Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T13:20:31.106Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Challenges to nature conservation with community development in central African forests

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 April 2009

Andrew J. Noss
Affiliation:
Wildlife Conservation Society, Casilla 2417, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Based on field research in the Central African Republic, this article discusses several social and economic challenges to conservation programmes that include community development components. These interrelated challenges include immigration as people elsewhere are attracted to economic opportunities, the lack of tenure of land and natural resources, diversification of economic and subsistence strategies, ethnic diversity and the lack of a conservation ethic. Addressing these challenges requires fundamental socio-economic change.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Fauna and Flora International 1997

References

Alvard, M.S. 1994. Conservation by native peoples: prey choice in a depleted habitat. Human Nature, 5, 127154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrett, C.B. and Arcese, P. 1995. Are integrated conservation-development projects (ICDPs) sustainable? On the conservation of large mammals in sub-Saharan Africa. World Development, 23, 10731084.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrow, E., Bergin, P., Infield, M. and Lembuya, P. 1993a. Community Conservation: Lessons from Benefit Sharing in East Africa. In Integrating People and Wildlife for a Sustainable Future (eds Bissonette, J. A. and Krausman, P. R.), pp. 2126. The Wildlife Society, Bethesda, Maryland.Google Scholar
Barrow, E., Bergin, P., Infield, M. and Lembuya, P. 1993b. The People's Voice: Partnership and Community Conservation. In Integrating People and Wildlife for a Sustainable Future (eds Bissonette, J. A. and Krausman, P. R.), pp. 255259. The Wildlife Society, Bethesda, Maryland.Google Scholar
Bird-David, N. 1992a. Beyond the ‘hunting and gathering mode of subsistence’: culture-sensitive observations on the Nayaka and other modern hunter-gatherers. Man, 27, 1944.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bird-David, N. 1992b. Beyond the ‘original affluent society’: a culturalist reformulation. Current Anthropology, 33, 2547.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bodmer, R.E. 1994. Managing wildlife with local communities in the Peruvian Amazon: the case of the Reserve Comunal Tamshiyacu-Tahuayo. In Natural Connections: Perspectives in Community-based Conservation (eds Western, D. and Wright, R. M.), pp. 113134. Island Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Brandon, K.E. and Wells, M. 1992. Planning for people and parks: design dilemmas. World Development, 20, 557570.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colchester, M. 1993. Slave and enclave: towards a political ecology of equatorial Africa. The Ecologist, 23, 166173.Google Scholar
Durbin, J.C. and Ralambo, J.A. 1994. The role of local people in the successful maintenance of protected areas in Madagascar. Environmental Conservation, 21, 115120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eder, J.F. 1984. The impact of subsistence change on mobility and settlement pattern in a tropical forest foraging economy: some implications for archaeology. American Anthropologist, 86, 837853.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eder, J.F. 1988. Batak foraging camps today: a window to the history of a hunting-gathering economy. Human Ecology, 16, 3655.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Endicott, K. 1979. The impact of economic modernisation on the Orang Asli (aborigines) of northern peninsular Malaysia. In Issues in Malaysian Development (eds Jackson, J. C. and Rudner, M.), pp. 167204. Heinemann, Singapore.Google Scholar
Endicott, K. and Bellwood, P. 1991. The possibility of independent foraging in the rain forest of peninsular Malaysia. Human Ecology, 19, 151185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feeny, D., Berkes, F., McCay, B.J. and Acheson, J.M. 1990. The tragedy of the commons: twenty-two years later. Human Ecology, 13, 119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gadgil, M., Berkes, F. and Folke, C. 1993. Indigenous knowledge for biodiversity conservation. Ambio, 22, 151156.Google Scholar
Gibson, C.C. and Marks, S.A. 1995. Transforming rural hunters into conservationists: an assessment of community-based wildlife management programs in Africa. World Development, 23, 941957.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldman, A. 1995. Threats to sustainability in African agriculture: searching for appropriate paradigms. Human Ecology, 23, 291334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffin, P.B. 1981. Northern Luzon Agta subsistence and settlement. Filipinas, 2, 2642.Google Scholar
Guddemi, P. 1992. When horticulturalists are like hunter-gatherers: the Sawiyano of Papua New Guinea. Ethnology, 31, 303314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hames, R.B. 1991. Wildlife conservation in tribal societies. In Biodiversity: culture, conservation and ecodevelopment (eds Oldfield, M. L. and Alcorn, J. B.), pp. 172199. Westview, Boulder.Google Scholar
