The Helan Shan pika Ochotona argentata, also known as the silver pika, is a talus-dwelling pika restricted to a small area of forest and rocky mountain ridge habitat in Ningxia Helan Shan National Nature Reserve in China (Li & Smith, Reference Li, Smith, Smith, Johnston, Alves and Hackländer2018). The species is categorized as Endangered on the IUCN Red List based on criteria B1ab(iii) (i.e. the extent of occurrence of the species is < 5,000 km², the population is severely fragmented or occurs in fewer than five locations and a decline in area, extent or quality of habitat has been inferred; Smith & Li, Reference Smith and Li2016). The current extent of occurrence of O. argentata is 107 km², just above the 100 km² threshold for categorization as Critically Endangered (Smith & Li, Reference Smith and Li2016). It was previously known from three small (< 3 km²) and isolated locations within this area, and deforestation throughout the Reserve has led to an inferred decline in habitat quality (Formozov et al., Reference Formozov, Baklushinskaya and Ma2004; Smith & Li, Reference Smith and Li2016). As a cold-adapted species, O. argentata is likely to face range contraction and further habitat loss as a result of climate change (Lorenzo et al., Reference Lorenzo, Rioja-Paradela and Carrillo-Reyes2015). In 2020 China added O. argentata to its National List of Key Protected Species as a Category II species, indicating the political will to protect it. Despite its Endangered status and the potential threats, there is little published research on O. argentata and no dedicated conservation programme (Lambert et al., Reference Lambert, Zhang, Shi and Riordan2023). Its ecology, population status and basic natural history remain unknown, impeding its conservation (Li & Smith, Reference Li, Smith, Smith, Johnston, Alves and Hackländer2018).

The Helan Shan mountain range lies along the border of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region to the east and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region to the west. Two nature reserves are present in the range: Ningxia Helan Shan National Nature Reserve and the smaller Inner Mongolia Helan Shan National Nature Reserve (Fig. 1). The region is characterized by a typical continental climate, with a mean annual temperature of −0.9°C and mean annual rainfall of 420 mm (Zhang et al., Reference Zhang, Liu and Teng2013). The area includes deciduous forests dominated by Ulmus glaucescens and Prunus mongolica and coniferous forests of Pinus tabulaeformis and Picea crassifolia. At lower elevations there are open meadows and steppes characterized by Stipa breviflora, Ajania fruticulosa, Ptilagrostis pelliotii, Oxytropis aciphylla, Convolvulus gortschakovii and Salsola laricifolia (Zhang et al., Reference Zhang, Liu and Teng2013). Ochotona argentata has been observed amongst rocks and talus in both the open steppe and forested regions (Li & Smith, Reference Li, Smith, Smith, Johnston, Alves and Hackländer2018).

Fig. 1 Location of camera-trap captures of Ochotona argentata from 13 January 2020 to 25 January 2022 during monitoring for the snow leopard Panthera uncia and during routine monitoring of the Reserve, relative to its previously known range in the Ningxia Helan Shan National Nature Reserve, China.

From 13 January 2020 we conducted a camera-trapping survey in the Helan Shan mountain range to monitor the snow leopard Panthera uncia and its main prey species, the bharal Pseudois nayaur. During the pilot stage we set a total of nine camera-trap stations, each comprising one Boskon Guard BG-526 camera (Boskoncam, Dongguang, China), separated by 2 km. This was increased to 24 cameras on 30 June 2020 and to 51 cameras on 16 January 2021. These were left operating until 25 January 2022, yielding a total of 10,965 camera-trap days (Fig. 1). Additionally, Reserve staff have been carrying out routine camera trapping and monitoring of wildlife. The monitoring programme consists of a 5 × 5 km grid covering the whole Reserve, with a single camera-trap station in each grid square, totalling 66 camera traps. Captures are recorded from the monitoring programme every 3 months. Here we present details on captures of O. argentata obtained during these two surveys. We mapped these records using QGIS 3.1.8 (QGIS Development Team, 2023) and compared this map to the current distribution map of the species. We calculated a new extent of occurrence using a minimum convex polygon incorporating the old range and the new observations.

