Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T17:49:48.044Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Evolutionary paleoecology: recent contributions to evolutionary theory

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 April 2016

Jennifer A. Kitchell
Jennifer A. Kitchell*
Affiliation:
Museum of Paleontology and Department of Geological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In the past decade, evolutionary paleoecology has shifted away from corroborative research of the “me-too-ecology” type toward its proper domain—the evolutionary consequences of ecological properties, roles, and strategies at the individual, population, community, and species levels. The science of evolutionary paleoecology tests for linkage between a species' ecology and its macroevolutionary history. Do the ecological characters of species within clades influence differential rate dynamics, particularly rates of faunal turnover and diversification? Intellectual coequality, once hampered by the misunderstanding that the role of paleoecology is to find examples of past ecology imperfectly entombed in the fossil record, is strengthened by the increasing number of evolutionary ecologists who have called for explicit paleontological contributions to resolve theoretical issues. The fossil record provides a necessary perspective to an understanding of process.

Type
Research Article
Information
Paleobiology , Volume 11 , Issue 1 , Winter 1985 , pp. 91 - 104
Copyright
Copyright © The Paleontological Society 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

Alexander, R. R. 1981. Predation scars preserved in Chesterian brachiopods; probable culprits and evolutionary consequences for the articulates. J. Paleontol. 55:192–203.Google Scholar
Alvarez, L., Alvarez, W., Asaro, F., and Michel, H. V. 1980. Extraterrestrial cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction. Science. 208:1095–1108.Google Scholar
Arnold, A. J. and Fristrup, K. 1982. The theory of evolution by natural selection: a hierarchical expansion. Paleobiology. 8:113–129.Google Scholar
Arthur, W. 1982. The evolutionary consequences of interspecific competition. Adv. Ecol. Res. 12:127–187.Google Scholar
Arua, I. 1982. Borings and shell damage in Eocene Gastropoda; southeastern Nigeria. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 38:269–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ausich, W. I. and Gurrola, R. A. 1979. Two boring organisms in a Lower Mississippian community of southern Indiana. J. Paleontol. 53:335–344.Google Scholar
Bambach, R. 1985. Classes and adaptive variety: the ecology of diversification through the Phanerozoic. In: Valentine, J. W., ed. Phanerozoic Diversity Patterns: Profiles in Macroevolution. Princeton Univ. Press; Princeton, N.J.Google Scholar
Berry, W. B. N. 1974. Types of Early Paleozoic faunal replacements in North America: their relationship to environmental change. J. Geol. 82:371–382.Google Scholar
Bierzychudek, P. 1984. Assessing “optimal” life histories in a fluctuating environment: the evolution of sex-changing by jack-in-the-pulpit. Amer. Nat. 123:829–840.Google Scholar
Bishop, G. A. 1983. Oyster predation by decapod crustaceans in the Late Cretaceous of the Mississippi Embayment. Georgia J. Sci. 41:24.2.Google Scholar
Boorse, C. 1976. Wright on functions. Phil. Rev. 85:70–86.Google Scholar
Boucot, A. J. 1979. Clacistics: is it really different from classical taxonomy? Pp. 199–210. In: Cracraft, J. and Eldredge, N., eds. Phylogenetic Analysis and Paleontology. Columbia Univ. Press; New York.Google Scholar
Boucot, A. J. 1981. Principles of Benthic Marine Paleoecology. Academic Press; New York.Google Scholar
Bretsky, P. W. 1974. Community evolution and the late Ordovician of the Nicolet River Valley, Quebec. Geol. Soc. Am., Abstr. Prog. 6:665–666.Google Scholar
