinus, a new inadunate crinoid genus from the Lower Mississippian. Journal of Paleontology 20:269–274.Google Scholar
205. Kirk, E. 1946b. Plemnocrinus, a new crinoid genus from the Lower Mississippian. Journal of Paleontology 20:435–441.Google Scholar
206. Kirk, E. 1947. Three new genera of inadunate crinoids from the Lower Mississippian. American Journal of Science 245:287–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
207. Kirk, E. 1948. Two new inadunate crinoid genera from the Middle Devonian. American Journal of Science 246:701–710.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
208. Klikushin, V. G. 1977. Sea lilies of the genus Isselicrinus. Paleontological Journal 1977(1):82–89.Google Scholar
209. Klikushin, V. G. 1979. O sistematicheskom sostave i obraze zhizni mezozoiskikh krinoidei severa sibiri. Akademiia Nauk SSSR, Sibirskoe Otdelenie, Institut Geologii i Geofiziki, Trudy 411:37–55.Google Scholar
210. Klikushin, V. G. 1981. Sea lilies of the genus Percevalicrinus. Paleontological Journal 1981(4):84–95.Google Scholar
211. Klikushin, V. G. 1982a. Taxonomic survey of fossil isocrinids with a list of the species found in the USSR. Geobios 15:299–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
212. Klikushin, V. G. 1982b. Cretaceous and Paleogene Bourgueticrinina (Echinodermata, Crinoidea) of the USSR. Geobios 15:811–843.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
213. Klikushin, V. G. 1983. The Triassic crinoids of northern Afghanistan. Paleontological Journal 1983(2):82–90.Google Scholar
214. Klikushin, V. G. 1987a. Crinoids from the Middle Liassic Rosso ammonitico beds. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 175:235–260.Google Scholar
215. Klikushin, V. G. 1987b. Thiolliericrinid crinoids from the Lower Cretaceous of Crimea. Geobios 20:633–665.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
216. Knapp, W. D. 1969. Declinida, a new order of late Paleozoic inadunate crinoids. Journal of Paleontology 43:340–391.Google Scholar
217. Koch, D. L. 1962. Isocrinus from the Jurassic of Wyoming. Journal of Paleontology 36:1313–1318.Google Scholar
218. Koenig, J. W. 1965. Ontogeny of two Devonian crinoids. Journal of Paleontology 39:398–413.Google Scholar
219. Kolata, D. R. 1975. Middle Ordovician echinoderms from northern Illinois and southern Wisconsin. Paleontological Society Memoir 7:1–74.Google Scholar
220. Kolata, D. R. 1976. Crinoids from the Upper Ordovician Bighorn Formation of Wyoming. Journal of Paleontology 50:445–453.Google Scholar
221. Kolata, D. R. 1982. Camerates. Pp. 170–205in Sprinkle, 1982a.Google Scholar
222. Kolata, D. R. 1983. Cataraquicrinus elongatus, a new disparid inadunate crinoid from the Middle Ordovician of Ontario. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 20:1609–1613.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
223. Kolata, D. R. 1986. Crinoids of the Champlainian (Middle Ordovician) Guttenberg Formation—upper Mississippi Valley region. Journal of Paleontology 60:711–718.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
224. Koninck, L. G. de, and Le Hon, H. S. 1854. Recherches sur les crinoïdes du terrain carbonifère de la Belgique. Académie Royale de Belgique, Mémoire 28(3):1–217.Google Scholar
225. Kristan-Tollmann, E. 1970. Die Osteocrinus-fazies, ein Leithorizont von Schwebcrinoiden im Oberladin-Unterkarn der Tethys. Erdöl und Kohle- Erdgas- Petrochemie, Vereinigt mit Brennstoff-Chemie 23:781–789.Google Scholar
226. Kristan-Tollmann, E. 1980. Tulipacrinus tulipa n. g. n. sp., eine Mikrocrinoide aus der alpinen Obertrias. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 83:215–229.Google Scholar
227. Kristan-Tollmann, E. 1988. Unexpected communities among the crinoids within the Triassic Tethys and Panthalassa. Pp. 133–142in Burke, R. D., Mladenov, M. V., Lambert, P., and Parsley, R. L., eds. Echinoderm biology. Balkema, Rotterdam.Google Scholar
228. Kristan-Tollmann, E. 1990. Mikrocrinoiden aus der Obertrias der Tethys. Geologisch-Paläontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck 17:51–100.Google Scholar
229. Kunisch, H. 1883. Über den ausgewachsenen Zustand von Encrinus gracilis Buch. Deutsche Geologische Gesellshaft, Zeitschrift 35:195–198.Google Scholar
230. Lambert, J. M., and Valette, A. 1934. Études sur quelques Échinodermes crétacés du Bugarach (Aude). Société Géologique de France, Bulletin, série 5, 4:43–60.Google Scholar
231. Lane, N. G. 1963. Two new Mississippian camerate (Batocrinidae) crinoid genera. Journal of Paleontology 37:691–702.Google Scholar
232. Lane, N. G. 1964. New Pennsylvanian crinoids from Clark County, Nevada. Journal of Paleontology 38:677–684.Google Scholar
233. Lane, N. G. 1970. Lower and Middle Ordovician crinoids from west-central Utah. Brigham Young University Geology Studies 17:3–17.Google Scholar
234. Lane, N. G. 1975. The anal sac of Aesiocrinus, a Pennsylvanian inadunate crinoid. Journal of Paleontology 49:638–645.Google Scholar
235. Lane, N. G. 1979. Upper Permian crinoids from Djebel Tebaga, Tunisia. Journal of Paleontology 53:121–132.Google Scholar
236. Lane, N. G., and Howell, R. M. 1986. Unusual crinoids from the Ramp Creek Formation (Mississippian), Indian Creek, Montgomery County, Indiana. Journal of Paleontology 60:898–903.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
237. Lane, N. G., and Sevastopulo, G. D. 1981. Functional morphology of a microcrinoid: Kallimorphocrinus punctatus n. sp. Journal of Paleontology 55:13–29.Google Scholar
238. Lane, N. G., and Sevastopulo, G. D. 1982. Growth and systematic revision of Kallimorphocrinus astrus, a Pennsylvanian microcrinoid. Journal of Paleontology 56:244–259.Google Scholar
239. Lane, N. G., and Sevastopulo, G. D. 1985. Redescription of Allagecrinus americanus Rowley, 1895, a Late Devonian microcrinoid. Journal of Paleontology 59:438–445.Google Scholar
240. Lane, N. G., and Webster, G. D. 1966. New Permian crinoid fauna from southern Nevada. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 63:1–87.Google Scholar
241. Lane, N. G., Waters, J. A., and Maples, C. G. 1997. Echinoderm faunas of the Hongguleleng Formation, Late Devonian (Famennian), Xinjiang-Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China. Paleontological Society Memoir 47:1–43.Google Scholar
242. Laube, G. C. 1865. Die Fauna der Schichten von St. Cassian. Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematische-Naturhistorische Klasse, Denkschriften 24:223–296.Google Scholar
243. Laudon, L. R. 1933. The stratigraphy and paleontology of the Gilmore City Formation of Iowa. University of Iowa Studies in Natural History 15(2):1–74.Google Scholar
244. Laudon, L. R. 1937. New occurrence of the Upper Carboniferous crinoid genera Amphicrinus and Synerocrinus. Journal of Paleontology 11:706–708.Google Scholar
245. Laudon, L. R. 1941. New crinoid fauna from the Pitkin Limestone of northeastern Oklahoma. Journal of Paleontology 15:384–391.Google Scholar
246. Laudon, L. R., and Beane, B. H. 1937. The crinoid fauna of the Hampton Formation at LeGrand, Iowa. University of Iowa Studies in Natural History 17:226–273.Google Scholar
247. Laudon, L. R., and Severson, J. L. 1953. New crinoid fauna, Mississippian, Lodgepole formation, Montana. Journal of Paleontology 27:505–536.Google Scholar
248. Laudon, L. R., Parks, J. M., and Spreng, A. C. 1952. Mississippian crinoid fauna from the Banff formation, Sunwapta Pass, Alberta. Journal of Paleontology 26:544–575.Google Scholar
249. Lee, C. P. 1989. A new species of Bourgueticrinus from the Coniacian Chalk of Rochester, Kent, England. Mesozoic Research 2:91–96.Google Scholar
250. Lefeld, J. 1958. Dadocrinus grundeyi Lagenhan (Crinoidea) z Triasu Wierchowego Tatr. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 3:59–74.Google Scholar
251. LeMenn, J. 1974. Le genre Thylacocrinus Oehlert, 1878 (Crinoidea, Camerata). Annales de la Société Géologique du Nord 94:97–108.Google Scholar
252. LeMenn, J. 1975. Un nouveau genre d'Hexacrinitidae (Crinoidea, Camerata). Annales de la Société Géologique du Nord 95:243–250.Google Scholar
253. LeMenn, J. 1980. Les Crinoïdes. Mémoires de la Société Géologique et Mineralogique de Bretagne 23:249–271.Google Scholar
254. LeMenn, J. 1985. Les Crinoïdes du Dévonien Inférieur et Moyen du Massif Armoricain. Mémoires de la Société Géologique et Mineralogique de Bretagne 30:1–268.Google Scholar
255. LeMenn, J. 1987. Nouveaux Échinodermes des schistes et calcaires du Dévonien inférieur du Bassin de Laval (Massif Armoricain, France). Geobios 20:215–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
256. LeMenn, J. 1990. Les calices du genre Tiaracrinus (Crinoidea, Inadunata) dans l'Emsien d'Algérie et du Massif Armoricain. Geobios 23:161–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
257. LeMenn, J., and Pidal, R. 1989. Ancyrocrinus and Haplocrinites: two Middle Devonian–lower Frasnian crinoids common to the Armorican Massif (France) and the Cantabrian Mountains (Spain). Annales de la Société Géologique du Nord 107:261–269.Google Scholar
258. LeMenn, J., and Rachebœuf, P. R. 1976. Brachiopodes Chonetacea et crinoïdes des formations du Faou et de Montguyon (Dévonien inférieur du Massif Armoricain). Annales de la Société Géologique du Nord 96:283–323.Google Scholar
259. LeMenn, J., and Spjeldnaes, N. 1996. Un nouveau crinoïde Dimerocrinitidae (Camerata, Diplobathrida) de l'Ordovicien supérieure du Maroc: Rosfacrinus robustus nov. gen., nov. sp. Geobios 29:341–351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
260. Leuthardt, F. 1904. Die Crinoidenbänke im Dogger der Umgebung von Liestal. Tätigkeitsbericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Baselland 1902/1903:89–115.Google Scholar
261. Lewis, R. D. 1981. Archaeotaxocrinus, new genus, the earliest known flexible crinoid (Whiterockian) and its phylogenetic implications. Journal of Paleontology 55:227–238.Google Scholar
262. Lewis, R. D., and Strimple, H. L. 1990. Sciadiocrinus, convergence on the family Pirasocrinidae (Crinoidea: Echinodermata). Journal of Paleontology 64:293–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
263. Linck, O. 1954. Die Muschelkalk-Seelilie Encrinus liliiformis. Aus der Heimat 62:225–235.Google Scholar
264. Loriol, P. de. 1877–1879. Monographie des crinoïdes fossiles de la Suisse. Mémoires de la Société Paléontologique Suisse 4:1–52, 5:53–124, 6:125–300.Google Scholar
265. Loriol, P. de. 1880. Description de quatres Échinodermes nouveaux. Mémoires de la Société Paléontologique Suisse 7:1–15.Google Scholar
266. Loriol, P. de. 1882–1884. Paléontologie française, ou description des fossiles de la France, série 1, animaux invertébrés. Terrain Jurassique, Part 1. G. Masson, Paris.Google Scholar
267. Loriol, P. de. 1884–1889. Paléontologie française, ou description des fossiles de la France, série 1, animaux invertébrés. Terrain Jurassique, Part 2. G. Masson, Paris.Google Scholar
268. Loriol, P. de. 1891. Description de la faune jurassique du Portugal, embranchement des échinodermes. Commission des Travaux Géologiques du Portugal 2:1–179.Google Scholar
269. Loriol, P. de. 1894. Notes pour servir a l'étude des échinodermes. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 2:467–497.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
270. Loriol, P. de. 1897. Description de quelques échinodermes. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, série 3, 25:115–129.Google Scholar
271. Loriol, P. de. 1908. Note sur deux échinodermes fossiles. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 16:151–156.Google Scholar
272. Loriol, P. de, and Pellat, E.-P.-E. 1875. Monographie paléontologique et géologique des étages supérieures de la formation jurassique des environs de Boulogne-sur-Mer. Mémoires de la Société de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Genève 24:1–326.Google Scholar
273. Lyon, S. S., and Casseday, S. A. 1859. Description of nine new species of Crinoidea from the Subcarboniferous rocks of Indiana and Kentucky. American Journal of Science, series 2, 28:233–246.Google Scholar
274. Lyon, S. S., and Casseday, S. A. 1860. Description of nine new species of Crinoidea from the Subcarboniferous rocks of Indiana and Kentucky. American Journal of Science, series 2, 29:68–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
275. Malaroda, R. 1950. Segnalazione di un nuovo Crinoide Comatulide nel Paleogene Veneto. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologica e Stratigrafica 56:6–11.Google Scholar
276. Manni, R., and Nicosia, U. 1985a [1984]. Crataegocrinus tonielli n. gen. n. sp. from the Dogger of the central Appenines. Bolletino della Società Paleontologica Italiana 23:137–139.Google Scholar
277. Manni, R., and Nicosia, U. 1985b. Psalidocrinus zitti n. sp., cyrtocrinid crinoid from the lower Tithonian of the central Appenines. Geologica Romana 24:79–86.Google Scholar
278. Manni, R., and Nicosia, U. 1987. Two new species of cyrtocrinid crinoids from northern Italy. Memorie di Scienze Geologiche 39:265–271.Google Scholar
279. Manni, R., and Nicosia, U. 1990 [1987]. New crinoids from Liassic sediments nearby Tivoli (central Italy): rearrangement in the systematics of eudesicrinids and cotyledermatids. Geologica Romana 26:81–92.Google Scholar
280. Manni, R., Nicosia, U., and Rion, B. 1985. Rhodanometra lorioli n. gen. n. sp. and the other Callovian crinoids from La Voulte-Sur-Rhône (Ardèche, France). Geologica Romana 24:87–100.Google Scholar
281. Manni, R., Nicosia, U., and Szabó, J. 1992. Late Jurassic crinoids from the Eperkés-hegy (Bakony Mts., Hungary). Fragmenta Mineralogica et Palaeontologica 15:115–137.Google Scholar
282. Marez Oyens, F. A. H. W. de. 1940. Neue permische Krinoiden von Timor, mit Bemerkungen über deren Vorkommen im Basleogebiet. Geological Expedition to the Lesser Sunda Islands under Leadership of H. A. Brouwer 1:285–348.Google Scholar
283. McChesney, J. H. 1868. Descriptions of fossils from the Palaeozoic rocks of the western states, with illustrations. Transactions of the Chicago Academy of Sciences 1:1–57.Google Scholar
284. McIntosh, G. C. 1979. Abnormal specimens of the Middle Devonian crinoid Bactrocrinites and their effect on the taxonomy of the genus. Journal of Paleontology 53:18–28.Google Scholar
285. McIntosh, G. C. 1981. Apurocrinus sucrei, a new genus and species of camerate crinoid from the Lower Devonian of Bolivia. Journal of Paleontology 55:948–952.Google Scholar
286. McIntosh, G. C. 1983. Nuxocrinus and Pyrenocrinus, two new Devonian cladid inadunate crinoid genera. Journal of Paleontology 57:495–513.Google Scholar
287. McIntosh, G. C. 1984. Devonian cladid inadunate crinoids: Family Botryocrinidae Bather, 1899. Journal of Paleontology 58:1260–1281.Google Scholar
288. McIntosh, G. C. 1987a. Review of the Devonian camerate crinoid Bogotacrinus scheibei Schmidt from Colombia. Journal of Paleontology 61:750–757.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
289. McIntosh, G. C. 1987b. Review of the camerate crinoid Closterocrinus elongatus Hall from the Silurian of New York. Journal of Paleontology 61:1216–1221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
290. McIntosh, G. C. 1988. Boliviacrinus isaacsoni, a new genus and species of Middle Devonian camerate crinoid from Bolivia. Journal of Paleontology 62:622–626.Google Scholar
