Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T00:39:19.645Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Tyranny illustrated: from petition to rebellion in Ottoman Vranje

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 December 2015

Cengiz Kırlı*
Affiliation:
Boğaziçi University, Atatürk Institute for Modern Turkish History, 34342, Bebek, İstanbul, [email protected].

Abstract

This article traces the struggle of the people of Vranje to unseat their governor, Hüseyin Pasha, in the 1840s. It situates this struggle within the context of the Tanzimat reforms, one primary objective of which was to use financial and legal means to bring powerful local governors under the control of the central government. The case of Vranje, this article shows, provides a particularly colorful example to observe the disrupting effects of the center’s intervention in the provinces, to investigate the various dynamics and difficulties the center confronted in its attempt to control the periphery, and to understand the ways in which the new political discourse of the Tanzimat shaped local resistance. This article also traces the stages of political mobilization and dissent through the various strategies the people of Vranje employed, from petitioning to armed resistance, in order to fight perceived injustices.

Type
Articles
Copyright
© New Perspectives on Turkey and Cambridge University Press 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Author’s Note: I would like to thank Aydın Babuna, Tolga U. Esmer, Nurçin İleri, M. Erdem Kabadayı, Berkay Küçükbaşlar, Tijana Krstić, Şevket Pamuk, Leslie P. Peirce, Milan Randjelović, Z. Umut Türem, and Deniz Yükseker for their help, suggestions, and comments on earlier versions of the manuscript.

References

References

Primary sources

Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, BOA)

A.AMD (Sadaret Amedi Kalemi Evrakı)

A.DVN (Sadaret Divan Kalemi Evrakı)

A.MKT (Sadaret Mektubi Kalemi Evrakı)

A.MKT.MVL (Sadaret Mektubi Kalemi Meclis-i Vala Evrakı)

A.MKT.UM (Sadaret Mektubi Kalemi Umum Vilayat Evrakı)

C.ADL (Cevdet Adliye)

C.DH (Cevdet Dahiliye)

C.HR (Cevdet Hariciye)

C.ML (Cevdet Maliye)

C.ZB (Cevdet Zabtiye)

HAT (Hatt-ı Hümayun)

İ.DH (İrade Dahiliye)

İ.MSM (İrade Mesail-i Mühimme)

İ.MTZ (04) (İrade Eyalet-i Mümtaze Bulgaristan)

İ.MVL (İrade Meclis-i Vala)

MVL (Meclis-i Vala Evrakı)

ML.VRD.TMT.d (Maliye Varidat Muhasebesi Temettuat Defterleri)