Calow, P. and Townsend, C. R. 1981. Introduction. Pp. 3–19. In: Townsend, C. R. and Calow, P., eds. Physiological Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach to Resource Use. Sinauer; Sunderland, Mass.Google Scholar
Caswell, H. 1978. Predator-mediated coexistence: nonequilibrium model. Amer. Nat. 112:127–154.Google Scholar
Charnov, E. L. 1982. The Theory of Sex Allocation. Princeton Univ. Press; Princeton, N.J.Google ScholarPubMed
Cifelli, R. L. 1981. Pattterns of evolution among the Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla (Mammalia). Evolution. 35:433–440.Google Scholar
Colwell, R. K. 1984. What's new? Community ecology discovers biology. Pp. 387–396. In: Price, P. W., Slobodchikoff, C. N., and Gaud, W. S., eds. A New Ecology—Novel Approaches to Interactive Systems. Wiley; New York.Google Scholar
Connell, J. H. 1961. The influence of interspecific competition and other factors on the distribution of the barnacle Chthamalus stellatus. Ecology. 42:710–723.Google Scholar
Connell, J. H. 1980. Diversity and the coevolution of competitors, or the ghost of competition past. Oikos. 35:131–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connell, J. H. and Slatyer, R. O. 1977. Mechanisms of succession in natural communities and their role in community stability and organization. Amer. Nat. 111:1119–1144.Google Scholar
Connor, E. F. and Simberloff, D. 1979. The assembly of species communities: chance or competition? Ecology. 60:1132–1140.Google Scholar
Cooper, W. S. 1984. Expected time to extinction and the concept of fundamental fitness. J. Theor. Biol. 107:603–629.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cracraft, J. 1981. Pattern and process in paleobiology: the role of cladistic analysis in systematic paleontology. Paleobiology. 7:456–468.Google Scholar
DeAngelis, D. L., Kitchell, J. A., and Post, W. M. 1985. The influence of naticid predation on evolutionary strategies of bivalve prey: conclusions from a model. Amer. Nat. in press.Google Scholar
DeAngelis, D. L., Kitchell, J. A., Post, W. M., and Travis, C. C. 1984. A model of naticid gastropod predator-prey coevolution. Pp. 120–136. In: Levin, S. A. and Hallam, T. G., eds. Mathematical Ecology. Lecture Notes in Biomathematics, no. 54. Springer-Verlag; New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demere, T. A. and Cerutti, R. A. 1982. A Pliocene shark attack on a cethotheriid whale. J. Paleontol. 56:1480–1482.Google Scholar
Dudley, E. C. and Vermeij, G. J. 1978. Predation in time and space: drilling in the gastropod Turritella. Paleobiology. 4:436–441.Google Scholar
Eldredge, N. 1974. Character displacement in evolutionary time. Am. Zool. 14:1083–1097.Google Scholar
Fowler, C. W. and MacMahon, J. A. 1982. Selective extinction and speciation: their influence on the structure and functioning of communities and ecosystems. Amer. Nat. 119:480–498.Google Scholar
Futuyma, D. J. 1979. Evolutionary Biology. 565 pp. Sinauer; Sunderland, Mass.Google Scholar
Gargouri, S. 1982. Relations entre les huîtres du Cenomanien de Tunisie centrale et leurs perforants, consequences paleobiologues. Bull. Soc. Geol. France. 24:849–854.Google Scholar
Gilpin, M. E. and Diamond, J. M. 1984. Are species co-occurrences on islands non-random, and are null hypotheses useful in community ecology? In: Strong, D. R. Jr., Simberloff, D., Abele, L. G., and Thisde, A. B., eds. Ecological Communities: Conceptual Issues and the Evidence. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J.Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. 1976. Palaeontology plus ecology as paleobiology. Pp. 218–236. In: May, R. M., ed. Theoretical Ecology, Principles and Applications. Saunders; Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Gould, S.J. 1980. The promise of paleobiology as a nomothetic, evolutionary discipline. Paleobiology. 