Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T00:49:52.208Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Turkey's foreign policy implementation in sub-Saharan Africa: A post-international approach

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 March 2015

Volkan İpek  and
Gonca Biltekin
Volkan İpek
Affiliation:
Bilkent University, Department of Political Science, [email protected]
Gonca Biltekin
Affiliation:
Bilkent University, Department of International Relations, [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Turkey's activism in Africa has been extensively noted. It has been argued that non-state actors like business and civil society organizations take part in Turkeys Africa initiative. Nevertheless, state/non-state interaction in Turkey's foreign policy implementation has not been accounted for in theoretical terms in Turkish foreign policy literature. This paper combines post-international theory and foreign policy implementation in looking at Turkey's foreign policy towards sub-Saharan Africa. We argue that adapting to the multi-centric world, the Turkish government has moved beyond conventional state-to-state dealings in implementing its foreign policy and increasingly relies on the cooperation of non-state actors.

Keywords

Turkish foreign policyTurkey-Africa relationssub-Saharan Africapost-internationalismforeign policy implementation
Type
Articles
Information
New Perspectives on Turkey , Volume 49 , Fall 2013 , pp. 121 - 156
Copyright
Copyright © New Perspectives on Turkey 2013

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Adelman, Carol C., “The Privatization of Foreign Aid.” Foreign Affairs 82, no. 6 (2003): 9–14.Google Scholar
Majid, Ahmed, and Dahir, Jibril. “Somalis Shocked by al-Shabaab Attack on Turkish ‘Muslim Brothers’” Sabahi Online, July 29, 2013. Accessed August 18, 2013. http://sabahionline.com/en_CB/articles/hoa/articles/features/2013/07/29/feature-01.Google Scholar
Aügun, Birol, and Mehmet, Özkan. “Turkey’s Opening to Africa.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 48, no. 4 (2010): 542–543.Google Scholar
Birol, Akgun, and Ozkan, Mehmet. “Why Welcome Al Basheer? Contextualizing Turkey ’ s Darfur Policy. ”Seta Policy Brief, no. 45 (2010): 10–12.Google Scholar
Taha, Akyol. “Afrika’da Turk Okullan.” Hurriyet, May 2, 2012.Google Scholar
All Africa. “Angola: Turkey Business People Interested in Education Sector.” Accessed January 12, 2011. http://allafrica.com/stories/201101120874html.Google Scholar
Amnesty International Turkey Website. “Türkiye Kacaklara Giivenli Bir Siginak Saglamamali.” Accessed May 18, 2013. http://www.amnesty.org.tr/ai/node/1105.Google Scholar
Department of Associations. Association Statistics. Accessed October 10, 2012 http://www.dernekler.gov.tr/index.php?option=com_content&view=category_&layout=blog&id=52&lternid=12&lang=tr.Google Scholar
Hasan, Aydm. “Educational Reform in Nigeria: The Case of Multicultural Education for Peace, Love, and Tolerance.“ South African Journal of Education 33, no. 1 (2013): 1–19.Google Scholar
Mustafa, Aydm. “Determinants of Turkish Foreign Policy: Changing Patterns and Conjectures During the Cold War.” Middle Eastern Studies 36, no.i (2000): 103–39.Google Scholar
Ekaterina, Balabanova. “Media and Foreign Policy in Central and Eastern Europe post 9/11: In from the Cold?” Media, War of Conflict 4, no. 1 (2011): 69–82.Google Scholar
Rainerand, Baumann, Stengel, Frank A. “Globalization and Foreign Policy Analysis: Neglect of or Successful Adaptation to Changing Political Practices?” Paper presented at the 51st Annual Convention of the International Studies Association in New Orleans, LA, February 17–20, 2010.Google Scholar
Fikret, Bila. “Yozgat’a Cider gibi Somali'ye Gidiyorum.” Milliyet, August 2, 2013.Google Scholar
Borsa, Giindem. “Beko Orta Afrika’ya Tanzanya'dan girdi.” Accessed January 21, 2013. http://www.borsagundem.com/haber/beko_-orta-afrika_ya-tanzanya_dan-girdi/372914.Google Scholar