Secondary sources

Adanır, Fikret. “Semi-autonomous Forces in the Balkans and Anatolia.” In The Cambridge History of Turkey, Vol. 3: The Later Ottoman Empire, 1603–1839, edited by Suraiya Faroqhi, 157185. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahmed, Lûtfî Efendi. Vak’anüvis Ahmed Lutfî Efendi Tarihi. Edited by Yücel Demirel. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 1999.Google Scholar
Aksan, Virginia H. “The One-Eyed Fighting the Blind: Mobilization, Supply, and Command in the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774.” International History Review 15, no. 2 (1993): 221238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aksan, Virginia H. “Ottoman Military Recruitment Strategies in the Late Eighteenth Century.” In Arming the State: Military Conscription in the Middle East and Central Asia, 1775–1925, edited by Erik J. Zürcher, 2139. London: I.B. Tauris, 1999.Google Scholar
Aksan, Virginia H. “Military Reform and Its Limits in a Shrinking Ottoman World, 1800–1840.” In The Early Modern Ottomans: Remappimg the Empire, edited by Virginia H. Aksan and Daniel Goffman, 117134. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Anastasopoulos, Antonis, ed. Provincial Elites in the Ottoman Empire: Halcyon Days in Crete V: A Symposium Held in Rethymno, 10–12 January 2003. Rethymno: Crete University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Anscombe, Frederick F. “Albanians and ‘Mountain Bandits’.” In The Ottoman Balkans, 1750–1830, edited by Frederick F. Anscombe, 87113. Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener Publishers, 2006.Google Scholar
Aytekin, E. Attila. “Cultivators, Creditors and the State: Rural Indebtedness in the Nineteenth Century Ottoman Empire.” Journal of Peasant Studies 35, no. 2 (2008): 292313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aytekin, E. Attila. “Peasant Protest in the Late Ottoman Empire: Moral Economy, Revolt and the Tanzimat Reforms.” International Review of Social History 57 (2012): 191227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barkan, Ömer Lütfi. Türkiye’de Toprak Meselesi, Toplu Eserler 1. İstanbul: Gözlem Yayınları, 1980.Google Scholar
Chalcraft, John. “Engaging the State: Peasants and Petitions in Egypt on the Eve of Colonial Rule.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 37, no. 3 (2005): 303325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Çakır, Coşkun. Tanzimat Dönemi Osmanlı Maliyesi. İstanbul: Küre, 2001.Google Scholar
Erdem, Hakan. “‘Perfidious Albanians’ and ‘Zealous Governors’: Ottomans, Albanians, and Turks in the Greek War of Independence.” In Ottoman Rule and the Balkans, 1760–1850: Conflict, Transformation, Adaptation, edited by Antonis Anastasopoulos and Elias Kolovos, 213237. Rethymno: Crete University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Esmer, Tolga U. “Economies of Violence: Banditry and Governance in the Ottoman Empire around 1800.” Past and Present 224 (2014): 163199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Esmer, Tolga U. “The Precarious Intimacy of Honor in Late Ottoman Accounts of Paramilitarism and Banditry.” European Journal of Turkish Studies 18 (2014): 216.Google Scholar
Fahmy, Khlaed. All the Pasha’s Men: Mehmed Ali, His Army and the Making of Modern Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Faroqhi, Suraiya. “Political Initiatives ‘From the Bottom Up’ in the Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century Ottoman Empire: Some Evidence for their Existence.” In Osmanistische Studien zur Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte, edited by Hans Georg Majer, 2433. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1986.Google Scholar
Faroqhi, Suraiya. “Political Activity among Ottoman Taxpayers and the Problem of Sultanic Legitimation (1570–1650).” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 35 (1992): 139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fleming, Katherine E. Muslim Bonaparte: Diplomacy and Orientalism in Ali Pasha’s Greece. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gara, Eleni. “Neomartyr Without a Message.” Archivum Ottomanicum 23 (2005/06): 155176.Google Scholar
Guha, Ranajit. “The Prose of Counter-Insurgency.” In Selected Subaltern Studies, edited by Ranajit Guha and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, 142. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.Google Scholar
Gülsoy, Ufuk. Osmanlı Gayrımüslimlerinin Askerlik Serüveni. İstanbul: Simurg, 2000.Google Scholar
Güran, Tevfik. 19. Yüzyıl Osmanlı Tarımı. İstanbul: Eren, 1998.Google Scholar
Hathaway, Jane. The Politics of Households in Ottoman Egypt: The Rise of the Qazdağlıs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
İnalcık, Halil. “Şikâyet Hakkı: ‘Arz-ı Hâl’ ve ‘Arz-ı Mahzar’lar’.” Osmanlı Araştırmaları 7–8 (1988): 3351.Google Scholar
İnalcık, Halil. “The Emergence of Big Farms, Çiftliks: State, Landlords, and Tenants.” In Landholding and Commercial Agriculture in the Middle East, edited by Çağlar Keyder and Faruk Tabak, 1734. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991.Google Scholar
İnalcık, Halil. Tanzimat ve Bulgar Meselesi. İstanbul: Eren, 1992.Google Scholar
İslamoğlu, Huri. “Politics of Administering Property: Law and Statistics in the Nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire.” In Constituting Property: Private Property in the East and West, edited by Huri İslamoğlu, 276319. London: I.B. Tauris, 2004.Google Scholar
Issawi, Charles. Economic History of Turkey, 1800–1914. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980.Google Scholar