6:96–118.Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. 1982. The meaning of punctuated equilibrium and its role in validating a hierarchical approach to macroevolution. Pp. 83–104. In: Milkman, R., ed. Perspectives on Evolution. Sinauer; Sunderland, Mass.Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. 1983. Irrelevance, submission, and partnership: the changing role of palaeontology in Darwin's three centennials, and a modest proposal for macroevolution. Pp. 347–366. In: Bendall, D. S., ed. Evolution from Molecules to Men. Cambridge Univ. Press; Cambridge.Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. 1984. Toward the vindication of punctuational change. Pp. 9–34. In: Berggren, W. A. and Van Couvering, J. A., eds. Catastrophes and Earth History—the New Uniformitarianism. Princeton Univ. Press; Princeton, N.J.Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. and Calloway, C. B. 1980. Clams and brachiopods—ships that pass in the night. Paleobiology. 6:383–396.Google Scholar
Grant, P. R. 1972. Convergent and divergent character displacement. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 4:39–68.Google Scholar
Grant, P. and Schluter, D. 1984. Interspecific competition inferred from patterns of guild structure. In: Strong, D. R. Jr., Simberloff, D., Abele, L. G., and Thistle, A. B., eds. Ecological Communities: Conceptual Issues and the Evidence. Princeton Univ. Press; Princeton, N.J.Google Scholar
Hansen, T. A. 1978. Larval dispersal and species longevity in Lower Tertiary gastropods. Science. 199:885–887.Google Scholar
Hansen, T. A. 1982. Modes of larval development in Early Tertiary neogastropods. Paleobiology. 8:367–377.Google Scholar
Harvey, P. H., Colwell, R. K., Silvertown, J. W., and May, R. M. 1983. Null models in ecology. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 14:189–211.Google Scholar
Hill, A. 1981. Why study palaeoecology? Nature. 293:340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoffman, A. 1979. Community paleoecology as an epiphenomenal science. Paleobiology. 5:357–379.Google Scholar
Hoffman, A. 1983. Paleobiology at the crossroads: a critique of some modern paleobiological research programs. In: Grene, M., ed. Dimensions of Darwinism: Themes and Counterthemes in Twentieth Century Evolutionary Theory. Cambridge Univ. Press; Cambridge.Google Scholar
Hoffman, A. and Kitchell, J. A. 1984. Evolution in a pelagic planktic system: a paleobiologic test of models of multispecies evolution. Paleobiology. 10:9–33.Google Scholar
Hull, D. L. 1980. Individuality and selection. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 11:311–332.Google Scholar
Jablonski, D. 1980. Apparent versus real biotic effects of transgressions and regressions. Paleobiology. 6:397–407.Google Scholar
Jablonski, D. 1982. Evolutionary rates and modes in Late Cretaceous gastropods: role of larval ecology. Proc. 3d. N. Am. Paleontol. Conv. 1:257–262.Google Scholar
Jablonski, D. and Bottjer, D. J. 1983. Soft-bottom epifaunal suspension-feeding assemblages in the Late Cretaceous: implications for the evolution of benthic paleocommunities. Pp. 747–812. In: Tevesz, M.J. S. and McCall, P. L., eds. Biotic Interactions in Recent and Fossil Benthic Communities. Plenum; New York.Google Scholar
Jablonski, D. and Lutz, R. A. 1983. Larval ecology of marine benthic invertebrates: paleobiological implications. Biol. Rev. 58:21–89.Google Scholar
Jablonski, D. and Valentine, J. W. 1981. Onshore-offshore gradients in Recent eastern Pacific shelf faunas and their paleobiogeographic significance. Pp. 441–453. In: Scuder, G. G. E. and Reveal, J. L., eds. Evolution Today. Proc. 2d Int. Cong. Systematics Evol. Biol. Carnegie-Mellon Univ. Press; Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
Jablonski, D., Sepkoski, J. J. Jr., Bottjers, D. J., and Sheehan, P. M. 1985. Onshore-offshore patterns in the evolution of Phanerozoic shelf communities. Science. 222:1123–1125.Google Scholar
Jackson, J. B. C. 1974. Biogeographic consequences of eurytopy and stenotopy among marine bivalves and their evolutionary significance. Amer. Nat. 108:541–560.Google Scholar
Kaesler, R. L. 1982. Paleoecology and paleoenvironments. J. Geol. Educ. 30:204–214.Google Scholar
Kauffman, E. G. 1982. Succession, progression, and evolution in Cretaceous paleocommunities. Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Prog. 14:293.Google Scholar
Kellogg, D. E. 1975. Character displacement in the radiolarian genus Eucyrtidium. Evolution. 29:736–749.Google Scholar
Keough, M. J. 1984. Dynamics of the epifauna of the bivalve Pinna bicolor: interactions among recruitment, predation and competition. Ecology. 65:677–688.Google Scholar
Kidwell, S. M. and Jablonski, D. 1983. Taphonomic feedback: ecological consequences of shell accumulation. Pp. 195–248. In: Tevesz, M. J. S. and McCall, P. L., eds. Biotic Interactions in Recent and Fossil Benthic Communities. Plenum; New York.Google Scholar
Kitchell, J. A. 1983. Biotic interactions and siliceous marine phytoplankton: an ecological and evolutionary perspective. Pp. 285–329. In: Tevesz, M. J. S. and McCall, P. L., eds. Biotic Interactions in Recent and Fossil Benthic Communities. Plenum; New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitchell, J. A., Boggs, C. H., Kitchell, J. F., and Rice, J. A. 1981. Prey selection by naticid gastropods: experimental tests and application to the fossil record. Paleobiology. 7:533–552.Google Scholar
Kitchell, J. A. and Carr, T. R. 1985. Nonequilibrium model of diversification: faunal turnover dynamics. In: Valentine, J. W., ed. Phanerozoic Diversity Patterns: Profiles in Macroevolution. Princeton Univ. Press; Princeton, N.J.Google Scholar
Kitchell, J. A. and Pena, D. 1984. Periodicity of extinctions in the geologic past: deterministic versus stochastic explanations. Science. 226:689–692.Google Scholar
Klee, R. L. 1984. Micro-determinism and concepts of emergence. Phil. Sci. 51:44–63.Google Scholar
Koch, C. F. 1979. Evolutionary rate versus ecological strategy: a Cretaceous test. Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Prog. 11:185.Google Scholar
Krause, D. W. 1981. Extinction of multituberculate and plesiadapiform primates: examples of competitive exclusion in the mammalian fossil record. Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Prog. 7:490.Google Scholar
Landman, N. H. 1984. Not to be or to be? Nat. Hist. 8:34–41.Google Scholar
Levinton, J. S. 1974. Trophic group and evolution in bivalve molluscs. Palaeontology. 17:579–585.Google Scholar
Levinton, J. S. and Bambach, R. K. 1975. A comparative study of Silurian and Recent deposit-feeding bivalve communities. Paleobiology. 1:97–124.Google Scholar
Lewin, R. 1984. Why is development so illogical? Science. 224:1327–1329.Google Scholar
Lewontin, R. C. 1970. The units of selection. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 1:1–18.Google Scholar
Lewontin, R. C. 1982. Keeping it clean. Nature. 300:113–114.Google Scholar
McCall, P. L. and Tevesz, M. J. S. 1983. Soft-bottom succession and the fossil record. Pp. 157–194. In: Tevesz, M. J. S. and McCall, P. L., eds. Biotic Interactions in Recent and Fossil Benthic Communities. Plenum; New York.Google Scholar
McGhee, G. R. Jr. 1981. Evolutionary replacement of ecological equivalents in late Devonian benthic marine communities. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 34:267–283.Google Scholar
McIntosh, R. P. 1980. The background and some current problems of theoretical ecology. Synthèse. 43:195–255.Google Scholar