Shaun, Breslin. “Beyond Diplomacy? UK Relations with China since 1997.“ British Journal of Politics and International Relations 6, no. 3 (2004): 409–425.Google Scholar
Elisabetta, Brighi, and Hill, Christopher. “Implementation and Behavior.“ in Foreign Policy: Theories, Actors, Cases, edited by Steve Smith, Hadflied, Amelia, and Dunne, Timothy, 117–136. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Bugün. “Aksaraylı işadamları Somali’ye ve Kenya’a Kurban Eti Dağıttı.” November 12, 2011.Google Scholar
Elisabetta, Brighi, and Hill, Christopher. “Bodrumlu isşadamları Somali’ye Para Yardımı Yaptı.” September 7, 2011.Google Scholar
David, Chandler. “The Security-Development Nexus and the Rise of ‘Anti-Foreign Policy’” Journal of International Relations and Development 10 (2007): 362–386.Google Scholar
Steve, Charnovitz. “Two Centuries of Participation: NGOs and International Governance.” Michigan Journal of International Law 18 (1997): 281–282.Google Scholar
Cihan News Agency. “Çad Türk Okulu İki Ülke Arasında Köprü Oluyor.” August 15, 2012. Accessed May 18, 2013 http://www.cihan.com.tr/news/Cad-Turk-okulu-iki-ulke-arasinda-kopru-oluyor-CHNzU5OTc4LzQ=;jsessionid=CVGmnUK7jcApJVYn-gHePL85.undefined.Google Scholar
CNN Turk. “Ankara Üniversitesi’nde Afrika Sansürü.” Accessed November 21, 2012. https://www.cnnturk.com/2012/guncel/11/21/ankara.universitesinde.afrika.sansuru/685500.0/index.html.Google Scholar
Cohen, Michael A., and Küpçü, Maria Figueroa. “Privatizing Foreign Policy.” World Policy Journal 22, no. 3 (2005): 34–52.Google Scholar
Cumhuriyet. “Yedek Yaşamlar.” April 9, 2012.Google Scholar
Çomak, ihsan., “Turkey's Foreign Policy to Africa and the Effect of Projects Which Were Implemented by Turkish NCOs Working on Health Sector in Support of TIKA, to this Policy.” Avrasya Etüdleri 40 (2011¬12): 201–22.Google Scholar
Davidson, Lawrence. Foreign Policy, Inc. Privatizing America’s National Interest. Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky, 2009.Google Scholar
Davidson, Lawrence. “Privatizing Foreign Policy.” Middle East Policy 13, no. 2 (2006): 134–147.Google Scholar
Doctors Worldwide Website. “Afrika Hayat Operasyonu Hakkında.” Accessed May 18, 2013. https://yyd.org.tr/projeler/yuruyen-projeler/afrika-hayat-operasyonu.html.Google Scholar
Finnemore, Martha, and Sikkink, Kathryn. “International Norm Dynamics and Political Change.” International Organization 52, No. 4 (1998): 887–917.Google Scholar
Foundation for Human Rights and Freedoms and Humanitarian Relief (iHH). Hayat Bulan Projeler. İstanbul: 2011.Google Scholar
Finnemore, Martha. “Somali'de Su Kanalı inşaa ediyoruz.” İnsani Yardım 50, (2012): 39.Google Scholar
Finnemore, Martha. “Vergi Muafiyeti.” Accessed May 18, 2013. http://www.ihh.org.tr/tr/main/pages/vergi-muafiyeti/143 Google Scholar
Douglas, Foyle. “Foreign Policy Analysis and Globalization: Public Opinion, World Opinion, and the Individual.” International Studies Review 5 (2003): 163–170.Google Scholar
Gönüllüler Association Website. “Nijer 1-12 ve Mali 1 Seyahatleri Toplu Analiz.” Accessed May 18, 2013.http://www.gonulluler.info/?lang=tr&sec=saglik-karnesi.Google Scholar
Yusuf Fadl, Hasan. “Sudan özelinde Türk-Afrika İlişkilerinin Bazı Yönleri.” Accessed May 18, 2013. http://www.tasamafrika.org/pdf/yayinlar/32-YFADL.pdf.Google Scholar
Virginia, Haufler. “International Diplomacy and the Privatization of Conflict Prevention.” International Studies Perspectives 5, no. 2 (2004): 158–163.Google Scholar
Hill, Christopher. The Changing Politics of Foreign Policy. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 2003.Google Scholar
Brian, Hocking. “Privatizing Diplomacy?” International Studies Perspectives 5, no. 2 (2004): 147–152.Google Scholar
Ole R., Holsti. “Public Opinion and Foreign Policy: Challenges to the Almond-Lipmann Consensus.” International Studies Quarterly 36, 4 (1992): 439–466.Google Scholar