During 10 July 2020–12 February 2021 there were 124 individual captures of O. argentata, including 80 videos, at two trapping stations (Plate 1a). Rock-dwelling pikas are solitary and strongly territorial (Smith, Reference Smith, Alves, Ferrand and Hackländer2008), and so these are likely to be captures of two individuals. Both camera-trap stations were outside the current known distribution of the species. The closest active pika site was 13.5 km to the north-east of the nearest previous observation, and the farthest was 43.8 km to the north (Fig. 1). Of these 124 captures, 50 were obtained at night (Plate 1b).

Plate 1 (a) A photograph of Ochotona argentata taken on 24 July 2020 at 16.16, 43.8 km from the previously known range of the species. The pika was observed entering the interior of the rock formation in the bottom-left corner of the image. (b) A photograph from the same location as (a) on 13 August 2020 at 03.34. This constitutes the first evidence of nocturnal activity by this species.

Examination of the captures obtained during routine monitoring in the Reserve revealed an additional five sites at which O. argentata had been photographed. All of these sites were also outside the previously known range of the species (Fig. 1). None of the five cameras we placed within the previously known range secured captures of O. argentata (Fig. 1).

These new records significantly extend the known distribution of O. argentata. The newly calculated extent of occurrence is 233 km². This is more than double the size of the previous extent of occurrence but still within the threshold for Endangered status. However, the extent of occurrence does not account for unsuitable habitat or fragmentation within the range. Previous observations indicate that the population is severely fragmented and subjected to habitat loss (Formozov et al., Reference Formozov, Baklushinskaya and Ma2004; Smith & Li, Reference Smith and Li2016). Fragmented and isolated populations are at greater risk of extinction (Crooks et al., Reference Crooks, Burdett, Theobald, King, Di Marco, Rondinini and Boitani2017), and pikas are notoriously poor dispersers, which could impede their ability to adapt to fragmentation (Smith, Reference Smith2020). Further research is needed to establish the extent of fragmentation and the habitat requirements of this species.

The captures of O. argentata at night constitute the first evidence that this species is nocturnally active. Pikas are alpine specialists and are often considered to be significantly threatened by climate change. American pikas Ochotona princeps in particular are often considered to be at risk from warming climates, which would cause them to move up mountains as temperatures at lower elevations increase (Beever et al., Reference Beever, Brussard and Berger2003). However, populations of O. princeps living at lower altitudes have been observed responding to warmer temperatures by modifying their behaviour, including by spending more time within the cooler interior of talus piles (Smith et al., Reference Smith, Nagy and Millar2016), reducing daytime activity and increasing crepuscular and nocturnal foraging (Millar & Hickman, Reference Millar and Hickman2021). Captures of O. argentata at night could indicate this species is capable of adapting to warming climates in the same way. Further research is needed to determine the behavioural ecology of this species and how it might respond to climate change, especially given its fragmented population and likely poor dispersal ability.

These new records contribute to the knowledge of this elusive and understudied species. Further surveys are required to ascertain habitat requirements, distribution and population size. Surveys could incorporate methods such as those used to survey the better-known American pika and collared pika Ochotona collaris. These could include sign surveys for haypiles (piles of vegetation collected by pikas to feed on over the winter) and scat within suitable talus habitat patches to determine occupancy (Millar & Smith, Reference Millar and Smith2022), and they could be combined with live trapping and mark–recapture methods to facilitate more detailed inferences regarding population size (Morrison & Hik, Reference Morrison and Hik2007). The lack of observations in this study from within the previously known range of this species is of concern, and more detailed surveys need to be undertaken within this range to establish whether this constitutes evidence of local extirpation and retreat into more suitable habitat or is simply a result of insufficient surveying and monitoring.