Marshall, L. G., Webb, S. D., Sepkoski, J. J. Jr., and Raup, D. M. 1982. Mammalian evolution and the great American interchange. Science. 215:1351–1357.Google Scholar
May, R. M. 1981. Theoretical Ecology: Principles and Applications. Blackwell Scientific/Sinauer; Sunderland, Mass.Google Scholar
Maynard Smith, J. 1984. Palaeontology at the high table. Nature. 309:401–402.Google Scholar
Meyer, D. L. and Ausich, W. I. 1983. Biotic interactions among Recent and among fossil crinoids. Pp. 378–427. In: Tevesz, M. J. S. and McCall, P. L., eds. Biotic Interactions in Recent and Fossil Benthic Communities. Plenum; New York.Google Scholar
Milne, D. H. and McKay, C. P. 1982. Response of marine plankton communities to a global atmospheric darkening. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 190:297–303.Google Scholar
Paine, R. T. 1981. The forgotten roles of disturbance and predation. Paleobiology. 7:553–560.Google Scholar
Paine, R. T. 1983. On paleoecology: an attempt to impose order on chaos. Paleobiology. 9:86–90.Google Scholar
Palmer, A. R. 1982. Predation and parallel evolution: recurrent parietal plate reduction in balanomorph barnacles. Paleobiology. 8:31–44.Google Scholar
Peterson, C. H. 1983. The pervasive biological explanation. Paleobiology. 9:429–436.Google Scholar
Pickett, J. 1973. Interspecific relationships among fossil species. Australian Nat. Hist. 17:338–343.Google Scholar
Platt, J. R. 1964. Strong inference. Science. 146:347–353.Google Scholar
Pollack, J. B., Toon, O. B., Ackerman, T. P., McKay, C. P., and Turco, R. P. 1983. Environmental effects of an impact-generated dust cloud: implications for the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinctions. Science. 219:287–289.Google Scholar
Price, P. W., Gaud, W. S., and Slobodchikoff, C. N. 1984. Introduction: is there a new ecology? Pp. 1–11. In: Price, P. W., Slobodchikoff, C. N., and Gaud, W. S., eds. A New Ecology—Novel Approaches to Interactive Systems. Wiley; New York.Google Scholar
Quinn, J. F. and Dunham, A. E. 1983. On hypothesis testing in ecology and evolution. Amer. Nat. 122:602–617.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raup, D. M. 1972. Taxonomic diversity during the Phanerozoic. Science. 177:1065–1071.Google Scholar
Raup, D. M. and Gould, S. J. 1974. Stochastic simulation and evolution of morphology—towards a nomothetic paleontology. Syst. Zool. 23:305–322.Google Scholar
Raup, D. M., Gould, S. J., Schopf, T. J. M., and Simberloff, D. S. 1973. Stochastic models of phytogeny and the evolution of diversity. J. Geol. 81:525–542.Google Scholar
Raup, D. M. and Sepkoski, J. J. Jr. 1982. Mass extinctions in the marine fossil record. Science. 215:1501–1503.Google Scholar
Reif, W. E. 1978. Plicae and cardinal crurae in pectinids; protection device against starfish predation? N. Jahrb. Geol. Paläontol., Abh. 157:115–118.Google Scholar
Robison, R. A. 1975. Species diversity among agnostoid trilobites. Fossils and Strata. 4:219–226.Google Scholar
Rohr, D. M. 1976. Silurian predator borings in the brachiopod Dicaelosia from the Canadian Arctic. J. Paleontol. 50:1175–1179.Google Scholar
Scheltema, R. S. 1977. Dispersal of marine invertebrate organisms: paleobiogeographic and biostratigraphic implications. Pp. 73–108. In: Kauffman, E. G. and Hazel, J. E., eds. Concepts and Methods of Biostratigraphy. Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross; Stroudsburg, Pa.Google Scholar
Scheltema, R. S. 1978. On the relationship between dispersal of pelagic veliger larvae and the evolution of marine prosobranch gastropods. Pp. 303–322. In: Gray, J. and Boucot, A. J., eds. Historical Biogeography, Plate Tectonics and the Changing Environment. Oregon State Univ. Press; Corvallis.Google Scholar
Schindel, D. E. and Gould, S. J. 1977. Biological interaction between fossil species: character displacement in Bermudian land snails. Paleobiology. 3:259–269.Google Scholar