Ole R, Holsti. et al. “Of Rifts and Drifts: A Symposium on Beliefs, Opinions, and American Foreign Policy.” International Studies Quarterly 30, no. 4 (1986): 373–484.Google Scholar
Holzscheiter, Anna. “Discourse as Capability: Non-State Actors' Capital in Global Governance.” Millenniumjournal of International Studies 33 (2005): 723.Google Scholar
Valerie M, Hudson. “The History and Evolution of Foreign Policy Analysis.” In Foreign Policy: Theories, Actors, Cases, edited by Steve Smith, Amelia Hadflied, and Timothy Dunne. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Valerie M, Hudson. “Foreign Policy Analysis: Actor-Specific Theory and the Ground of International Relations.” Foreign Policy Analysis 1, no. 1 (2005): 1–30.Google Scholar
Human Rights Agenda Association. “Press Release on November 8, 2009.” Accessed May 18, 2013. http://www.rightsagenda.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=576:ıbasna-ve-kamuoyuna&catid=34:takma2008basacik&ltemid=34.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. “Darfur: International Criminal Court’s Decision on Bashir Arrest Warrant.” Accessed February 3, 2010. http://www.hrw.org/news/2009/03/04/q-international-criminal-court-s-decision-al-bashir-s-arrest-warrant.Google Scholar
Hürriyet Daily News. “‘Somalia Attack Shows That Turkey Stepped on Someone’s Foot’: Parliament Speaker-Cicek.” July 29, 2013.Google Scholar
International Civil Society Associations Development and Cooperation Platform Website. “İstanbul Deklarasyonu.” Accessed May 18, 2013. http://www.ustkip.org/index.php/deklarasyontr.Google Scholar
International Criminal Court Coalition. “Press Release on January 18,2008.” Accessed May 18, 2013. http://ucmk.org.tr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=69:baslamasudan-devlet-barkiye-ziyareti&catid=19:baslamalar&ltemid=61.Google Scholar
Valerie M, Hudson. “Press Release on November 6, 2009.” Accessed May 18, 2013. http://ucmk.org.tr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=157:basin-aklamasi&catid=19:baslamalar&ltemid=61.Google Scholar
Margaret, Keck E., and Kathryn, Sikkink. Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Krut, Riva. Globalization and Civil Society: NGO Influence in International Decision-Making. Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, 1997.Google Scholar
Teresa, La Porte. “The Impact of ’Intermestic‘ Non-State Actors on the Conceptual Framework of Public Diplomacy.” The Hague Journal of Diplomacy 7, no. 4 (2012): 441–458.Google Scholar
Joost, Lagendijk. “El-Beşir Daver Edilmemeli, Tutuklanmalı.” Radikal, November 8, 2009.Google Scholar
Mearsheimer, John J. and Walt, Stephen M. “Is It Love or the Lobby? Explaining America’s Special Relationship with Israel.” Security Studies. 18, no. 1 (2009): 58–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, Michel. “Fethullah Gülen as Educator.” In Turkish Islam and the Secular State: The Gülen Movement, edited by Yavuz, M. Hakan and Esposito, John L., 69–84. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Milliyet. “Somali’ye Sanatçı Çıkarması.” August 19, 2011.Google Scholar
Thomas, Michel. “Senegal’ın Kaju Kralı Kenya’da Yapıyı Değiştirdi.” February 6, 2013.Google Scholar
Baskın, Oran. “Böyle iktidara Böyle Üniversite.” Radikal 2, December 23, 2012.Google Scholar
Mehmet, Özkan. “Turkey’s ‘New’ Engagements in Africa and Asia: Scope, Content and Implications.” Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs 16, no. 3 (2011): 115–137.Google Scholar
Mehmet, Özkan. “A New Actor or Passer-By? The Political Economy of Turkey’s Engagement with Africa.” Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 14, no. 1 (2012): 113–133.Google Scholar
Mehmet, Özkan. “What Drives Turkey’s Involvement in Africa?” Review of African Political Economy 37, no. 126 (2010): 533–540.Google Scholar
