Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-g8jcs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T21:04:14.711Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Trade, Traders and the State in Eighteenth-Century Erzurum

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 July 2015

Neşe Erim*
Affiliation:
Marmara University, Istanbul, Department of History

Extract

In the present paper, we deal with traders who crossed the border between the Ottoman Empire and Iran during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. These merchants are at once a topic of much scholarly debate and virtually unknown. Little trace has survived of their everyday activities, but they are repeatedly mentioned in Niels Steensgaard's well-known work on pedlars and European companies, in which he has analyzed the activities of merchants who confronted two great “protection-producing” and “redistributive” empires, namely the Ottoman and the Safavid, and who also needed to cope with competition from the European regulated companies (Steensgaard, 1974, pp. 22-59). Larger capital resources, advance knowledge of markets, and a commercial organization which enabled traders to take advantage of seasonally low prices were the companies’ advantages, while peddling merchants had but limited resources and were therefore vulnerable.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © New Perspectives on Turkey 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abdel Nour, Antoine. 1982. Introduction à l'histoire urbaine de la Syrie ottomane. Beirut: Publications de l'Université libanaise.Google Scholar
Barkan, Ömer Lütfi. 1966. “Edirne Askeri Kassami'na Ait Tereke Defterleri (1545-1659),” Belgeler, III(5-6), pp. 1479.Google Scholar
Bijiskyan, P. Minas (Trabzonlu). 1969. Karadeniz kiyilari Tarih ve Coğrafyast. Andreasyan, Hrand (ed.). Istanbul: Edebiyat Fakültesi Basιmevi.Google Scholar
Bodman, Herbert L. 1963. Political Factions in Aleppo 1760-1826. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Brant, J. 1836. Journey through a Part of Armenia and Asia Minor. London.Google Scholar
Braudel, Fernand. 1979. Civilisation materielle, économie et capitalisme, XVè - XVIIIè siècle, Vol 2, Les jeux de l'échange. Paris: Armand Colin.Google Scholar
Cezar, Yavuz. 1986. Osmanli Maliyesinde Bunahm ve Değişim Dönemi (XVIII, yy'dan Tanzimat'a Mali Tarih). Istanbul: Alan Yaymevi.Google Scholar
Çizakça, Murat. 1987 (reprint). “Price History and the Bursa Silk Industry: A Study in Ottoman Industrial Decline, 1550-1650,” in Islamoğlu, Huri (ed.), The Ottoman Empire and the World Economy. Cambridge, Paris: Cambridge University Press and Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, pp. 247261.Google Scholar
Curtin, Philip D. 1984. Cross-cultural Trade in World History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dalsar, Fahri. 1960. Türk Sanayi ve Ticaret Tarihinde Bursa'da Ipekçilik. Istanbul: Istanbul Üniversitesi Iktisat Fakültesi.Google Scholar
Davis, Ralph. 1967. Aleppo and Devonshire Square, English Traders in the Levant in the Eighteenth Century. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Dankoff, Robert. 1990. Evliya Çelebi in Bitlis. The Relevant Section of the Seyahatname edited with translation, commentary and introduction. Leiden: E. J. Brill.Google Scholar
Erim, Neşe. 1984. “Onsekizinci Yüzyilda Erzurum Gümrüğü,” unpublished doctoral dissertation. Istanbul University.Google Scholar
Faroqhi, Suraiya. 1984. Towns and Townsmen of Ottoman Anatolia. Trade, Crafts and Food Production in an Urban Setting. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ferrier, R. W. 1973. “The Armenians and the East India Company in Persia in the Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries,Economic History Review, 26, pp. 3862.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fukasawa, Katsumi. 1987. Toilerie et commerce du Levant d'Alep à Marseille. Paris: Edition du CNRS.Google Scholar
Genç, Mehmet. 1975. “Osmanli Maliyesinde Malikane Sistemi,” in Okyar, Osman, and Nalbantoğlu, Ünal (eds.), Türkiye Iktisat Tarihi Semineri, Metinler, Tarttşmalar, Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi.Google Scholar
Genç, Mehmet. 1984. “XVIII. Yüzyilda Osmanh Ekonomisi ve Savaş,Yapit, 49, 4, pp. 52-61; 50, 5, pp. 8693.Google Scholar
Genç, Mehmet. 1987. “17.-19. Yüzyillarda Sanayi ve Ticaret Merkezi Olarak Tokat,” in Bolay, Hayriet al. (eds.), Türk Tarihinde ve Türk Kûltüründe Tokat Sempozyumu. Tokat: Ibni Kemal Tokat Valiliği Seyhülislam Ibni Kemal Araştιrma Merkezi.Google Scholar
