Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-18T11:20:20.783Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Competition wins out overall: Reply to Paine

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 February 2016

William A. Newman  and
Steven M. Stanley
William A. Newman
Affiliation:
Scripps Institution of Oceanography A-002, La Jolla, California 92093
Steven M. Stanley
Affiliation:
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

A number of facts indicate that the diversity of chthamaloid barnacles is much lower now than it has been in the past. Among these are the relict, often disjunct geographic distributions of distinctive chthamaloid higher taxa and their representation by only a few living species. The living chthamaloid barnacles also have a disjunct bathymetric distribution: as we will document here in detail, they are concentrated in the intertidal zone and in deep water. In his rejoinder to our paper, Paine makes no cogent argument against our interpretations of this powerful evidence.

Our case that the balanoids have competitively displaced the more primitive chthamaloids is based on several facts: (1) the Chthamaloidea have dwindled during the Cenozoic Era, so that most have relict or refugial distributions, whereas the Balanoidea have undergone a remarkable adaptive radiation; (2) balanoid species are known to defeat chthamaloid species in competition for space; (3) the competitive success of the balanoids can be attributed to an inherent biological feature—a tubiferous skeleton, which fosters rapid growth; (4) the peak diversity of living balanoids coincides precisely with the bathymetric gap in the chthamaloids’ distribution.

We argue that the radiation of balanoids during the past 40 Myr or so has caused a decline in chthamaloid diversity by reducing and destabilizing low intertidal and shallow subtidal populations, thus elevating average rate of extinction and depressing average rate of speciation. This model allows for exceptions to the rule of balanoid competitive dominance, but contrary to Paine's claim, the exceptions that exist are either trivial or support our view.

Paine offers no alternative to our competition hypothesis. He suggests that an increase in predation has caused a decline in chthamaloid body size, but neither a Cenozoic trend in body size nor one in predation pressure has empirical support; furthermore, the body-size hypothesis has no direct bearing on the case we have presented.

Type
Articles
Information
Paleobiology , Volume 7 , Issue 4 , Fall 1981 , pp. 561 - 569
Copyright
Copyright © The Paleontological Society 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