Mehmet, Özkan. “Turkey’s Rising Role in Africa.” Turkish Policy Quarterly 9, no. 4 (2010): 93–105.Google Scholar
Reinicke, Wolfgang H. “The Other World Wide Web: Global Public Policy Networks.” Foreign Policy 117 (1999):44–57.Google Scholar
Reinicke, Wolfgang H. “Global Public Policy.” Foreign AJfairs 76, no. 6 (1997): 127–138.Google Scholar
Thomas, Risse-Kappen. “Public Opinion, Domestic Structure, and Foreign Policy in Liberal Democracies.” World Politics 43 (1991): 579–512.Google Scholar
Piers, Robinson. “The CNN Effect: Can the News Media Drive Foreign Policy?” Review of International Studies 25, no. 2 (1999): 301–309.Google Scholar
Rosenau, James N. Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenau, James N. Along the Domestic-Foreign Frontier. Exploring Governance in a Turbulent World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Rosenau, James N. “Beyond Postinternationalism.” In Pondering Postinternationalism, edited by Hobbs, Heidi H., 219–37. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Rosenau, James N. Sabah. “Tanzanya'daki Türklerin Keyfi Yerinde.” August 24,1998.Google Scholar
Rosenau, James N. “Türk Gençler Afrika'da Maden Kralı Oluyor.” December 12, 2012.Google Scholar
Rosenau, James N. “Kara Kıtanın Petrolüne Türk imzası.” December 17, 2012.Google Scholar
Rosenau, James N. “Florence Nightingale Afrika’ya Giriyor.” January 26, 2013.Google Scholar
Rosenau, James N. “Gana’nın Enerjisi Gürmen Grup’tan.” February 10, 2013.Google Scholar
Rosenau, James N. “Kardak Gazisi Afrika’yı Fethetti.” February 13, 2013.Google Scholar
Steve, Smith. “Theories of Foreign Policy: An Historical Overview.” Review of International Studies 12, no. 1 (1986): 13–29.Google Scholar
Smith, Steve and Michael Clarke. “Foreign Policy Implementation and Foreign Policy Behaviour.” in Foreign Policy Implementation, edited by Smith, Steve and Clarke, Michael, 1–10.London: George Allen and Unwin, 1985.Google Scholar
Steve, Smith. Eds. Foreign Policy Implementation. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1985.Google Scholar
Snyder, Richard C, Bruck, H.W. and Sapin, Burton. Foreign Policy Decision-Making (Revisited). New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sorensen, Kristian. Cluster Analysis for Improving Co-operation between the NGOs and the Public Sector inTurkey. Ankara: Yaşama Dair Association, 2008.Google Scholar
Zaman, Today’s. “Turkish School in Sudan Holds Graduation Ceremony.” March 5, 2008.Google Scholar
Zaman, Today’s. “First Turkish School to be Opened in Zambia.” November 13, 2009.Google Scholar
Zaman, Today's. “Turkish School is Like a Diplomatic Mission in Burkina Faso.” November 24, 2009.Google Scholar
TRT Gap. “Memleket Meselesi.” 2 January, 2012.Google Scholar
Türk Diyanet Vakfı Website. “Diyanet ve Vakıf Personeli Afrika Yollarında.” Accessed May 18, 2013. http://www.diyanetvakfi.org.tr/65/guncel/diyanet-ve-vakif-personeli-afrika-yollarinda Google Scholar
Turkish Cooperation and Development Agency. Türkiye Kalkınma Yardımları Raporu 2005. Ankara: 2006.Google Scholar
Turkish Cooperation and Development Agency. Türkiye Kalkınma Yardımları Raporu 2017. Ankara: 2012.Google Scholar
Tom, Wheeler. “Ankara to Africa: Turkey’s Outreach since 2005.“ South African Journal of International Affairs 18, no. 1 (2011): 43–62.Google Scholar
Klaus Dieter, Wolf, DeitelhotT, Nicole, and Engert, Stefan. “Corporate Security Responsibility: Towards a Conceptual Framework for a Comparative Research Agenda.” Cooperation and Confia 42, no. 3 (2007): 294–320.Google Scholar
Zaman. “Türk Okulları Dış Politikanın En Önemli Aktörü.” March 17, 2013.Google Scholar
Zaman. “Mali Cumhurbaşkanından Türk Okullarına Övgü: Kızım da Orada Okuyor.” February 27, 2009.Google Scholar
Zaman. “Moritanya’da Matematik ve Dil Olimpiyatları Düzenlendi.” April 11, 2011.Google Scholar
Zamzam Foundation. “Turkey’s Eye Care Campaign in Africa” Periodical Humanitarian Newsletter 1, no. 1 (2010): 1–2.Google Scholar