¹ I would like to thank Jean Sibley (Serials and Electronic Resources Librarian) and Mary Molineux (Research Librarian), both at Swem Library of the College of William and Mary, as well as representatives of Readex, Proquest, Gale Cengage, the Library of Congress and the American Antiquarian Society (named in subsequent footnotes) for their assistance in gathering information to write this article. Erin Luckett, Vice President for Sales (Readex Corporation), Scott Schultz, Publisher (Proquest), and Raymond Arbruzzi, Vice President and Publisher (Gale Digital Collections at Cengage Learning), were particularly helpful.

² According to a search in the ‘U. S. Newspaper Directory, 1690 to the Present’, which is the most up-do-date union list of series in the country, there were 84,000 English-language newspapers published in the United States from 1800–1900; almost 4,000 of them were dailies, some 2,700 were published two or three times per week, and nearly 60,000 were weeklies. But this number is undoubtedly inflated, for newspapers frequently changed names; furthermore, there are many duplicate titles in the database. See Chronicling America, http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/ (accessed 22 July 2015). Vincent Golden, Curator of Newspapers and Periodicals at the American Antiquarian Society, suggests that the total number might be ‘around 50,000, give or take a few thousand’. This information is from an email message to the author from Erin Luckett, 31 July 2015.

³ Opera for the People: English-Language Opera and Women Managers in Late Nineteenth-Century America, forthcoming from Oxford University Press.

⁴ See ‘About Chronicling America’, Chronicling America, http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/about/, (accessed 28 July 2015).

⁵ Email communication from Henry Carter, Serials and Government Publications Division at the Library of Congress to Mary Molineux of Swem Library, 23 July 2015.

⁶ Proquest Historical Newspapers ^tm , www.proquest.com/products-services/pq-hist-news.html (accessed 23 July 2015).

⁷ Email communication between Scott Schultz of Proquest and Jean Sibley of Swem Library, 22 July 2015.

⁸ Email communication between the author and Ray Arbruzzi, 5 August 2014.

⁹ Email communication between the author and Erin Luckett, 31 July 2015.

¹⁰ My thanks to Prof. Singer for permission to cite her work in this article. Email communication from Prof. Singer to the author, 9 August 2015.