Hunsicker, P.M. and Ngambesso, F. 1993. Banking on a nature reserve. In The Law of the Mother: Protecting Indigenous Peoples in Protected Areas (ed. Kemf, E.), pp. 233237. Sierra Club Books, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Infield, M. 1988. Hunting, Trapping and Fishing in Villages within and on the periphery of the Korup National Park. Paper No. 6 of the Korup National Park socio-economic survey. World Wide Fund for Nature. Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Jorgensen, J.P. 1995. Maya subsistence hunters in Quintana Roo, Mexico. Oryx, 29, 4957.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalck, P. 1971. Central African Republic: A Failure in De-colonisation. Praeger, New York.Google Scholar
Kottak, Cp. and Costa, A.C.G. 1993. Ecological awareness, environmentalist action and international conservation strategy. Human Organization, 52, 335343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kremen, C., Merenlender, A.M. and Murphy, D.D. 1994. Ecological monitoring: a vital need for integrated conservation and development programs in the tropics. Conservation Biology, 8, 388397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kretsinger, A. 1993. Some Development Options for the BaAka within the Dzanga-Sangha Dense Forest Reserve. World Wildlife Fund, Bayanga. Unpublished report.Google Scholar
Lahm, S.A. 1993. Ecology and economics of human/wildlife interaction in northeastern Gabon. PhD thesis. New York University, New York.Google Scholar
Lawry, S.W. 1990. Tenure policy toward common property natural resources in sub-Saharan Africa. Natural Resources Journal, 30, 403422.Google Scholar
Metcalfe, S. 1994. The Zimbabwe Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE). In Natural Connections: Perspectives in Community-based Conservation (eds Western, D. and Wright, R. M.), pp. 161192. Island Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Noss, A.J. 1997. The economic importance of communal net hunting among the BaAka of the Central African Republic. Human Ecology, 25, 7189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noss, Aj. In press a. Cable snares and nets in the Central African Republic. In Sustainability of Hunting in Tropical Forests (eds J. G. Robinson and E. Bennett).Google Scholar
Noss, A.J. In press b. The impacts of cable snare hunting on wildlife populations in the forests of the Central African Republic. Conservation Biology. Noss, A.J. Under review. The Aka of the Central African Republic. In African Rain Forest Ecology and Conservation (eds W. Weber, A. Vedder, H. Simons Morland, L. White and T. Hart).Google Scholar
Noss, A.J. 1995. Duikers, cables and nets: a cultural ecology of hunting in a central African forest. PhD thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Oates, J.F. 1995. The dangers of conservation by rural development – a case study from the forests of Nigeria. Oryx, 29, 115122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olson, M. Jr. 1971. The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Schocken, New York.Google Scholar
Ostrom, E. 1990. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rai, N.K. 1982. From forest to field: study of Philippine Negrito foragers in transition. PhD thesis, University of Hawaii, Honolulu.Google Scholar
Rambo, A.T. 1979. Human ecology of the Orang Asli: a review of research on the environmental relations of the aborigines of peninsular Malaysia. Federations Museums Journal, NS 24, 4171.Google Scholar
Rambo, A.T. 1982. Orang Asli adaptive strategies: implications for Malaysian natural resources development planning. In Too Rapid Rural Development: Perceptions and Perspectives from Southeast Asia (eds MacAndrews, C. and Sien, C. L.), pp. 251299. Ohio University Press, Athens.Google Scholar
Redford, K.H. 1992. The empty forest. Bioscience, 42, 412422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Redford, K.H. 1993. Hunting in neotropical forests: a subsidy from nature. In Tropical Forests, People and Food: Biocultural Interactions and Applications to Development (eds Hladik, C. M., Hladik, A., Linares, O. F., Pagezy, H., Semple, A. and Hadley, M.), pp. 227246. UNESCO, Paris.Google Scholar
Robinson, J.G. and Redford, K.H. 1994. Community-based approaches to wildlife conservation in neotropical forests. In Natural Connections: Perspectives in Community-based Conservation (eds Western, D. and Wright, R. M.), pp. 300319. Island Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Sellato, B. 1994. Nomads of the Borneo Rainforest: the Economics, Politics and Ideology of Settling Down. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Southgate, D. and Clark, H.L. 1993. Can conservation projects save biodiversity in South America? Ambio, 22, 163166.Google Scholar
Stocking, M. and Perkin, S. 1992. Conservation-with-development: an application of the concept in the Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, NS 17, 337349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wells, M.P. and Brandon, K.E. 1993. The principles and practice of buffer zones and local participation in biodiversity conservation. Ambio, 22, 157162.Google Scholar
Wells, M., Brandon, K. and Hannah, L. 1992. People and Parks: Linking Protected Area Management with Local Communities. World Bank, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Western, D. and Wright, R.M. (eds) 1994. Natural Connections: Perspectives in Community-based Conservation. Island Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Zoctizoum, Y. 1983. Histoire de la Centrafrique. Harmattan, Paris.Google Scholar