Achituv, Y. 1972. The zonation of Tetrachthamalus oblitteratus Newman, and Tetraclita squamosa rufotincta Pilsbry, in the Gulf of Elat, Red Sea. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 8:73–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Achituv, Y. and Safriel, U. N. 1980. A new Chthamalus (Crustacea: Cirripedia) from intertidal rocks of the Red Sea. Israel J. Zool. 29:99–109.Google Scholar
Alveal, K. 1970. Estudios ficoecologicos en la region costera de la Bahia de Valparaiso. Revista de Biologia Marina. 14:7–88.Google Scholar
Batham, E. J. 1958. Ecology of Southern New Zealand exposed rocky shore at Little Papanui, Otago Peninsula. Trans. R. Soc. N.Z. 85:647–658.Google Scholar
Bierbaum, T. J. and Zischke, J. A. 1979. Changes in barnacle population structure along an intertidal community gradient in the Florida Keys. Mar. Biol. 53:345–351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buckeridge, J. S. 1980. The Fossil Barnacles of New Zealand and Australia. PhD. Thesis. 431 pp. + 14 pls. (including frontispiece). Univ. Auckland, New Zealand.Google Scholar
Connell, J. H. 1961a. Effects of competition, predation by Thais lapillus, and other factors on natural populations of the barnacle, Balanus balanoides. Ecol. Monogr. 31:61–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connell, J. H. 1961b. The influence of interspecific competition and other factors on the distribution of the barnacle Chthamalus stellatus. Ecology. 42:710–723.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connell, J. H. 1970. A predator-prey system in the marine intertidal region. I. Balanus glandula and several predatory species of Thais. Ecol. Monogr. 40:49–78.Google Scholar
Connell, J. H. 1971. On the role of natural enemies in preventing competitive exclusion in some marine animals and in rain forest trees. Pp. 298–312. In: den Boer, P. J. and Gradwell, G. R., eds. Dynamics of Populations. PUDOC; Wageningen.Google Scholar
Connell, J. H. 1980. Diversity and the coevolution of competitors, or the ghost of competition past. Oikos. 35:131–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dando, P. R. and Southward, A. J. 1980. A new species of Chthamalus (Crustacea: Cirripedia) characterized by enzyme electrophoresis and shell morphplogy: with a revision of other species of Chthamalus from the western shores of the Atlantic Ocean. J. exp. mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 60:787–831.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darlington, P. J. 1965. Biogeography of the Southern End of the World. 236 pp. Harvard Univ. Press; Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darwin, C. 1854. A Monograph of the sub-class Cirripedia, with figures of all species. The Balanidae, the Verrucidae, etc. Ray Soc., London, pp. vii–viii, 1–684, pls. I–XXX.Google Scholar
Dayton, P. K. 1971. Competition, disturbance, and community organization: the provision and subsequent utilization of space in a rocky intertidal community. Ecol. Monogr. 41:351–389.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dayton, P. K. 1973. Dispersion, dispersal, and persistence of the annual intertidal alga, Postelsia palmaeformis Ruprecht. Ecology. 54:433–438.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denley, E. J. and Underwood, A. J. 1979. Experiments on factors influencing settlement, survival and growth of two species of barnacles in New South Wales. J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 36:269–293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foster, B. A. 1974. The barnacles of Fiji, with observations on the ecology of barnacles on tropical shores. Pacific Sci. 28:34–56.Google Scholar
Foster, B. A. 1978. The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Barnacles (Cirripedia: Thoracica). New Zealand Oceanogr. Inst. Mem. 69:1–160.Google Scholar
Grant, P. 1972. Convergent and divergent character displacement. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 4:39–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guiler, E. R. 1952. The nature of intertidal zonation in Tasmania. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasmania. 86:31–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hairston, N. G. 1949. The local distribution and ecology of plethodontid salamanders of the southern appalachians. Ecol. Monogr. 19:47–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hairston, N. G. 1980. Species packing in the salamander genus Desmognathus: What are the interspecific interactions involved? Am. Nat. 115:354–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hatton, H. 1938. Essais de bionomie explicative sur quelques especes intercotidales d'algues et d'animaux. Ann. Inst. Oceanogr. Monaco. 17:241–348.Google Scholar
Hines, A. H. 1979. The comparative reproductive ecology of three species of intertidal barnacle. In: Stancyk, S. E., ed. Reproductive Ecology of Marine Invertebrates. Belle W. Baruch Library Mar. Sci. 9:213–234.Google Scholar
Hodgkin, E. P. and Michel, C. 1961. Zonation of plants and animals on rocky shores of Mauritius. Proc. R. Soc. Arts Sci. Mauritius. 2:121–145.Google Scholar
Hoshiai, T. 1964. Synecological study on intertidal communities. VI. A synecological study of the intertidal zonation of the Asamushi coastal area with special reference to its reformation. Bull. Mar. Biol. Sta. Asamushi. 12:93–126.Google Scholar
Hurley, A. C. 1975. The establishment of populations of Balanus pacificus Pilsbry (Cirripedia) and their elimination by predatory turbellaria. J. Anim. Ecol. 44:521–532.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knox, G. A. 1953. The intertidal ecology of Taylor's Mistake, Banks Peninsula. Trans. R. Soc. N.Z. 81:189–220.Google Scholar
Krüger, P. 1940. Cirripedia. In: Bronns, H. G., ed. Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs. 5 (1-3-3). 560 pp.Google Scholar
Levin, S. A. and Paine, R. T. 1974. Disturbance, patch formation and community structure. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 71:2744–2747.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lubchenco, J. 1978. Plant species diversity in a marine intertidal community: importance of herbivore food preference and algal competitive abilities. Am. Nat. 112:23–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luckens, P. A. 1970a. Breeding, settlement and survival of barnacles at artificially modified shore levels at Leigh, New Zealand. N.Z. J. mar. Freshwat. Res. 4:497–514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luckens, P. A. 1970b. Predation and intertidal zonation at Asamushi. Bull. Mar. Biol. Sta. Asamushi. 14:33–52.Google Scholar
Luckens, P. A. 1976. Settlement and succession on rocky shores at Auckland, North Island, New Zealand. Mem. N.Z. oceanogr. Inst. 70:1–64.Google Scholar