291. McIntosh, G. C., and Brett, C. E. 1988. Occurrence of the cladid inadunate crinoid Thalamocrinus in the Silurian (Wenlockian) of New York and Ontario. Royal Ontario Museum Life Sciences Contributions 149:1–17.Google Scholar
292. McIntosh, G. C., and Schreiber, R. L. 1971. Morphology and taxonomy of the Middle Devonian crinoid Ancyrocrinus bulbosus Hall, 1862. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 23:381–403.Google Scholar
293. Meek, F. B. 1873. Descriptions of invertebrate fossils of the Silurian and Devonian systems. Ohio Geological Survey 1(2):1–246.Google Scholar
294. Meek, F. B., and Worthen, A. H. 1865. Descriptions of new species of Crinoidea, &c., from the Palaeozoic rocks of Illinois and some of the adjoining states. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 17:143–155.Google Scholar
295. Meek, F. B., and Worthen, A. H. 1866. Descriptions of invertebrates from the Carboniferous system. Illinois Geological Survey 2(2):143–411.Google Scholar
296. Meek, F. B., and Worthen, A. H. 1869. Descriptions of new Carboniferous fossils from the Palaeozoic rocks of the western states. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 22:137–172.Google Scholar
297. Meek, F. B., and Worthen, A. H. 1873. Palaeontology. Descriptions of invertebrates from the Carboniferous system. Illinois Geological Survey 5(2):323–619.Google Scholar
298. Meyer, D. L., and Oji, T. 1993. Eocene crinoids from Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula: paleobiogeographic and paleoecologic implications. Journal of Paleontology 67:250–257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
299. Miller, S. A. 1879. Remarks upon the Kaskaskia group, and descriptions of new species of fossils from Pulaski County, Kentucky. Cincinnati Society of Natural History Journal 2:31–42.Google Scholar
300. Miller, S. A. 1892a. A description of some Lower Carboniferous crinoids from Missouri. Geological Survey of Missouri Bulletin 4:1–40.Google Scholar
301. Miller, S. A. 1892b [1891]. Palaeontology. Indiana Department of Geology and Natural Resources Annual Report 17:611–705.Google Scholar
302. Miller, S. A., and Gurley, W. F. E. 1890. Description of some new genera and species of Echinodermata, from the Coal Measures and Subcarboniferous rocks of Indiana, Missouri, and Iowa. Indiana Department of Geology and Natural Resources Annual Report 16:327–373.Google Scholar
303. Miller, S. A., and Gurley, W. F. E. 1893. Descriptions of some new species of invertebrates from the Palaeozoic rocks of Illinois and adjacent states. Illinois State Museum of Natural History Bulletin 3:1–81.Google Scholar
304. Miller, S. A., and Gurley, W. F. E. 1894. New genera and species of Echinodermata. Illinois State Museum of Natural History Bulletin 5:1–53.Google Scholar
305. Miller, S. A., and Gurley, W. F. E. 1896a. Description of new and remarkable fossils from the Palaeozoic rocks of the Mississippi Valley. Illinois State Museum of Natural History Bulletin 8:1–65.Google Scholar
306. Miller, S. A., and Gurley, W. F. E. 1896b. New sepcies of crinoids from Illinois and other states. Illinois State Museum of Natural History Bulletin 9:1–66.Google Scholar
307. Miller, S. A., and Gurley, W. F. E. 1897. New species of crinoids, cephalopods, and other Palaeozoic fossils. Illinois State Museum of Natural History Bulletin 12:1–69.Google Scholar
308. Milsom, C. V. 1994. Saccocoma: a benthic crinoid from the Jurassic Solnhofen Limestone, Germany. Palaeontology 37:121–129.Google Scholar
309. Milsom, C. V., Simms, M. J., and Gale, A. S. 1994. Phylogeny and palaeobiology of Marsupites and Uintacrinus. Palaeontology 37:595–607.Google Scholar
310. Moore, C. 1870. Australian Mesozoic geology and palaeontology. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 26:226–261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
311. Moore, R. C. 1939. New crinoids from the Upper Pennsylvanian and Lower Permian rocks of Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska. Denison University Scientific Laboratories Journal 34:171–294.Google Scholar
312. Moore, R. C. 1940. New genera of Pennsylvanian crinoids from Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. Denison University Scientific Laboratories Journal 35:32–54.Google Scholar
313. Moore, R. C. 1962a. Revision of Calceocrinidae. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Echinodermata, Article 4:1–40.Google Scholar
314. Moore, R. C. 1962b. Ray structures of some inadunate crinoids. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Echinodermata, Article 5:1–47.Google Scholar
315. Moore, R. C. 1967. Unique stalked crinoids from Upper Cretaceous of Mississippi. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Paper 17:1–35.Google Scholar
316. Moore, R. C., and Laudon, L. R. 1942. Megaliocrinus, a new camerate crinoid genus from the Morrow series of northeastern Oklahoma. Denison University Scientific Laboratories Journal 37:67–76.Google Scholar
317. Moore, R. C., and Plummer, F. B. 1938 [1937]. Upper Carboniferous crinoids from the Morrow subseries of Arkansas, Oklahoma and Texas. Denison University Scientific Laboratories Journal 32:209–313.Google Scholar
318. Moore, R. C., and Plummer, F. B. 1940. Crinoids from the Upper Carboniferous and Permian strata in Texas. University of Texas Publication 3945:1–459.Google Scholar
319. Moore, R. C., and Strimple, H. L. 1969. Explosive evolutionary differentiation of unique group of Mississippian-Pennsylvanian camerate crinoids (Acrocrinidae). University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Paper 39:1–44.Google Scholar
320. Moore, R. C., and Strimple, H. L. 1973. Lower Pennsylvanian (Morrowan) crinoids from Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Article 60:1–84.Google Scholar
321. Moore, R. C., and Vokes, H. E. 1953. Lower Tertiary crinoids from northwestern Oregon. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 233-E:111–147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
322. Moore, R. C., Rasmussen, H. W., Lane, N. G., Ubaghs, G., Strimple, H. L., Peck, R. E., Sprinkle, J., Fay, R. O., and Sieverts-Doreck, H. 1978. Systematic descriptions. Pp. T403–T1027in Ubaghs, G. et al., eds. Echinodermata 2, Crinoidea. Part T. ofMoore, R. C. and Teichert, C., eds. Treatise on invertebrate paleontology. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas, Boulder, Colo.Google Scholar
323. Mu, A. T. 1949. On the discovery of the crown of Traumatocrinus. Bulletin of the Geological Society of China 29:85–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
324. Nekvasilova, O., and Prokop, R. 1963. Roveacrinidae (Crinoidea) from the Upper Cretaceous of Bohemia. Věstnik Ústředniho Ústavu Geologického 38:49–58.Google Scholar
325. Nestell, M. K., and Tenery, J. H. 1988. A new species of comatulid crinoid from the Duck Creek Formation of the Washita Group (Lower Cretaceous), north-central Texas. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte 1988:184–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
326. Nicosia, U. 1991. Mesozoic crinoids from the north-western Turkey. Geologica Romana 27:389–436.Google Scholar
327. Nielsen, K. B. 1913. Crinoiderne i Danmarks Kridtaflejringer. Danmarks Geologiske Undersøgelse, series 2, 26:1–120.Google Scholar
328. Oji, T. 1985. Early Cretaceous Isocrinus from Northeast Japan. Palaeontology 28:629–642.Google Scholar
329. Oji, T. 1990. Miocene Isocrinidae (stalked crinoids) from Japan and their biogeographic implication. Transactions and Proceedings of the Paleontological Society of Japan, new series 157:412–429.Google Scholar
330. Öpik, A. A. 1934. Ristnacrinus, a new Ordovician crinoid from Estonia. Acta et Commentationes Universitatis Tartuensis (Dorpatensis) A27(8):1–7.Google Scholar
331. Orbigny, A. D. d'. 1840–1841 [reprinted 1858]. Histoire naturelle, génerale et particulière, des crinoïdes, vivans et fossiles. J.-B. Baillière, Paris.Google Scholar
332. Orbigny, A. D. d'. 1849–1852. Prodrome du paléontologie stratigraphique universelle des animaux mollusques et rayonnés faisant suite au cours élémentaire de paléontologie et de géologie stratigraphique. Victor Masson, Paris.Google Scholar
333. Pabian, R. K., and Strimple, H. L. 1974a. Crinoid studies. Bulletins of American Paleontology 64(281):249–337.Google Scholar
334. Pabian, R. K., and Strimple, H. L. 1974b. Fossil crinoid studies. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Paper 73:1–54.Google Scholar
335. Pabian, R. K., and Strimple, H. L. 1978. Delocrinus vastus Lane and Webster from the Hughes Creek Shale (Lower Permian), Richardson County, Nebraska. Journal of Paleontology 52:1393–1394.Google Scholar
336. Pabian, R. K., and Strimple, H. L. 1979. Notes on biometrics, paleoecology and biostratigraphy of Cibolocrinuis conicus Strimple from Oklahoma, Kansas and Nebraska. Journal of Paleontology 53:421–437.Google Scholar
337. Pabian, R. K., and Strimple, H. L. 1980. Some crinoids from the Argentine Limestone (Late Pennsylvanian–Missourian) of southeastern Nebraska and southwestern Iowa. Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences 8:155–186.Google Scholar
338. Pasotti, P. 1929. Di alcuni crinoidi Paleogenici con particolare riguardoa quelli di Gassino. Bolletino della Società Geologica Italiana 48:71–89.Google Scholar
339. Paul, C. R. C. 1992. Amphorometra (Crinoidea, Echinodermata) from the London Clay of Aveley, Essex. Tertiary Research 13:117–124.Google Scholar
340. Peck, R. E. 1943. Lower Cretaceous crinoids from Texas. Journal of Paleontology 17:451–475.Google Scholar
341. Peck, R. E. 1948. A Triassic crinoid from Mexico. Journal of Paleontology 22:81–84.Google Scholar
342. Peck, R. E. 1955. Cretaceous microcrinoids from England. Journal of Paleontology 29:1019–1029.Google Scholar
343. Peck, R. E. 1973. Applinocrinus: a new genus of Cretaceous microcrinoids and its distribution in North America. Journal of Paleontology 47:94–100.Google Scholar
344. Peck, R. E., and Watkins, W. T. 1972. Comatulid crinoids from the Lower Cretaceous of Texas. Journal of Paleontology 46:410–414.Google Scholar
345. Philip, G. M., and Strimple, H. L. 1971. An interpretation of the crinoid Aethocrinus moorei Ubaghs. Journal of Paleontology 39:146–149.Google Scholar
346. Pisera, and Dzik, . 1979. Tithonian crinoids from Rogoźnik (Pieniny Klippen Belt, Poland) and their evolutionary relationships. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 72:805–849.Google Scholar
347. Polyarnaya, Zh. A. 1986. Zhivetskie morskie lilii vostochnogo sklona yuzhnogo Urala. Zapiski Leningradskogo Gornogo Insituta Imeni G. V. Plekhanova 107:76–81.Google Scholar
348. Prokop, R. J. 1970. Family Calceocrinidae, Meek & Worthen, 1869 (Crinoidea) in the Silurian and Devonian of Bohemia. Sborník Geologických Věd, Paleontologie 12:79–132.Google Scholar
349. Prokop, R. J. 1975. Ichtyocrinus [sic] Conrad, 1842 (Crinoidea) in the Lower Devonian of Bohemia. Časopis pro Mineralogii a Geologii 20:417–421.Google Scholar
350. Prokop, R. J., and Petr, V. 1986. Revision of superfamily Melocrinitacea d'Orbigny, 1852 (Crinoidea, Camerata) in Silurian and Devonian of Bohemia. Sborník Národního Muzea v Praze 42B:197–219.Google Scholar
351. Prokop, R. J., and Petr, V. 1987. Marhoumacrinus legrandi, gen. et sp. n., (Crinoidea, Camerata) from Upper Silurian–lowermost Devonian of Algeria. Sborník Národního Muzea v Praze 43B:1–14.Google Scholar
352. Prokop, R. J., and Petr, V. 1989. New Silurian and Devonian crinoid taxa from Bohemia. Časopis pro Mineralogii a Geologii 34:45–58.Google Scholar
353. Radwanska, U. 1987. Free-living crinoids from the Korytnica Clays (Middle Miocene; Holy Cross Mountains, central Poland). Acta Geologica Polonica 37:113–129.Google Scholar
354. Ramsbottom, W. H. C. 1950. A new species of Lyriocrinus from the Wenlock Limestone. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 12th series 3:651–656.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
355. Ramsbottom, W. H. C. 1951. Two species of Gissocrinus from the Wenlock Limestone. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 12th series 4:490–497.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
356. Ramsbottom, W. H. C. 1958. British Upper Silurian crinoids from the Ludlovian. Palaeontology 1:106–115.Google Scholar
357. Ramsbottom, W. H. C.A monograph on British Ordovician Crinoidea. Palaeontographical Society Monograph 114(492):1–37.Google Scholar
358. Rasmussen, H. W. 1961. A monograph on the Cretaceous Crinoidea. Biologiske Skrifter 12:1–428.Google Scholar
359. Rasmussen, H. W. 1971. Cretaceous Crinoidea (Comatulida and Roveacrinida) from England and France. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 20:285–294.Google Scholar
360. Rasmussen, H. W. 1972. Lower Tertiary Crinoidea, Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea from Northern Europe and Greenland. Biologiske Skrifter 19:1–83.Google Scholar
361. Rasmussen, H. W. 1975. Neue Crinoiden aus der Oberkreide bei Hannover. Naturhistorische Gesellschaft zu Hannover, Berichte 119:279–283.Google Scholar
362. Rasmussen, H. W. 1979. Crinoideos del Cretacico superior y del Terciario inferior de la Isla Vicecomodoro Marambio (Seymour Island), Antartida. Contribuciones Cientifícas del Instituto Antártico Argentino 4:79–93.Google Scholar
363. Regnéll, G. 1948. Swedish Hybocrinida (Crinoidea Inadunata Disparata; Ordovician–Lower Silurian). Arkiv för Zoologi 40A:1–27.Google Scholar
364. Remeš, M. 1902. Nachträge zur Fauna von Stramberg, I. Beiträge zur Paläontologie Österreich-Ungarns 14:195–217.Google Scholar
365. Remeš, M. 1905. Nachträge zur Fauna von Stramberg, VII, Crinoiden-, Asteriden- und Echinodermenreste aus dem weissen Kalkstein von Stramberg. Beiträge zur Paläontologie Österreich-Ungarns 18:59–63.Google Scholar
366. Remeš, M., and Bather, F. A. 1913. Psalidocrinus, a new genus of Crinoidea from the Tithonian of Stramberg. Geological Magazine, new series, decade 5, 10:346–352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
367. Ringueberg, E. N. S. 1889. The Calceocrinidae: a revision of the family, with descriptions of some new species. New York Academy of Science Annals 4(12):388–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
368. Rollier, L. 1911. Fossiles nouveaux ou peu connus. Mémoires de la Société Paléontologique Suisse 37:1–7.Google Scholar
369. Roux, M. 1978a. Les crinoïdes pédonculés (échinodermes) du genre Conocrinus provenant de l'Éocène des environs de Biarritz. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris D286:265–268.Google Scholar
370. Roux, M. 1978b. Ontogenèse, variabilité et évolution morphofonctionnelle du pédoncule et du calice chez les Millericrinida (échinodermes, crinoïdes). Geobios 11:213–241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
371. Rozhnov, S. V. 1981. Morskie lilii nadsemeistva Pisocrinacea. Akademiia Nauk SSSR, Paleontologicheskii Institut, Trudy 192:1–128.Google Scholar
372. Rozhnov, S. V. 1985. Morphology, symmetry, and systematic position of the Hybocrinida (Crinoidea). Paleontological Journal 1985(2):1–13.Google Scholar
373. Rozhnov, S. V. 1988. The morphology and systematic position of Lower Ordovician sea lilies. Paleontological Journal 1988(2):62–75.Google Scholar
374. Rozhnov, S. V. 1990. Morfologiya i sistematicheskoe polozhenie Virucrinus Rozhnov gen. nov. (Crinoidea Inadunata Disparida) iz srednego Ordovika severnoi Estonii. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Estonii, Geologiia 39:68–75.Google Scholar
375. Rozhnov, S. V., and Arendt, Yu. A. 1984. A new Upper Devonian crinoid genus from the main Devonian field. Paleontological Journal 18(4):119–123.Google Scholar
376. Schmidt, W. E. 1930. Die Fauna des deutschen Unterkarbons, 1. Die Echinodermen. Abhandlungen der Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt, new series 122:1–92.Google Scholar
377. Schmidt, W. E. 1934. Die Crinoideen des rheinischen Devons. Teil 1. Die Crinoideen des Hunsrückerschiefers. Abhandlungen der Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt, new series 163:1–149.Google Scholar
378. Schmidt, W. E. 1941. Die Crinoideen des rheinischen Devons. Teil 2. A. Nachtrag zu: Die Crinoideen des Hunsrückerschiefers. B. Die Crinoideen des Unterdevons bis zur Cultrijugatus-Zone (mit Ausschluss des Hunsrückerschiefers). Abhandlungen der Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt, new series 182:1–253.Google Scholar
379. Schneider, H. L. 1987. Zur Kelchmorphologie und Systematik der Roveacrininae Peck, 1943 (Crinoidea, Oberkreide). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 175:181–206.Google Scholar
380. Schneider, H. L. 1989. Ein besonderes Fossil. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 63:163–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
381. Schneider, H. L. 1989. Zur Morphologie und Ontogenese von Roveacrinus geinitzi n. sp. (Crinoidea, Oberkreide). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 178:167–181.Google Scholar
382. Schultze, L. 1867. Monographie der Echinodermen des Eifler Kalkes. Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse) 26:113–230.Google Scholar
383. Scott, R. W., Root, S. A., Tenery, J. H., and Nestell, M. 1977. Morphology of the Cretaceous microcrinoid Poecilocrinus (Roveacrinidae). Journal of Paleontology 51:343–349.Google Scholar
384. Shevchenko, T. V. 1967. Early Devonian sea lilies of the family Parahexacrinidae fam. nov. from the Zeravshan Stage. Paleontological Journal 1967(3):72–84.Google Scholar
385. Sieverts, H. 1927. Über die Crinoidengattung Marsupites. Abhandlungen der Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt, new series 108:1–73.Google Scholar
386. Sieverts, H. 1931. Cyathidium depressum n. sp. aus dem Oberen Cenoman Rheinland-Westfalens. Jahrbuch der Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt 52:159–176.Google Scholar
387. Sieverts, H. 1932. Kolonien von Cotylederma lineata Quenstedt (Crinoidea) aus dem süddeutschen Lias. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 14:96–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
388. Sieverts, H. 1933. Jungtertiäre Crinoiden von Seran und Borneo. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie, und Paläontologie, Beilage-Band 69(B):145–168.Google Scholar
389. Sieverts-Doreck, H. 1944. Zur Morphologie und systematischen Stellung von Balanocrinus. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie, und Paläontologie, Beilage-Band 88(B):136–155.Google Scholar
390. Sieverts-Doreck, H. 1951. Echinodermen aus dem spanischen Ober-Karbon. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 24:104–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
391. Sieverts-Doreck, H. 1953. Über Austinocrinus in norddeutschen Senon mit einem Beitrag zur Gliederung, Stammesgeschichte und Verbreitung der Gattung. Hamburg Geologische Staatsinstitut, Mitteilungen 22:102–118.Google Scholar
392. Sieverts-Doreck, H. 1958. Über einige Comatulida aus Jura und Kreide. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 106:245–260.Google Scholar
393. Sieverts-Doreck, H. 1961 [1960]. Zur Kenntnis der Crinoidengattung Discometra (Comatulida, Mariametrina) im Miozän des Wiener Beckens. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 64:105–126.Google Scholar
394. Sieverts-Doreck, H. 1964. Zur Kenntnis von Balanocrinus württembergicus aus dem schwäbischen Opalinuston (Dogger α). Verein für Vaterländische Naturkunde in Württemberg, Jahreshefte 118/119:147–166.Google Scholar
395. Sieverts-Doreck, H. 1971. Über Chladocrinus Agassiz (Isocrinidae) und die nomenklatorische Verankerung dieser Gattung. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte 1971:314–320.Google Scholar
396. Sieverts-Doreck, H. 1978. Nachweis der Pentacrinites fossilis-Gruppe im schwäbischen Arietenkalk (Lias α3, unteres Sinemurium). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde 35:1–15.Google Scholar
397. Sieverts-Doreck, H. 1979. Kronen- und Stielfunde von Chladocrinus basaltiformis, Familie Isocrinidae, aus der Herforder Liasmulde. Bericht des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins Bielefeld 24:345–381.Google Scholar
398. Sieverts-Doreck, H. 1981. Pentacriniten aus dem Lias ∊ der Gegend von Banz in Oberfranken. Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Bamberg 56:219–232.Google Scholar
399. Sieverts-Doreck, H. 1983. Neue Kronenfunde von Chariocrinus württembergicus, Familie Isocrinidae, aus dem schwäbischen Opalinuston (unteres Aalenium). Oberrheinische Geologische Verein, Jahresberichte und Mitteilungen 65:354–371.Google Scholar
400. Simms, M. J. 1988. Patterns of evolution among Lower Jurassic crinoids. Historical Biology 1:17–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
401. Simms, M. J. 1989. British Lower Jurassic crinoids. Palaeontographical Society Monograph 142(581):1–103.Google Scholar
402. Smith, A. B. 1985. Echinodermata. Pp. 153–181in Murray, J. W., ed. Atlas of invertebrate macrofossils. Wiley, New York.Google Scholar
403. Sollas, W. J. 1900. Fossils in the Oxford University Museum, II. On two new genera and species of Crinoidea (Brahmacrinus ponderosus and Cicerocrinus elegans). Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 56:254–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
404. Speden, I. G. 1959. Phyllocrinus furcillatus sp. nov., a cyrtocrinid from the Upper Jurassic of Kawhia, New Zealand. Palaeontology 2:150–155.Google Scholar
404a. Springer, F. 1901. Uintacrinus, its structure and relations. Harvard College Museum of Comparative Zoology Memoir 25:1–89.Google Scholar
405. Springer, F. 1905. Cleiocrinus. Harvard College Museum of Comparative Zoology Memoir 25:91–114.Google Scholar
406. Springer, F. 1909. A new American Jurassic crinoid. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 36:179–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
407. Springer, F. 1911a. On a Trenton echinoderm fauna at Kirkfield, Ontario. Canada Geological Survey Memoir 15-P:1–50.Google Scholar
408. Springer, F. 1911b. Some new American fossil crinoids. Harvard College Museum of Comparative Zoology Memoir 25:117–161.Google Scholar
409. Springer, F. 1913. Crinoidea. Pp. 173–423in von Zittel, K. A.Text-book of paleontology, 2d ed.Edited and translated byEastman, C. R.Macmillan, London.Google Scholar
410. Springer, F. 1917. On the crinoid genus Scyphocrinus and its bulbous root Camarocrinus. Smithsonian Institution Publication 2440:1–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
411. Springer, F. 1920. The Crinoidea Flexibilia. Smithsonian Institution Publication 2501:1–486, Plates A–C, 1–76.Google Scholar
412. Springer, F. 1921. The fossil crinoid genus Dolatocrinus and its allies. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 115:1–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
413. Springer, F. 1923. On the fossil crinoid family Catillocrinidae. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 76(3):1–41.Google Scholar
414. Springer, F. 1926a. American Silurian crinoids. Smithsonian Institution Publication 2871:1–239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
415. Springer, F. 1926b. Unusual forms of fossil crinoids. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 67(5):1–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
416. Springer, F., and Slocum, A. W. 1906. Hypsocrinus, a new genus of crinoids from the Devonian. Field Museum Publications, Geology Series 2:267–271.Google Scholar
417. Sprinkle, J. 1973. Morphology and evolution of blastozoan echinoderms. Special Publication, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
418. Sprinkle, J., ed. 1982a. Echinoderm faunas from the Bromide Formation (Middle Ordovician) of Oklahoma. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Monograph 1:1–369.Google Scholar
419. Sprinkle, J., ed. 1982b. Acolocrinus. Pp. 111–118 in Sprinkle, 1982a.Google Scholar
420. Sprinkle, J., ed. 1982c. Hybocrinus. Pp. 119–128 in Sprinkle, 1982a.Google Scholar
421. Sprinkle, J., ed. 1982d. Large-calyx cladid inadunates. Pp. 145–169 in Sprinkle, 1982a.Google Scholar
422. Sprinkle, J., and Kolata, D. R. 1982. “Rhomb-bearing” camerate. Pp. 206–211in Sprinkle, 1982a.Google Scholar
423. Sprinkle, J. and Wahlman, G. P. 1994. New echinoderms from the Early Ordovician of west Texas. Journal of Paleontology 68:324–338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
424. Stewart, G. 1940. Crinoids from the Silica shale, Devonian, of Ohio. Ohio Journal of Science 30:53–60.Google Scholar
425. Strimple, H. L. 1939. A group of Pennsylvanian crinoids from the vicinity of Bartlesville, Oklahoma. Bulletins of American Paleontology 24(87):1–26.Google Scholar
426. Strimple, H. L. 1940. Some new crinoid species from the Morrow subseries. Bulletins of American Paleontology 25(91):1–11.Google Scholar
427. Strimple, H. L. 1947. Three new crinoid species from the Virgil series of southeastern Kansas. Bulletins of American Paleontology 31(124):1–12.Google Scholar
428. Strimple, H. L. 1949a. Crinoid studies, Parts III–VII. Bulletins of American Paleontology 32(133):1–42.Google Scholar
429. Strimple, H. L. 1949b. Studies of Carboniferous crinoids. Palaeontographica Americana 3(23):1–40.Google Scholar
430. Strimple, H. L. 1951a. New Carboniferous crinoids. Journal of Paleontology 25:669–676.Google Scholar
431. Strimple, H. L. 1951b. New crinoids from the Pitkin of Oklahoma. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:260–263.Google Scholar
432. Strimple, H. L. 1951c. Notes on Phanocrinus cylindricus and description of new species of Chester crinoids. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:291–294.Google Scholar
433. Strimple, H. L. 1952a. The arms of Polusocrinus. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:12–14.Google Scholar
434. Strimple, H. L. 1952b. Notes on Texacrinus. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:216–220.Google Scholar
435. Strimple, H. L. 1952c. The arms of Perimestocrinus. Journal of Paleontology 26:784–788.Google Scholar
436. Strimple, H. L. 1961. Late Desmoinesian crinoid faunule from Oklahoma. Oklahoma Geological Survey Bulletin 93:1–189.Google Scholar
437. Strimple, H. L. 1962. Crinoids from the Oologah Formation (Pennsylvanian), Tulsa County, Oklahoma. Oklahoma Geological Survey Circular 60:1–75.Google Scholar
438. Strimple, H. L. 1966a. New species of cromyocrinids from Oklahoma and Arkansas. Oklahoma Geology Notes 26:3–12.Google Scholar
439. Strimple, H. L. 1966b. Some notes concerning the Allagecrinidae. Oklahoma Geology Notes 26:99–111.Google Scholar
440. Strimple, H. L. 1968. Paracromyocrinus marquisi from the Savanna Formation, Oklahoma. Oklahoma Geology Notes 28:33–36.Google Scholar
441. Strimple, H. L. 1971a. Crinoids from the Vinland Shale (Virgilian) of Kansas. Journal of Paleontology 45:998–1000.Google Scholar
442. Strimple, H. L. 1971b. Fossil crinoid studies, Part 3. The occurrence of Hydriocrinus in Oklahoma and Russia. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Paper 56:16–19.Google Scholar
443. Strimple, H. L. 1973a. Fossil crinoid studies, Part 3. Aenigmocrinus, a new Chesteran inadunate crinoid genus. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Paper 66:15–18.Google Scholar
444. Strimple, H. L. 1973b. Fossil crinoid studies, Part 4. The inadunate crinoid genus Heliosocrinus. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Paper 66:18–21.Google Scholar
445. Strimple, H. L. 1973c. Fossil crinoid studies, Part 5. Notes on Mississippian Ampelocrinidae. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Paper 66:21–24.Google Scholar
446. Strimple, H. L. 1975a. Middle Pennsylvanian (Atokan) crinoids from Oklahoma and Missouri. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Paper 76:1–30.Google Scholar
447. Strimple, H. L. 1975b. New Chesterian (Upper Mississippian) crinoids from Illinois. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Paper 79:1–9.Google Scholar
448. Strimple, H. L. 1977. The inadunate crinoid genus Cryphiocrinus Kirk. Geological Magazine 114:209–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
449. Strimple, H. L. 1982. An exceptional inadunate crinoid crown from the Morrowan (Lower Pennsylvanian) of Oklahoma. Oklahoma Geology Notes 42:200–203.Google Scholar
450. Strimple, H. L., and Boardman, D. R. II. 1971. Fossil crinoid studies, Part 6. Notes on Stenopecrinus and Perimestocrinus. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Paper 56:27–30.Google Scholar
451. Strimple, H. L., and Coney, C. 1978. Paratalarocrinus, a new camerate genus from the Upper Mississippian of Virginia. Journal of Paleontology 52:484–487.Google Scholar
452. Strimple, H. L., and Horowitz, A. S. 1971. A new Mississippian ampelocrinid. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions Paper 56:23–27.Google Scholar
453. Strimple, H. L., and Knapp, W. D. 1966. Lower Pennsylvanian fauna from eastern Kentucky, Part 2. Crinoids. Journal of Paleontology 40:309–314.Google Scholar
454. Strimple, H. L., and Levorson, C. O. 1969. Two Upper Devonian crinoids. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Paper 42(4):17–20.Google Scholar
455. Strimple, H. L., and Levorson, C. O. 1971. New flexible crinoids from the Upper Devonian of north central Iowa. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science 78:9–11.Google Scholar
456. Strimple, H. L., and McGinnis, M. R. 1969. Fossil crinoid studies, Part 5. New crinoid from the Gilmore City Formation, Lower Mississippian of Iowa. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Paper 42:21–22.Google Scholar
457. Strimple, H. L., and McGinnis, M. R. 1972. A new camerate crinoid from the Al Rose Formation, Lower Ordovician of California. Journal of Paleontology 46:72–74.Google Scholar
458. Strimple, H. L., and Moore, R. C. 1971a. Crinoids of the Francis Shale (Missourian) of Oklahoma. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Paper 55:1–20.Google Scholar
459. Strimple, H. L., and Moore, R. C. 1971b. Crinoids of the LaSalle Limestone (Pennsylvanian) of Illinois. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Article 55:1–48.Google Scholar
460. Strimple, H. L. and Pareyn, C. 1982. Cibolocrinus from the Namurian of North Africa with notes on the genus. Journal of Paleontology 56:226–232.Google Scholar
461. Strimple, H. L., and Watkins, W. T. 1969. Carboniferous crinoids of Texas with stratigraphic implications. Palaeontographica Americana 6(40):141–275.Google Scholar
462. Szörényi, E. 1959. Les Torynocrinus (Crinoïdes) du Crétacé inférieur de la Hongrie. Acta Geologica 6:231–271.Google Scholar
463. Taylor, B. J. 1966. Taxonomy and morphology of Echinodermata from the Aptian of Alexander Island. British Antarctic Survey Bulletin 8:1–18.Google Scholar
464. Taylor, P. D. 1983. Ailsacrinus gen. nov., an aberrant millericrinid from the Middle Jurassic of Britain. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology 37:37–77.Google Scholar
465. Teichert, C. 1949. Permian crinoid Calceolispongia. Geological Society of America Memoir 34:1–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
466. Teichert, C. 1954. A new Permian crinoid from Western Australia. Journal of Paleontology 28:70–75.Google Scholar
467. Thurmann, J., and Etallon, C.-A. 1862. Lethea Bruntrutana ou études paléontologiques et stratigraphiques sur les terrains jurassiques du Jura Bernois et en particulier des environs de Perrentruy. Neue Denkschriften der Allgemeinen Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für die Gesammten Naturwissenschaften 19:147–353.Google Scholar
468. Tien, C. C. 1926. Crinoids from the Taiyuan series of north China. Palaeontologia Sinica B5(1):1–47.Google Scholar
469. Tommasi, A. 1908. Una nuova forma di Phyllocrinus nel Neocomiano di Spiazzi sul Monte Baldo. Bolletino della Società Geologica Italiana 27:419–422.Google Scholar
470. Ubaghs, G. 1945. Contribution à la connaissance des crinoïdes de l'Éodévonien de la Belgique. I. Révision systématique des Melocrinitidae. Bulletin du Musée Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique 21(15):1–24.Google Scholar
471. Ubaghs, G. 1950. Le genre Spyridiocrinus Oehlert. Annales de Paléontologie 36:107–122.Google Scholar
472. Ubaghs, G. 1952. Ammonicrinus Springer, Crinoidea Flexibilia du Dévonien moyen d'Allemagne. Senckenbergiana 33:203–226.Google Scholar
473. Ubaghs, G. 1956a. Recherches sur les crinoïdes Camerata du Silurien de Gotland (Suède). I. Morphologie et Paléobiologie de Barrandeocrinus sceptrum Angelin. Arkiv för Zoologi, series 2, 9:515–550.Google Scholar
474. Ubaghs, G. 1956b. Recherches sur les crinoïdes Camerata du Silurien de Gotland (Suède). II. Morphologie et position systématique de Polypeltes granulatus Angelin. Arkiv för Zoologi, series 2, 9:551–572.Google Scholar
475. Ubaghs, G. 1958a. Morphologie et position systématique de Methabocrinus erraticus Jaekel (Crinoidea Camerata). Paläontologische Zeitschrift 32:52–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
476. Ubaghs, G. 1958b. Recherches sur les crinoïdes Camerata du Silurien de Gotland (Suède). III. Melocrinicae, avec des remarques sur l'évolution des Melocrinidae. Arkiv för Zoologi, series 2, 11:259–306.Google Scholar
477. Ubaghs, G. 1969. Aethocrinus moorei Ubaghs, n. gen., n. sp., le plus ancien crinoïde dicyclique connu. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Paper 38:1–25.Google Scholar
478. Ubaghs, G. 1971. Un crinoïde énigmatique Ordovicien: Perittocrinus Jaekel. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 137:305–336.Google Scholar
479. Ubaghs, G. 1972. More about Aethocrinus moorei Ubaghs, the oldest known dicyclic crinoid. Journal of Paleontology 46:773–775.Google Scholar
480. Ulrich, E. O. 1925. New classification of the “Heterocrinidae.” Canada Geological Survey Memoir 138:82–104.Google Scholar
481. Vadász, M. E. 1915. Die mediterranean Echinodermen Ungarns. Geologica Hungarica 1:79–254.Google Scholar
482. Valette, A. 1928. Note sur quelques Antédons du Burdigalien supérieur des Angles (Gard). Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, série 4, 28:23–35.Google Scholar
483. Van Sant, J. F., and Lane, N. G. 1964. Crawfordsville (Indiana) crinoid studies. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Echinodermata, Article 7:1–136.Google Scholar
484. Waagen, W., and Jahn, J. J. 1899. Systême silurien du centre de la Bohême, Part 2. Recherches paléontologiques, Vol. 7. Classe des échinodermes, Part 2. Famille des crinoïdes. Rivnác, Prague and Gerhard, Leipzig.Google Scholar
485. Wachsmuth, C., and Springer, F. 1877. Revision of the genus Belemnocrinus and description of two new species. American Journal of Science, series 3, 13:253–259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
486. Wachsmuth, C., and Springer, F. 1880–1886. Revision of the Palaeocrinoidea, Parts 1–3. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1879:226–378(Part 1); 1881:175–411 (Part 2); 1885:223–364 (Part 3, Section 1); 1886:64–226 (Part 3, Section 2).Google Scholar
487. Wachsmuth, C., and Springer, F. 1889 [1888]. Crotalocrinus: its structure and zoological position. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1888:364–390.Google Scholar
488. Wachsmuth, C., and Springer, F. 1890. New species of crinoids and blastoids from the Kinderhook Group of the Lower Carboniferous rocks at LeGrand, Iowa, and a new genus from the Niagaran Group of Western Tennessee. Illinois Geological Survey 8(2):155–208.Google Scholar
489. Wachsmuth, C., and Springer, F. 1897. The North American Crinoidea Camerata. Harvard College Museum of Comparative Zoology Memoir 20:1–897, 21: Plates 1–83.Google Scholar
490. Wagner, R. 1887. Die Encriniten des unteren Wellenkalkes von Jena. Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft 20(new series 13):1–32.Google Scholar
491. Wagner, R. 1891. Über einige Versteinerungen des unteren Muschelkalks von Jena. Deutsche Geologische Gesellschaft, Zeitschrift 43:879–901.Google Scholar
492. Waisfeld, B. 1989 [1988]. Comunidad de Bridgerocrinus (Crinoidea: Scytalocrinidae) en la Formacion Talacasto (Devonico) de la Precordillera de San Jaun, Argentina. Ameghiniana 25:273–279.Google Scholar
493. Walcott, C. D. 1884. Descriptions of new species of fossils from the Trenton Group of New York. New York State Museum of Natural History Annual Report 34:207–214.Google Scholar
494. Walther, J. 1886. Untersuchungen über den Bau der Crinoiden mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Formen aus dem Solenhofener Schiefer und dem Kelheimer Diceraskalk. Palaeontographica 32:155–200.Google Scholar
495. Wanner, J. 1916. Die permischen Echinodermen von Timor, Teil 1. Paläontologie von Timor, Part 6, Number 11:1–329.Google Scholar
496. Wanner, J. 1924 [1921]. Die permischen Krinoiden von Timor. Jaarboek van het Mijnwezen in Nederlandsch Oost-Indië, Verhandelingen 50(3):1–348.Google Scholar
497. Wanner, J. 1929. Neue Beiträge zur Kenntnis der permischen Echinodermen von Timor. II. Hypocrinites. Dienst van den Mijnbouw in Nederlandsch-Indië, Wetenschappelijke Mededeelingen 11:36–117.Google Scholar
498. Wanner, J. 1930a. Neue Beiträge zur Kenntnis der permischen Echinodermen von Timor. III. Hypocrinidae, Paracatillocrinus und Allagecrinus dux. Dienst van den Mijnbouw in Nederlandsch-Indië, Wetenschappelijke Mededeelingen 13:1–31.Google Scholar
499. Wanner, J. 1930b. Neue Beiträge zur Kenntnis der permischen Echinodermen von Timor. IV. Flexibilia. Dienst van den Mijnbouw in Nederlandsch-Indië, Wetenschappelijke Mededeelingen 14:1–61.Google Scholar
500. Wanner, J. 1937. Neue Beiträge zur Kenntnis der permischen Echinodermen von Timor. VIII–XIII. Palaeontographica Supplement-Band IV 4(2):57–212.Google Scholar
501. Wanner, J. 1949. Neue Beiträge zur Kenntnis der permischen Echinodermen von Timor, XVI. Poteriocrinidae, 4. Teil. Palaeontographica Supplement-Band IV 5(1):1–56.Google Scholar
502. Warn, J. M. 1982. Long-armed disparid inadunates. Pp. 77–89in Sprinkle, 1982a.Google Scholar
503. Warn, J. M., and Strimple, H. L. 1977. The disparid inadunate superfamilies Homocrinacea and Cincinnaticrinacea (Echinodermata: Crinoidea), Ordovician–Silurian, North America. Bulletins of American Paleontology 72(296):1–138.Google Scholar