Schindel, D. E., Vermeij, G. J., and Zipser, E. 1982. Frequencies of repaired shell fractures among the Pennsylvanian gastropods of North-central Texas. J. Paleontol. 56:729–740.Google Scholar
Schopf, T. J. M. 1974. Permo-Triassic extinctions: relation to sea-floor spreading. J. Geol. 82:129–143.Google Scholar
Seilacher, A. and Wiesenauer, E. 1978. Preservational and adaptational history of belemnites. N. Jahrb. Geol. Paläontol., Abh. 157:145–149.Google Scholar
Sepkoski, J. J. Jr. 1979. A kinetic model of Phanerozoic taxonomic diversity. II. Early Phanerozoic families and multiple equilibria. Paleobiology. 5:222–251.Google Scholar
Sepkoski, J. J. Jr., and Miller, A. I. 1982. Cladographic ecology. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Pacific Mtg. (Abstr.)Google Scholar
Sepkoski, J. J. Jr. and Miller, A. I. 1985. Evolutionary faunas and the distribution of Paleozoic marine communities in space and time. In: Valentine, J. W., ed. Phanerozoic Diversity Patterns: Profiles in Macroevolution. Princeton Univ. Press; Princeton, N.J.Google Scholar
Sepkoski, J. J. Jr. and Sheehan, P. M. 1983. Diversification, faunal change, and community replacement during the Ordovician radiations. Pp. 673–717. In: Tevesz, M. J. S. and McCall, P. L., eds. Biotic Interactions in Recent and Fossil Benthic Communities. Plenum; New York.Google Scholar
Shuto, T. 1974. Larval ecology of prosobranch gastropods and its bearing on biogeography and paleontology. Lethaia. 7:239–256.Google Scholar
Simberloff, D. 1983. Competition theory, hypothesis testing, and other community ecological buzzwords. Amer. Nat. 122:626–635.Google Scholar
Simberloff, D. and Boecklen, W. 1981. Santa Rosalia reconsidered: size ratios and competition. Evolution. 35:1206–1228.Google Scholar
Sober, E. 1985. The Nature of Selection. MIT Press; Cambridge, Mass.Google Scholar
Stanley, S. M. 1973. An ecological theory for the sudden origin of multicellular life in the Late Precambrian. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 70:1486–1489.Google Scholar
Stanley, S. M. 1974. What has happened to the articulate brachiopods? Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Prog. 6:966–967.Google Scholar
Stanley, S. M. 1977. Trends, rates, and patterns of evolution in the Bivalvia. Pp. 209–250. In: Hallam, A., ed. Patterns of Evolution. Elsevier; Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Stanley, S. M. 1979. Macroevolution. 332 pp. W. H. Freeman; San Francisco.Google Scholar
Stanley, S. M. 1982. Macroevolution and the fossil record. Evolution. 36:460–473.Google Scholar
Stanley, S. M. and Newman, W. A. 1980. Competitive exclusion in evolutionary time: the case of the acorn barnacles. Paleobiology. 6:173–183.Google Scholar
Stearns, S. C. 1982. On fitness. Pp. 3–17. In: Mossakowski, D. and Roth, G., eds. Environmental Adaptation and Evolution. Fischer; Stuttgart.Google Scholar
Steneck, R. S. 1983. Escalating herbivory and resulting adaptive trends in calcareous algal crusts. Paleobiology. 9:44–61.Google Scholar
Stenseth, N. C. and Maynard Smith, J. 1984. Coevolution in ecosystems: Red Queen evolution or stasis? Evolution 38:870–880.Google Scholar
Strathmann, R. R. 1974. The spread of sibling larvae of sedentary marine invertebrates. Amer. Nat. 108:29–44.Google Scholar
Strathmann, R. R. 1980. Why does a larva swim so long? Paleobiology. 6:373–376.Google Scholar
Strong, D. R. Jr. 1980. Null hypotheses in ecology. Synthèse. 43:271–285.Google Scholar
Strong, D. R. and Simberloff, D. 1981. Straining at gnats and swallowing ratios: character displacement. Evolution. 35:810–812.Google Scholar
Strong, D. R. Jr., Simberloff, D., Abele, L. G., and Thistle, A. B. 1984. Ecological Communities: Conceptual Issues and the Evidence. Princeton Univ. Press; Princeton, N.J.Google Scholar
Strong, D. R. Jr., Szyska, L. A., and Simberloff, D. S. 1979. Tests of community-wide character displacement against null hypotheses. Evolution. 33:897–913.Google Scholar
Surlyk, F. and Johansen, M. B. 1984. End-Cretaceous brachiopod extinctions in the chalk of Denmark. Science. 223:1174–1177.Google Scholar
Tappan, H. 1982. Extinction or survival: selectivity and causes of Phanerozoic crises. Geol. Soc. Am. Soc. Pap. 190:265–276.Google Scholar
Templeton, A. R. 1980. Modes of speciation and inferences based on genetic distances. Evolution. 34:719–729.Google Scholar
Templeton, A. R. 1981. Mechanisms of speciation—a population genetic approach. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 22:23–48.Google Scholar
Thayer, C. W. 1983. Sediment-mediated biological disturbance and the evolution of marine benthos. Pp. 480–625. In: Tevesz, M. J. S. and McCall, P. L., eds. Biotic Interactions in Recent and Fossil Benthic Communities. Plenum; New York.Google Scholar
Thompson, P. 1983. Tempo and mode in evolution: punctuated equilibria and the modern Synthetic theory. Phil. Sci. 50:432–452.Google Scholar
Toon, O. B., Pollack, J. B., Ackerman, T. P., Turco, R. P., McKay, C. P., and Liu, M. S. 1982. Evolution of an impact-generated dust cloud and its effects on the atmosphere. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 190:187–200.Google Scholar
Valentine, J. W. 1983. Seasonality: effects in marine benthic communities. Pp. 121–156. In: Tevesz, M. J. S. and McCall, P. L., eds. Biotic Interactions in Recent and Fossil Benthic Communities. Plenum; New York.Google Scholar
Van Couvering, J. A. H. 1980. Community evolution in East Africa during the late Cenozoic. Pp. 272–298. In: Behrensmeyer, A. K. and Hill, A. P., eds. Taphonomy and Vertebrate Paleoecology, with Special Reference to the Late Cenozoic of Sub-Saharan Africa. Univ. Chicago Press; Chicago.Google Scholar
Van Valen, L. M. 1984. A resetting of Phanerozoic community evolution. Nature. 307:50–52.Google Scholar
Vermeij, G. J. 1977. The Mesozoic marine revolution: evidence from snails, predators and grazers. Paleobiology. 3:245–258.Google Scholar
Vermeij, G. J. 1978. Biogeography and Adaptation: Patterns of Marine Life. 416 pp. Harvard Univ. Press; Cambridge, Mass.Google Scholar
Vermeij, G. J., Schindel, D. E., and Zipser, E. 1981. Predation through geological time: evidence from gastropod shell repair. Science. 214:1024–1026.Google Scholar
Vermeij, G. J., Zipser, E., and Dudley, E. C. 1980. Predation in time and space: peeling and drilling in terebrid gastropods. Paleobiology. 6:352–364.Google Scholar
Vermeij, G. J., Zipser, E., and Zardini, R. 1982. Breakage-induced shell repair in some gastropods from the Upper Triassic of Italy. J. Paleontol. 56:233–235.Google Scholar
Vrba, E. S. 1980. Evolution, species and fossils: how does life evolve? S. Afr. J. Sci. 76:61–84.Google Scholar
Vrba, E. S. 1983. Macroevolutionary trends: new perspectives on the roles of adaptation and incidental effect. Science. 221:387–389.Google Scholar
Vrba, E. S. 1985. In: Eldredge, N. and S. M. Stanley, eds. Living Fossils, Springer; New York (in press).Google Scholar
Ward, P. 1981. Shell sculpture as a defensive adaptation in ammonoids. Paleobiology. 7:96–100.Google Scholar
Watanabe, J. M. 1984. The influence of recruitment, competition, and benthic predation on spatial distributions of three species of kelp forest gastropods (Trochidae: Tegula). Ecology. 65:920–936.Google Scholar
Wilson, D. S. 1980. The Natural Selection of Populations and Communities. Benjamin Cummings; Menlo Park, Calif.Google Scholar
Zinsmeister, W. J. 1980. Observations on the predation of the clypeastroid echinoid, Monophoraster darwini, from the upper Miocene Entrerrios Formation, Patagonia, Argentina. J. Paleontol. 54:910–912.Google Scholar