Gerber, Haim. 1988. Economy and Society in an Ottoman City: Bursa, 1600-1700. Jerusalem: The Hebrew University.Google Scholar
Goffman, Daniel. 1990. Izmir and the Levantine World, 1550-1650. Seattle and London: Washington University Press.Google Scholar
de Groot, Alexander H. 1979. The Ottoman Empire and the Dutch Republic. A History of the Earliest Diplomatic Relations 1610-1630. Leiden, Istanbul: Nederlands Historisch Archeologisch Instituut: Leiden, Istanbul.Google Scholar
Inalcik, Halil. 19791980. “Osmanli Pamuklu Pazari, Hindistan ve Ingiltere: Pazar Rekabetinde Emek Maliyetinin Rolü,Gelişme Dergisi, Special Issue: Osmanh Iktisat Tarihi Üzenne Araştirmalar, pp. 166.Google Scholar
Jennings, Ronald. 1973. “Loans and Credit in Early 17th Century in Ottoman Judicial Records, The Sharia Court of Anatolian Kayseri,” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, XVI(2-3), pp. 168216.Google Scholar
Jennings, Ronald. 1976. “Urban Population in Anatolia in the Sixteenth Century: A Study of Kayseri, Karaman, Amasya, Trabzon and Erzurum,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, VII, 1, pp. 2157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kazici, Ziya. 1987. Osmanhlarda Ihtisab Müessesesi, Osmanhlarda Ekonomik, Dini ve Sosy al Hay at. Istanbul: Kültür Basin Yayin Birliği.Google Scholar
Kévonian, Kéram. 1975. “Marchands arméniens au XVIIè siècle, à propos d'un livre arménien publié à Amsterdam en 1699,Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique, 16(2), pp. 199244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khachikian, Levon. 1967. “Le registre d'un marchand arménien en Perse, en Inde et au Tibet (1682-1693),Annales Economies, Sociétés, Civilizations, 22(2), pp. 231278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kütükoğlu, Mubahat. 1983. Osmaniιlarda Narh Müessesesi ve 1640 Tarihli Narh Defleri. Istanbul: Enderun Kitabevi.Google Scholar
Lane, Frederick C. 1958. “Economic Consequences of Organized Violence,The Journal of Economic History, 18, pp. 401417.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mantran, Robert. 1962. Istanbul dans la seconde moitié du XVIIe siècle. Essai d'histoire institutionelle, économique et sociale. Paris: Librairie Adrien Maisonneuve.Google Scholar
Masters, Bruce. 1988. The Origins of Western Economic Dominance in the Middle East, Mercantilism and the Islamic Economy in Aleppo, 1600-1750. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Mc Gowan, Bruce. 1981. Economic Life in Ottoman Europe, Taxation Trade and the Struggle for Land 1600-1800. Cambridge, Paris: Cambridge University Press and Maison des Sciences de l'Homme.Google Scholar
Morier, J. 1812. A Journey through Persia, Armenia and Asia Minor to Constantinople, in the year 1808-1809, London.Google Scholar
Panzac, Daniel. 1985. “Les échanges maritimes dans l'Empire ottoman au XVIIIè siècle,Revue de l'Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée, 39(1), pp. 177188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paris, Robert. 1957. Histoire du commerce de Marseille, Vol. 5. De 1660 à 1789. Paris: Plon.Google Scholar
Pitton de, Tournefort. 1718. Relation d'un voyage fait par l'ordre du Roi, 2 Vols. Paris.Google Scholar
Raymond, André. 19731974. Artisans et commerçants au Caire au XVIIIè siècle. 2 Vols. Damascus: Institut français de Damas.Google Scholar
Sadok, Boubaker. 1987. La régence de Tunis au XVIIè siècle: ses relations commerciales avec les ports de l'Europe méditerranéenne, Marseille et Livourne. Zaghouan: CEROMDI.Google Scholar
Steensgaard, Niels. 1974. The Asian Trade Revolution of the Seventeenth Century. The East India Companies and the Decline of the Caravan Trade. Chicago, London: Chicago University Press.Google Scholar
Tabakoğlu, Ahmet. 1985. Gerileme Dõnemine Girerken Osmanli Maliyesi. Istanbul: Dergah Yaymlari.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles. 1985. “War Making and State Making as Organized Crime,” in Evans, Peter, Rueschemeyer, Dietrich and Skocpol, Theda (eds.), Bringing the State Back In, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 169191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toledano, Ehud. 1982. The Ottoman Slave Trade and its Suppression: 1840-1890. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Udovitch, A. L. 1970. Partnership and Profits in Medieval Islam. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ülker, Necmi. 1974. “The Rise of Izmir, 1688-1740,” Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor: University Microfilms.Google Scholar