504. Washburn, A. T. 1968. Early Pennsylvanian crinoids from the south-central Wasatch Mountains of central Utah. Brigham Young University Geology Studies 15(1):115–132.Google Scholar
505. Webby, B. D. 1961. A Middle Devonian inadunate crinoid from West Somerset, England. Palaeontology 4:538–541.Google Scholar
506. Webby, B. D. 1965. Quantoxocrinus, a new Devonian inadunate crinoid from West Somerset, England. Palaeontology 8:11–15.Google Scholar
507. Webster, G. D. 1976. A new genus of calceocrinid from Spain, with comments on mosaic evolution. Palaeontology 19:681–688.Google Scholar
508. Webster, G. D. 1981. New crinoids from the Naco Formation (Middle Pennsylvanian) of Arizona and a revision of the family Cromyocrinidae. Journal of Paleontology 55:1176–1199.Google Scholar
509. Webster, G. D. 1987. Permian crinoids from the type-section of the Callytharra Formation, Callytharra Springs, Western Australia. Alcheringa 11:95–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
510. Webster, G. D. 1990. New Permian crinoids from Australia. Palaeontology 33:49–74.Google Scholar
511. Webster, G. D. 1997. Lower Carboniferous echinoderms from northern Utah and western Wyoming. Utah Geological Survey Bulletin 128:1–65.Google Scholar
512. Webster, G. D., and Fox, S. E. 1986. A new Devonian species of flexible crinoid from the Lost River Range, east-central Idaho. Journal of Paleontology 60:405–410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
513. Webster, G. D., and Jell, P. A. 1992. Permian echinoderms from Western Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 32:311–373.Google Scholar
514. Webster, G. D., and Jell, P. A. 1993. Early Permian inadunate crinoids from Thailand. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 33:349–359.Google Scholar
515. Webster, G. D., and Lane, N. G. 1967. Additional Permian crinoids from southern Nevada. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Paper 27:1–32.Google Scholar
516. Webster, G. D., and Lane, N. G. 1970. Carboniferous echinoderms from the southwestern United States. Journal of Paleontology 44:276–296.Google Scholar
517. Webster, G. D., and Lane, N. G. 1987. Crinoids from the Anchor Limestone (Lower Mississippian) of the Monte Cristo Group, southern Nevada. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Paper 119:1–55.Google Scholar
518. Weller, S. 1900. The paleontology of the Niagaran Limestone in the Chicago area; the Crinoidea. Chicago Academy of Science, Natural History Survey, Bulletin 4(1):1–152.Google Scholar
519. Weller, S. 1909. Description of a Permian crinoid fauna from Texas. Journal of Geology 17:623–635.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
520. Wetherby, A. G. 1880. Descriptions of new crinoids from the Cincinnati Group of the Lower Silurian and Subcarboniferous of Kentucky. Cincinnati Society of Natural History Journal 2:245–253.Google Scholar
521. Wetherby, A. G. 1881. Descriptions of crinoids from the upper Subcarboniferous of Pulaski County, Ky. Cincinnati Society of Natural History Journal 3:324–330.Google Scholar
522. White, C. A. 1865 [1862]. Description of new species of fossils from the Devonian and Carboniferous rocks of the Mississippi Valley. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History 9:8–33.Google Scholar
523. Whitfield, R. P. 1881. Description of a new species of crinoid from the Burlington lime stone, at Burlington, Iowa. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 1:7–9.Google Scholar
524. Willink, R. J. 1978. Catillocrinids from the Permian of eastern Australia. Alcheringa 2:83–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
525. Willink, R. J. 1979a. The crinoid genera Tribrachyocrinus McCoy, Calceolospongia Etheridge, Jimbacrinus Teichert and Megantocrinus n. gen. in the Permian of eastern Australia. Palaeontographica A165:137–194.Google Scholar
526. Willink, R. J. 1979b. Some conservative and some highly-evolved Permian crinoids from eastern Australia. Alcheringa 3:117–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
527. Willink, R. J. 1980a. A new coiled-stemmed camerate from the Permian of eastern Australia. Journal of Paleontology 54:15–34.Google Scholar
528. Willink, R. J. 1980b. Two new camerate crinoid species from the Permian of eastern Australia. Alcheringa 4:227–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
529. Wilson, A. E. 1946. Echinodermata of the Ottawa Formation of the Ottawa-St. Lawrence Lowland. Canada Geological Survey Bulletin 4:1–61.Google Scholar
530. Worthen, A. H. 1883. Description of fossil invertebrates. Illinois Geological Survey 7:269–322.Google Scholar
531. Worthen, A. H., and Meek, F. B. 1875. Descriptions of invertebrates. Illinois Geological Survey 6(2):489–532.Google Scholar
532. Wright, J. 1937. Scottish Carboniferous crinoids. Geological Magazine 74:385–411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
533. Wright, J. 1950–1960. A monograph of the British Carboniferous Crinoidea, Vols. 1 (Parts 1–5), 2(Parts 1–5). Palaeontographical Society, London.Google Scholar
534. Yakovlev, N. N. 1934 [1933]. Crinoidi permiani di Sicilia. Palaeontographia Italica 34:269–283.Google Scholar
535. Yakovlev, N. N., and Ivanov, A. P. 1956. Morskie lilii i blastoidei kamennougol'nykh i permskikh otlozheniy SSSR. Trudy Vsesoyuznogo Nauchno-issledovatel'skogo Geologicheskogo Instituta, new series 11:1–142.Google Scholar
536. Zardini, R. 1975. Fossili di Cortina: Atlante degli echinodermi cassiani (Trias medio-superiore) della regione dolomitica attorno a Cortina d'Ampezzo. Foto Ghedina, Cortina d'Ampezzo.Google Scholar
537. Žitt, J. 1974. Sclerocrinus Jaekel, 1891 and Proholopus Jaekel, 1907 (Crinoidea, Cyrtocrinida) from the Lower Cretaceous of Štramberk (Czechoslovakia). Sborník Geologických Věd, Paleontologie 21:7–34.Google Scholar
538. Žitt, J. 1978a. Aspidocrinus Jaekel, 1907 and Psalidocrinus Remeš, 1913 (Crinoidea, Cyrtocrinida) from the Lower Cretaceous of Štramberk, Czechoslovakia. Sborník Geologických Věd, Paleontologie 21:107–124.Google Scholar
539. Žitt, J. 1978b. Phyllocrinus d'Orbigny, 1850 (Crinoidea, Cyrtocrinida) from the Lower Cretaceous of Štramberk (Czechoslovakia). Časopis pro Mineralogii a Geologii 23:39–52.Google Scholar
540. Žitt, J. 1979a. Hemibrachiocrinidae Arendt, 1968 (Crinoidea, Cyrtocrinida) from the Lower Cretaceous of Štramberk (Czechoslovakia). Věstnik Ústředniho Ústavu Geologického 54:341–348.Google Scholar
541. Žitt, J. 1979b. Strambergocrinus gen. n. (Cyrtocrinida) from the Lower Cretaceous of Štramberk (Czechoslovakia). Časopis pro Mineralogii a Geologii 24:237–248.Google Scholar
542. Žitt, J. 1980. Comatulid crinoids from the Lower Cretaceous of Štramberk (Czechoslovakia). Časopis pro Mineralogii a Geologii 25:125–136.Google Scholar
543. Žitt, J. 1982. A new type of stem in Eugeniacrinites. Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Geologica 4:409–420.Google Scholar
544. Žitt, J. 1983. Spoon-like crinoids from Štramberk (Lower Cretaceous, ČSSR). Sborník Národního Muzea v Praze 39B:69–114.Google Scholar
545. Žitt, J., and Michalik, J. 1984. Upper Jurassic crinoids in the West Carpathian klippen belt. Geologický Zborník 35:601–629.Google Scholar
546. Žitt, J., and Michalik, J. 1988. Early Cretaceous phyllocrinids (Crinoidea, Cyrtocrinida) in the Manín Unit (Mt. Butkov, middle Váh Valley, Central West Carpathians). Geologický Zborník 39:353–368.Google Scholar
547. Zittel, K. A. von. 1913. Text-book of paleontology, 2d ed. Edited and translated by Eastman, C. R.Macmillian, London.Google Scholar