Martin, P. 1973. The discovery of America. Science. 179:969–974.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Menge, B. A. and Lubchenco, J. 1981. Community organization in temperate and tropical rocky intertidal habitats: prey refuges in relation to consumer pressure gradients. Ecol. Monogr. 51, in press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moyse, J. and Hui, E. 1981. Avoidance by Balanus balanoides cyprids of settlement on conspecific adults. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 61:449–460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newman, W. A. 1960. The paucity of intertidal barnacles in the tropical western Pacific. Veliger. 2:89–94.Google Scholar
Newman, W. A. 1961. On the nature of the basis in certain species of the hembeli section of Chthamalus (Cirripedia, Thoracica). Crustaceana. 2:142–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newman, W. A. 1967. On physiology and behavior of estuarine barnacles. Proc. Symp. Crustacea Part III. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India. Pp. 1038–1066.Google Scholar
Newman, W. A. 1979. On the biogeography of balanomorph barnacles of the southern ocean including new balanid taxa; a subfamily, two genera and three species. Proc. Int. Symp. on Mar. Biogeogr. and Evol. in the Southern Hemisphere. Univ. Auckland, New Zealand, July 14–29, 1978. Vol. 1, Pp. 279–306.Google Scholar
Newman, W. A. and Abbott, D. P. 1980. Cirripedia: The barnacles. Pp. 504–535 + figs. 20.1–20.36. In: Morris, R. H., Abbott, D. P., and Haderlie, E. C., eds. Intertidal Invertebrates of California. Stanford Univ. Press; Palo Alto, Calif.Google Scholar
Newman, W. A. and Ross, A. 1976. Revision of the balanomorph barnacles, including a catalog of the species. Mem. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 9:1–108.Google Scholar
Newman, W. A., Zullo, V. A., and Withers, T. H. 1969. Cirripedia. Pp.R206–R295. In: Moore, R. C., ed. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part R. Arthropoda 4(1). Geol. Soc. Am. and Univ. Kansas; Lawrence, Kansas.Google Scholar
Nilsson-Cantell, C. A. 1928. The cirripede Chionelasmus (Pilsbry) and a discussion of its phylogeny. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 10, 2(11):445–455.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Clair, C.E., Hanson, J. L., Mackinnon, J. S., Gharrett, J. A., Calvin, N. I., and Merrell, T. R. 1978. Baseline-reconnaissance characterization littoral biota, Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea, Annual Report. Northwest and Alaska Fisheries center, Auke Bay, Res. Unit #78, Pp. 256–415.Google Scholar
Paine, R. T. 1966. Food web complexity and species diversity. Am. Nat. 100:65–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paine, R. T. 1974. Intertidal community structure: Experimental studies on the relationship between a dominant competitor and its principal predator. Oecologia. 15:93–120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paine, R. T. 1980. Food webs: linkage, interaction strength and community infrastructure. J. Anim. Ecol. 49:667–685.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paine, R. T. 1981. Disturbance and predation: The evolution and ecological persistence of chthamaloid barnacles. Paleobiology. 7:553–560.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palmer, A. R. 1980. A Comparative and Experimental Study of Feeding and Growth in Thaidid Gastropods. 320 pp. Ph.D. thesis. Univ. of Washington, Seattle.Google Scholar
Pilsbry, H. A. 1916. The sessile barnacles (Cirripedia) contained in the collections of the U. S. National Museum, including a monograph of the American species. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 93:1–366.Google Scholar
Pope, E. 1965. A review of Australian and some Indomalayan Chthamalidae (Crustacea, Cirripedia). Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales. 90:10–77.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, D. I. 1935. Some marine biotic communities of the Pacific coast of North America. Part I. General survey of the communities. B. Southern California Balanus-Littorina communities. Ecol. Monogr. 5:304–308.Google Scholar
Safriel, U. and Lipkin, Y. 1964. Note on the intertidal zonation of the rocky shores of Eilat (Red Sea, Israel). Israel J. Zool. 13:187–190.Google Scholar
Sousa, W. P. 1979. Disturbance in marine intertidal boulder fields: the nonequilibrium maintenance of species diversity. Ecology. 60:1225–1239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Southward, A. J. and Newman, W. A. 1977. Aspects of the ecology and biogeography of the intertidal and shallow-water balanomorph Cirripedia of the Caribbean and adjacent sea-areas. FAO Fisheries Report. 200:407–426FIR/R(E/Es).Google Scholar
Spivey, H. R. 1981. Origins, distribution, and zoogeographic affinities of Cirripedia (Crustacea) of the Gulf of Mexico. J. Biogeogr. 8:153–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanley, S. M. 1974. What has happened to the articulate brachiopods? Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. with Programs. 6:966–967.Google Scholar
Stanley, S. M. 1977. Trends, rates, and patterns of evolution in the Bivalvia. Pp. 209–250. In: Hallam, A., ed. Patterns of Evolution, As Illustrated by the Fossil Record. Elsevier.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanley, S. M. and Newman, W. A. 1980. Competitive exclusion in evolutionary time: the case of the acorn barnacles. Paleobiology. 6:173–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephenson, T. A. and Stephenson, A. 1972. Life Between Tidemarks on Rocky Shores. 425 pp. W. H. Freeman and Co.; San Francisco, Calif.Google Scholar
Stimson, J. 1970. Territorial behavior of the owl limpet, Lottia gigantea. Ecology. 51:113–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strathmann, R. R. and Branscomb, E. S. 1979. Adequacy of cues to favorable sites used by settling larvae of two intertidal barnacles. In: Stancyk, S. E., ed. Reproductive Patterns of Marine Invertebrates. Belle W. Baruch Library Mar. Sci. 9:77–89.Google Scholar
Vermeij, G. J. 1977. The Mesozoic marine revolution: evidence from snails, predators, and grazers. Paleobiology. 3:245–258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zevina, G. B. 1975. Cirripedia Thoracica collected by R/V Akademik Kurchatov in the Atlantic sector of the Antarctic. Trudy Inst. Okean. Akad. Nauk. SSSR 103:183–193.Google Scholar
Zimmerman, S. T., Hanson, J. L., Fujioka, J. T., Calvin, N. I., Gharrett, J. A., and Mackinnon, J. S. 1978. Intertidal biota and subtidal kelp communities of the Kodiak Island area. 181 pp. Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Center, Auke Bay Laboratory.Google Scholar
Zullo, V. A. 1966. A new species of Balanus (Cirripedia, Thoracica) from the Late Eocene Cowlitz Formation of Southern Washington, U.S.A. Crustaceana. 11:198–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zullo, V. A. and Baum, G. R. 1979. Paleogene barnacles from the coastal plain of North Carolina (Cirripedia: Thoracica). Southeastern Geol. 20:229–246.Google Scholar