Karaman, Kıvanç and Pamuk, Şevket. “Ottoman State Finances in European Perspective, 1500–1914.” The Journal of Economic History 70, no. 3 (2010): 593627.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaya, Alp Yücel. “On the Çiftlik Regulation in Tırhala in the Mid-Nineteenth Century: Economists, Pashas, Governors, Çiftlik-holders, Subaşıs, and Sharecroppers.” In Ottoman Rural Societies and Economies, Halcyon Days in Crete VIIIth, a Symposium held  in Rethymno, 13–15 January 2012, edited by Elias Kolovos. Rethymno: Crete University Press, 2015 (forthcoming).Google Scholar
Kaynar, Reşat. Mustafa Reşit Paşa ve Tanzimat. Ankara: TTK, 1991.Google Scholar
Khoury, Dina Rizk. “The Ottoman Center versus Provincial Power-Holders: An Analysis of the Historiography.” In The Cambridge History of Turkey, Vol. 3: The Later Ottoman Empire, 1603–1839, edited by Suraiya Faroqhi, 135156. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Kırlı, Cengiz. Sultan ve Kamuoyu: Osmanlı Modernleşme Sürecinde ‘Havadis Jurnalleri’ (1840–1844). İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2009.Google Scholar
Kırlı, Cengiz. Yolsuzluğun İcadı: 1840 Ceza Kanunu, İktidar ve Bürokrasi. İstanbul: Verita Yayınları, 2015.Google Scholar
Krstić, Tijana. Contested Conversions to Islam: Narratives of Religious Change in the Early Modern Empire. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Kütükoğlu, Mübahat. “Osmanlı Sosyal ve İktisadi Kaynaklarından Temmettü Defterler.” Belleten 59, no. 225 (1995): 395418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laiou, Sophia. “Some Considerations Regarding Çiftlik Formation in the Western Thessaly, Sixteenth to Nineteenth Centuries.” In The Ottoman Empire, the Balkans, the Greek Lands: Toward a Social and Economic History: Studies in Honor of John C. Alexander, edited by Elias Kolovos, Phokion Kotzageorgis, Sophia Laiou, and Marinos Sariyannis, 255277. İstanbul: Isis Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Masters, Bruce. “Semi-autonomous Forces in the Arab Provinces.” In The Cambridge History of Turkey, Vol. 3: The Later Ottoman Empire, 1603–1839, edited by Suraiya Faroqhi, 186206. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGowan, Bruce. Economic Life in Ottoman Europe: Taxation, Trade and the Struggle for Land, 1600–1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.Google Scholar
McGowan, Bruce. “The Age of the Ayans, 1699–1812.” In An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, edited by Halil İnalcık and Donald Quataert, 637758. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Mostras, C. Dictionnaire géographique de l’Empire ottoman. İstanbul: Pera Yayıncılık, 1995.Google Scholar
Nagata, Yuzo. Tarihte Âyânlar: Karaosmanoğulları Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Ankara: TTK, 1997.Google Scholar
Özkaya, Yücel. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Âyânlık. Ankara: TTK, 1994.Google Scholar
Sariyannis, Marinos. “Aspects of ‘Neomartyrdom’: Religious Contacts, ‘Blasphemy’ and ‘Calumny’ in 17th Century İstanbul.” Archivum Ottomanicum 23 (2005/06): 249262.Google Scholar
Seyitdanlıoğlu, Mehmet. Tanzimat Devrinde Meclis-i Vâlâ (1838–1868). Ankara: TTK, 1999.Google Scholar
Sezer, Hamiyet. “Tepedelenli Âli Paşa ve Oğullarının Çiftlik ve Gelirlerine İlişkin Yeni Belgeler-Bulgular.” Ankara Üniversitesi Osmanlı Tarihi Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Dergisi 18 (2005): 333357.Google Scholar
Skiotis, Dennis N. “From Bandit to Pasha: First Steps in the Rise to Power of Ali of Tepelen, 1751–1784.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 2, no. 3 (1971): 219244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smyth, W.W. A Year with the Turks or Sketches of Travel in the European and Asiatic Dominions of the Sultan. New York: Redfield, 1854.Google Scholar
Stoianovich, Traian. “Land Tenure and Related Sectors of the Balkan Economy, 1600–1800.” The Journal of Economic History 13, no. 4 (1953): 398411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stojančević, Vladimir. “Žalbe Srba Vranjanaca protiv Husein-paša 1839–1842.” Leskovački zbornik 14 (1974): 149153.Google Scholar
Ursinus, Michael. “The Çiftlik Sahibleri of Manastır as a Local Elite, Late Seventeenth to Early Nineteenth Century.” In Provincial Elites in the Ottoman Empire, Halcyon Days in Crete V (10–12 January 2003), edited by Antonis Anastasopoulos, 247257. Rethymno: Crete University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Ursinus, Michael. Grievance Administration (Şikayet) in an Ottoman Province: The Kaymakam of Rumelia’s ‘Record Book of Complaints’ of 1781–1783. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2005.Google Scholar
Uzun, Ahmet. Tanzimat ve Sosyal Direnişler. İstanbul: Eren, 2002.Google Scholar
Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı. Meşhur Rumeli Âyanlarından Tirsinikli İsmail, Yılık Oğlu Süleyman Ağalar ve Alemdar Mustafa Paşa. (Ankara: TTK, 2000).Google Scholar
van Voss, Lex Heerma, ed. “Petitions in Social History.” Special Issue of International Review of Social History 46, no. S9 (2001).Google Scholar
Vaporis, Nomikos. Witnesses for Christ: Orthodox Christian Neomartyrs of the Ottoman Period, 1437–1860. New York: St Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Vasiljevic, Jovan Haci. “Ka istoriji grada Vranja i njegove okoline.” Godišnjica Nikole Čupića 16 (1896): 265338.Google Scholar
Veinstein, Gilles. “On the Çiftlik Debate.” In Landholding and Commercial Agriculture in the Middle East, edited by Çağlar Keyder and Faruk Tabak, 3553. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Yıldız, Gültekin. Neferin Adı Yok: Zorunlu Askerliğe Geçiş Sürecinde Osmanlı Devleti’nde Siyaset, Ordu ve Toplum (1826–1839). İstanbul: Kitabevi, 2009.Google Scholar
Zens, Robert. “Provincial Powers: The Rise of Ottoman Local Notables (Ayan).” History Studies: International Journal of History 3, no. 3 (2011): 433447.Google Scholar
Zürcher, Erik J., ed. Arming the State: Military Conscription in the Middle East and Central Asia, 1775–1925. London: I.B. Tauris, 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar