Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7czq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T20:25:28.477Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Securing Turkey through western-oriented foreign policy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 July 2015

Pınar Bilgin
Pınar Bilgin*
Affiliation:
Department of International Relations, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

How are Turkey's insecurities relevant to the analysis of its international relations? While it is interesting to look at how particular security concerns have affected Turkey's foreign policies at various moments in history, this article will take a different route. Following the distinction that David Campbell has drawn between “Foreign Policy” (through which others are rendered “foreign) and “foreign policy” (through which relations with others are managed), the article will explore how Turkey's insecurities have shaped a Foreign Policy that rests on the West/non-West divide. While the literature has analyzed specific acts of foreign policy and how they were crafted in response to specific military insecurities, the role that Turkey's non-military and non-specific insecurities have played in shaping its international relations has remained understudied. Thus, the literature has not been able to fully account for the centrality of Turkey's western orientation to its security. The argument here proceeds in three steps: First, the article draws attention to the necessity of looking at non-material as well as material insecurities in designing research on foreign policy. Second, it illustrates this necessity by focusing on the case of Turkey's foreign policy. Thirdly, in view of this second point the article highlights the centrality of Turkey's western orientation (i.e., its Foreign Policy) to its security, more persuasively than studies that exclusively focus on the material aspects of security.

Keywords

Turkeysecurityforeign policycritical theoryidentity
Type
Articles
Information
New Perspectives on Turkey , Volume 40: Special Issue on Turkish Foreign Policy , Spring 2009 , pp. 103 - 123
Copyright
Copyright © New Perspectives on Turkey 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adanır, Fikret. “Turkey's Entry into the Concert of Europe.” European Review 1.3, no. 3 (2005): 395–417.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allison, Graham T.Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. Boston: Little, 1971.Google Scholar
Allison, Graham T., and Zelikow, Philip. Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. New York: Longman, 1999.Google Scholar
Altunışık, Meliha B., and Tür, Özlem. “From Distant Neighbours to Partners? Changing Syrian-Turkish Relations.” Security Dialogue 37, no. 2 (2006): 229–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anghie, Antony. Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atay, Falih Rifki. Çankaya. Ankara: Bateş, 1980.Google Scholar
Aybet, Gülnur. “Turkey and the EU after the First Year of Negotiations: Reconciling Internal and External Policy Challenges.” Security Dialogue 37, no. 4 (2006): 529–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aybet, Gülnur, and Müftüler-Baç, Meltem. “Transformations in Security and Identity after the Cold War: Turkey's Problematic Relationship with Europe.” International Journal 55, no. 4 (2000): 567–82.Google Scholar
Bağcı, Hüseyin. Zamanın Ruhu: Küresel Politika ve Türkiye Yazıları. Ankara: Orion, 2007.Google Scholar
Barnett, Michael N. “Culture, Strategy and Foreign Policy Change: Israel's Road to Oslo.” European Journal of International Relations 5, no. S1 (1999): 5–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhabha, Homi K.The Location of Culture. London: Routledge, 1994.Google Scholar
Bilgin, Pınar. “A Return to ‘Civilisational Geopolitics’ in the Mediterranean? Changing Geopolitical Images of the European Union and Turkey in the Post-Cold War Era.” Geopolitics 9, no. 2 (2004): 269–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bilgin, Pınar. “The Securityness of Secularism? The Case of Turkey.” Security Dialogue 39, no. 6 (2008): 593–614.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Booth, Ken. Critical Security Studies and World Politics, Boulder. Lynne Rienner, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Booth, Ken. “Security and Emancipation.” Review of International Studies 17, no. 4 (1991): 313–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Booth, Ken. Theory of World Security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bozdoğan, Sibel, and Kasaba, Reşat, eds. Rethinking Modernity and National Identity in Turkey. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Bull, Hedley. The Anarchical Society. London: Macmillan, 1977.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bull, Hedley, and Watson, Adam, eds. The Expansion of International Society. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984.Google Scholar
Buzan, Barry. People, States, and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991.Google Scholar
Buzan, Barry, and Diez, Thomas. “The European Union and Turkey.” Survival 41, no. S1 (1999): 41–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buzan, Barry, Waever, Ole, and Wilde, Jaap de. Security: A New Framework for Analysis. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1998.Google Scholar
Campbell, David. Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Casanova, Jose. “The Long, Difficult, and Tortuous Journey of Turkey into Europe and the Dilemmas of European Civilization.” Constellations 13, no. 2 (2006): 243–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Çırakman, Ash. From the “Terror of the World” to the “Sick Man of Europe”: European Images of Ottoman Empire and Society from the Sixteenth Century to the Nineteenth. New York: Peter Lang, 2002.Google Scholar
Davison, Andrew. Secularism and Revivalism in Turkey: A Hermeneutic Reconsideration. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Davutoğlu, Ahmet. Stratejik Derinlik. İstanbul: Küre Yayınları, 2001.Google Scholar
Deringil, Selim. ‘“They Live in a State of Nomadism and Savagery’: The Late Ottoman Empire and the Post-Colonial Debate.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 45, no. 2 (2003): 311–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deringil, Selim. Turkish Foreign Policy during the Second World War: An Active Neutrality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Deringil, Selim. The Well-Protected Domains: Ideology and the Legitimation of Power in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1909 London: I. B. Tauris, 1998.Google Scholar
Doty, Roxanne Lynn. “Foreign Policy as Social Construction: A Post-Positivist Analysis.of US Counterinsur-gency Policy in the Philippines.” International Studies Quarterly 37, no. 3 (1993): 297–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erozan, Boğaç, and Turan, liter. “The Development of Political Science in Turkey.” PS (April 2004): 359–63.Google Scholar
'“EU deplores “dangerous” Islam jibe'.” (2002), http://news.bbc.co.Uk/l/hi/world/middle_east/1565664.stm.Google Scholar
Fırat, Melek, and Ömer, Kürkçüoğlu. “Ortadoğu ile İlişkiler.” In Türk Dis Politikası, edited by Oran, Baskın, 784–96. İstanbul: İletişim, 2002.Google Scholar
Frey, Frederick W.The Turkish Political Elite. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1965.Google Scholar
Fuller, Graham E. “Turkey's New Eastern Orientation.” In Turkey's New Geopolitics: From the Balkans to Western China, edited by Fuller, Graham E. and Lesser, Ian O., 33–97, 1993.Google Scholar
Gong, Gerrit W. “China's Entry into International Society.” In The Expansion of International Society, edited by Bull, Hedley and Watson, Adam, 171–83. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984.Google Scholar
Gong, Gerrit W.. The Standard of “Civilization” in International Society Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984.Google Scholar
Göle, Nilüfer. “Engineers: Technocratic Democracy.” In Turkey and the West: Changing Political and Cultural Identities, edited by Heper, Metin, öncü, Ayşe and Kramer, Heinz. London: I. B. Tauris, 1993.Google Scholar
Göle, Nilüfer. “Europe's Encounter with Islam: What Future?” Constellations 13, no. 2 (2006): 248–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gönlübol, Mehmet, ed. Olaylarla Türk Dış Politikası. Ankara: Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi, 1969.Google Scholar
Gönlübol, Mehmet, and Sar, Cem. Atatürk ve Türkiye'nin Dış Politikası (1919-1938). Ankara: Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu, Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi, 1990.Google Scholar
Hale, William. Turkish Foreign Policy, 1744-2000. London: Frank Cass, 2000.Google Scholar
Heper, Metin. İsmet İnönü: The Making of a Turkish Statesman. Leiden: Brill, 1998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heper, Metin. “The Ottoman Legacy and Turkish Politics.“ Journal of International Affairs 54, no. S1 (2000): 63–86.Google Scholar
Heper, Metin, öncü, Ayşe, and Kramer, Heinz, eds. Turkey and the West: Changing Political and Cultural Identities. New York: I. B. Tauris, 1993.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hudson, Valerie. Foreign Policy Analysis: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007.Google Scholar
Huntington, Samuel P. “Clash of Civilizations?” Foreign Affairs 72, no. 3 (1993): 22–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurd, Elizabeth Shakman. “Negotiating Europe: The Politics of Religion and the Prospects of Turkish Accession.” Review of International Studies 32 (2006): 401–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inalcık, Halil. Turkey and Europe in History, İstanbul: Eren, 2006.Google Scholar
Jervis, Robert. Perception and Misperception in International Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976.Google Scholar
Karacan, Ali Naci. Lozan Konferansı ve İsmet Paşa. İstanbul: İstanbul Maarif Matbaası, 1943.Google Scholar
Karal, Enver Ziya. “The Principles of Kemalism.” In Atatürk: The Founder of a Modern State, edited by Kazancigil, Ali and özbudun, Ergun, 11–35. Hamden: Archon Books, 1981.Google Scholar
Karaosmanoğlu, Ali L. “The Evolution of the National Security Culture and the Military in Turkey.” Journal of International Affairs 54, no. S1 (2000): 199–216.Google Scholar
Kösebalaban, Hasan. “The Permanent ‘Other’: Turkey and the Question of European Identity.” Mediterranean Quarterly 18, no. 4 (2007): 87–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krishna, Sankaran. Postcolonial Insecurities: India, Sri Lanka, and the Question of Nationhood. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Kubálková, Vendulka, ed. Foreign Policy in a Constructed World. New York: ME Sharpe, 2001.Google Scholar
Kürkçüoğlu, Ömer. “An Analysis of Atatürk's Foreign Policy, 1919-1938.” Milletlerarası Münasebetler Türk Yıllığı 20 (1980-1981): 133–87.Google Scholar
Laffey, Mark. “Locating Identity: Performativity, Foreign Policy and State Action.” Review of International Studies 26, no. 3 (2000): 429–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ling, L. H. M. “Cultural Chauvinism and the Liberal International Order: “West vs. Rest” In Asia's Financial Crisis.” In Power in a Postcolonial World: Race, Gender and Class in International Relations, edited by Chowdhry, Ceeta and Nair, Sheila, 115–40. London: Routledge, 2002.Google Scholar
Ling, L. H. M.. Postcolonial International Relations: Conquest and Desire between Asia and the West. Houndmills: Palgrave, 2002.Google Scholar
McSweeney, Bill. Security, Identity and Interests: A Sociology of International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Timothy, ed. Questions of Modernity. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Naff, Thomas. “The Ottoman Empire and the European States System.” In The Expansion of International Society, edited by Bull, Hedley and Watson, Adam, 143–69. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984.Google Scholar
Neumann, Iver B.Uses of the Other: ‘the East’ in European Identity Formation. Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Neumann, Iver B., and Welsh, Jennifer M.. “The Other in European Self-Definition: An Addendum to the Literature on International Society.” Review of International Studies 17, no. 4 (1991): 327–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oran, Baskın. “Dönemin Bilançosu.” In Türle Dış Politikası: Kurtuluş Savaşından Bugüne Olgular, Belgeler, Yorumlar, edited by Oran, Baskın. İstanbul: İletişim, 2002.Google Scholar
Oran, Baskın, ed. Türk Dış Politikası: Kurtuluş Savaşından Bugüne Olgular, Belgeler, Yorumlar. 9 ed. 2 vols, İstanbul: İletişim, 2002.Google Scholar
Ortaylı, İiber. İmparatorluğun En Uzun Yüzyılı, İstanbul: Hil Yayınları, 1983.Google Scholar
Parla, Taha, and Davison, Andrew. Corporatist Ideology in Kemalist Turkey. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Rumelili, Bahar. “Constructing Identity and Relating to Difference: Understanding the EU's Mode of Differentiation.” Review of International Studies 30, no. S1 (2004): 27–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rumelili, Bahar. “Negotiating Europe: EU-Turkey Relations from an Identity Perspective.” Insight Turkey 10, no. S1 (2008): 97–110.Google Scholar
Sander, Oral. Türkiye'nin Di; Politikası. Ankara: İmge Yayıncılık, 1998.Google Scholar
Sezer, Duygu B. “Turkey's Security Policies.” Adelphi Papers, no. 164 (1981).Google Scholar
Suzuki, Shogo. Civilisation and Empire: China and Japan's Encounter with European International Society. London: Routledge, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tamkoç, Metin. “Turkey's Quest for Security through Defensive Alliances.” Milletlerarası Münasebetler Türk Yıllığı 2 (1961): 1–39.Google Scholar
Tamkoç, Metin. The Warrior Diplomats: Guardians of National Security and Modernization of Turkey. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1976.Google Scholar
Taşpınar, Ömer. “The Old Turks’ Revolt.” Foreign Affairs 86, no. 6 (2007): 114–30.Google Scholar
Tunander, Ola. “A New Ottoman Empire? The Choice for Turkey: Euro-Asian Centrevs National Fortress.” Security Dialogue 26, no. 4 (1995): 413–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ülman, Haluk, and Sander, Oral. “Türk Dış Politikasına Yön Veren Etkenler.” Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisin, no. 1 (1972): 1–24.Google Scholar
Waever, Ole. “Identity, Integration and Security: Solving the Sovereignty Puzzle in EU Studies.“ Journal of International Affairs 48, no. 2 (1995): 389–431.Google Scholar
Waever, Ole. “Insecurity, Security, and Asecurity in the West European Non-War Community.” In Security Communities, edited by Adler, Emanuel and Barnett, Michael N., 69–118. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waever, Ole. “Societal Security: The Concept.” In Identity, Migration, and the New Security Agenda in Europe, edited by Waever, Ole, 17–40. London: Pinter, 1993.Google Scholar
Weldes, Jutta. “Constructing National Interests.” European Journal of International Relations 2, no. 3 (1996): 275–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weldes, Jutta. “The Cultural Production of Crises: US Identity and Missiles in Cuba.” In Cultures of Insecurity: States, Communities, and the Production of Danger, edited by Weldes, Jutta, 35–62. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Weldes, Jutta. “Introduction: Constructing Insecurity.” In Cultures of Insecurity: States, Communities, and the Production of Danger, edited by Weldes, Jutta. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Weldes, Jutta, and Saco, Diana. “Making State Action Possible: The United States and the Discursive Construction of'the Cuban Problem', 1960-1994.” Millennium-Journal of International Studies 25, no. 2 (1996): 361–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, Michael C. “Identity and the Politics of Security.” European Journal of International Relations 4, no. 2 (1998): 204–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yurdusev, A. Nuri. “The Ottoman Attitude toward Diplomacy.” In Ottoman Diplomacy: Conventional or Unconventional?, edited by Yurdusev, A. Nuri, 5–35. Houndmills: Palgrave, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, Yongjin. “China's Entry into International Society: Beyond the Standard of'Civilization'.” Review of International Studies 17 (1991): 3–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar