Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T14:41:52.331Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Pandemonium and Order: Suretyship, Surveillance, and Taxation in Early Nineteenth-Century İstanbul

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 July 2015

Nalan Turna
Nalan Turna*
Affiliation:
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Yıldız Technical University, Davutpaşa Campus, İstanbul, Turkey, [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article analyzes the practice of suretyship (kefalet), surveillance and taxation in early nineteenth-century İstanbul. It deals with how the practice of suretyship functioned to achieve social control; it provided shelter for some but at the same time marginalized others with little or no social status. This article also analyzes the extent to which the state maintained order through suretyship. In this way, it intends to capture where and how state and society interacted through social and state control mechanisms. To this end, this article takes into consideration two particular events, the Greek uprising of 1821 and the abolition of the Janissary Corps in 1826, and demonstrates a growing tendency towards impersonal relations in terms of governmental practices of surveillance. Briefly, it illustrates how suretyship changed over time and how a gradual transition took place from personal to impersonal relations as well as within governmental practices. Furthermore, this article provides examples of similar practices by focusing on an institutional development that involved the government systematically accumulating knowledge about the population. Finally, it explores taxation practices by the government in order to. show how the pre-modern (contractual) and the modern (statutory) state were not substitutes for each other, but rather shaped each other.

Keywords

İstanbulnineteenth centurysuretyship (kefalet)surveillancetaxation
Type
Articles
Information
New Perspectives on Turkey , Volume 39 , Fall 2008 , pp. 167 - 189
Copyright
Copyright © New Perspectives on Turkey 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Primary Sources

1) Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi/ Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives-BOAGoogle Scholar
a) Classifications (Tasnifler) with loose-leaf documentsGoogle Scholar
A.MKD.NZD.: 113/54.Google Scholar
Cevdet Belediye: 2/78, 16/762, 74/3659.Google Scholar
Cevdet Dahiliye: 13/608.Google Scholar
Cevdet Evkaf: 141/7040.Google Scholar
Cevdet Iktisat: 29/1407, 29/1435.Google Scholar
Cevdet Maliye: 142/6049, 459/18633.Google Scholar
Cevdet Zaptiye: 17/804, 21/1048, 25/1245.Google Scholar
HAT (Hatt-i Hümayun): 121/4904, 201/10308, 206/10845, 393/20827.G, 438/22118.C, 465/22771, 493/24223, 493/24223.A, 493/24223.B, 493/24223.C, 501/24596.C, 511/25061.B, 511/25072, 512/25098, 512/25098.A, 512/25098.B, 524/25590, 525/25660, 550/27124, 579/28422, 658/32153.Google Scholar
b) Registers (Defterler)Google Scholar
A.DVN., 852, 868, 881.Google Scholar
A.DVN.KLB.: 928, 929. A.Google Scholar
ilmühaber ve Buyruldu Defterleri: 2.Google Scholar
Kalebent Defterleri: 34, 38, 40.Google Scholar
Maliyeden Müdevver (ihtisab Resmi Defteri): 19450.Google Scholar
Tevziat (ihtisab) Defterleri: 32.Google Scholar
Tevziat (Esnaf) Defterleri: 29.Google Scholar
II) İslam Araştırmaları Merkezi (İSAM)— Local CourtsGoogle Scholar
GM (Galata Mahkemesi): 597, 623.Google Scholar
IM (Istanbul Mahkemesi): 94, 135, 154, 213.Google Scholar
KM (Kasimpaşa Mahkemesi): 123.Google Scholar
TM (Tophane Mahkemesi): 215.Google Scholar
Abou-El-Haj, Rifa'at 'Ali. Formotion of the Modern State: The Ottoman Empire Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Abou-El-Haj, Rifa'at 'Ali. “Probes Into Social Practice: The Kafalah of Ottoman Jerusalem in the Sixteenth Century.” Montreal: Unpublished Lecture Given at the Institute of Islamic Studies McGill University, 2006.Google Scholar
Aksan, Virginia. “Ottoman Military Recruitment Strategies in the Late Eighteenth Century.” In Arming the State: Military Conscription in the Middle East and Central Asia, 1775-1925, edited by Zürcher, Erik Jan. New York: I. B. Tauris, 1999.Google Scholar
Aksan, Virginia. “Whatever Happened to the Janissaries? Mobilization for the 1768-1774 Russo-Ottoman War.” War in History 5 (1998).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Behar, Cem. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun ve Türkiye'nin Nüfusu: 1500-1927 Ankara: Başbakanlık Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü, 1996.Google Scholar
Beyhan, Mehmet Ali. “Introduction.” In Şirvanlı Fatih Efendi: Gülzar-ı Fütühat, Bir Görgü Tanığının Kalemiyle Yeniçeri Ocağı'nin Kaldırılışı, edited by Beyhan, Mehmet Ali, İstanbul: Kitabevi, 2001.Google Scholar
Cabi Ömer, EfendiCabi Tarihi: Tarih-i Sultan Selim-i Salis ve Mahmud-ı Sani. Edited by Beyhan, Mehmet Ali. 2 vols. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 2003.Google Scholar
Cezar, Yavuz. Osmanlı Maliyesi'nde Bunalım ve Değişim Dönemi (XVIII, yy'dan Tanzimat'a Mali Tarih). Ankara: Alan Yayıncılık, 1986.Google Scholar
Çadırcı, Musa. “Tanzimat Dönemi'nde Çıkarılan Men'-i Mürur ve Pasaport Nizamnameleri.” Belgeler, no. 19 (1993): 169–82.Google Scholar
Demirel, Fatmagül. “Adliye Nezareti'nin Kuruluşu ve Faaliyetleri (1876-1914).” Ph.D. Dissertation, İstanbul University, 2003.Google Scholar
Dirlik, Arif. “Civil Society/Public Sphere in Modern China: As Critical Concepts versus Heralds of Bourgeois Modernity.” Chinese Social Sciences Quarterly 3 (1993): 11–13.Google Scholar
Ergin, Osman Nuri. Mecelle-i Umur-ı Belediyye. 9 vols. Vol. 1. İstanbul: İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kültür İşleri Daire Baskanlığı Yayınları, 1995.Google Scholar
Genç, Mehmet. “Osmanlı Maliyesinde Malikane Sistemi.” In Osmanlı İmparatorlu'ğunda Devlet ve Ekonomi, 99–152. İstanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, 2002.Google Scholar
Habermas, Jürgen. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society. Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Huang, Philip C.C. “Between Informal Mediation and Formal Adjudication: The Third Realm of Qing Civil Justice.” Modern China 19, no. 3 (1993).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
İslamoğlu, Huri. “Politics of Administering Property: Law and Statistics in the Nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire.” In Constituting Modernity: Private Property in the East and West, edited by İslamoğlu, Huri. London: I. B. Tauris, 2004.Google Scholar
Kafadar, Cemal. “Yeniçeri-Esnaf Relations: Solidarity and Conflict.” M. A. Thesis, McGill University, 1981.Google Scholar
Kansu, Aykut. “18. Yüzyılda İngiltere'de Bir Yeniçeri ya da Yasalara Bağlı Bir “Serseri”nin Yaşamından Kesitler.” In Osmanlı'dan Cumhuriyet'e Problemler, Araştırmalar, Tartışmalar, 166–83. İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı, 1998.Google Scholar
Karal, Enver Ziya. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda İlk Nüfus Sayımı: 1831 Ankara: Başvekalet İstatistik Umum Müdürlüğü, 1943.Google Scholar
Karal, Enver Ziya. “Ragıp Efendi'nin Islahat Layihası: II. Mahmud Devri.” Tarih Vesikaları 1, no. 1-6 (1941-1942).Google Scholar
Karpat, Kemal H.Osmanlı Nüfusu 1830-1914: Demografik ve Sosyal Özellikleri Translated by Tırnakçı, Bahar. İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı, 2003.Google Scholar
Kazıcı, Ziya. Osmanlılarda İhtisab Müessesesi: Ekonomik, Dini ve Sosyal Hayat, İstanbul: Kültür Basın Yayın Birliği, 1987.Google Scholar
Khoury, Dina Rizk. State and Provincial Society in the Ottoman Empire: Mosul, 1540-1834. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Kırlı, Cengiz. “Kahvehaneler ve Hafiyeler: 19.Yüzyıl Ortalarında Osmanlı'da Sosyal Kontrol.” Toplum ve Bilim, no. 83 (1999-2000): 58–79.Google Scholar
Kırlı, Cengiz. “A Profile ofthe Labor Force in Early Nineteenth- Century Istanbul.” International Labor and Working Class History, no. 60 (2001): 125–40.Google Scholar
Kırlı, Cengiz. “The Struggle over Space: Coffeehouses of Ottoman Istanbul, 1780-1845.” Ph.D. Dissertation, Binghamton University, 2000.Google Scholar
Kütükoğlu, Mübahat S. “1986 Düzenlemesinden Sonra İzmir İhtisab Nezareti.” Tarih Enstitüsü Dergisi, no. 13 (1983-1987): 481–520.Google Scholar
Kütükoğlu, Mübahat S. “Redif Askeri Giderleri Karşılamak Üzere Alınan Bir Vergi İane-yi Cihadiye.” In Birinci Askeri Tarih Semineri Bildiriler II. Ankara: Genelkurmay Askeri ve Staratejik Etüt Başkanlığı Yayınları, 1983.Google Scholar
Mutaf, Abdülmecid. “Amicable Settlement in Ottoman Law: Sulh System.” Turcica, no. 36 (2004): 125–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Özbek, Nadir. “Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda İç Güvenlik, Siyaset ve Devlet, 1876-1909.” Türklük Araştırmaları Dergisi, no. 16 (2004): 59–95.Google Scholar
Özbek, Nadir. “Philanthropic Activity, Ottoman Patriotism and the Hamidian Regime, 1876-1909.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 37, no. 1 (2005): 59–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Özbek, Nadir. “The Politics of Welfare: Philanthropy, Voluntarism and Legitimacy in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1914.” Ph.D. Dissertation, Binghamton University, 2001.Google Scholar
Özdemir, Rifat. XIX. Yüzyılın İlk Yarısında Ankara: Fiziki, Demografik, İdari ve Sosyo-Ekonomik Yapısı. Ankara: Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Yayınları, 1986.Google Scholar
Peters, Rudolph. “Prisons and Marginalization in Nineteenth-century Egypt.” In Outside In: On the Margins of the Modern Middle East, edited by Rogan, Eugene. London: I. B. Tauris, 2002.Google Scholar
Quataert, Donald. “Clothing Laws, State, and Society in the Ottoman Empire, 1720-1829.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 29, no. 3 (1997): 403–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quataert, Donald. “Janissaries, Artisans and the Question of Ottoman Decline, 1730-1826.” In Workers, Peasants, and Economic Change in the Ottoman Empire, 1730-1914. İstanbul: The Isis Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Raymond, Andre. “Soldiers in Trade: The Case of Ottoman Cairo.” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 18, no. 1 (1991).Google Scholar
Salzmann, Ariel C. “Measures of Empire: Tax Farmers and the Ottoman Ancien Regime, 1695-1807.” Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University, 1995.Google Scholar
Silver, Allan. “Friendship in Commercial Society: Eighteenth-Century Social Theory and Modern Sociology.” The American Journal of Sociology 95, no. 6 (1990).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Richard Saumarez. “Rule-by-Records and Rule-by-Reports: Complementary Aspects of the British Imperial Rule of Law.” In Law and Anthropology, edited by Mundy, Martha. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002.Google Scholar
Sunar, Mehmet Mert. “Cauldron of Dissent: A Study of the Janissary Corps, 1807-1826.” Ph.D. Dissertation, Binghamton University, 2006.Google Scholar
Şahiner, Araks. “The Sarrafs of Istanbul: Financiers of the Empire.” M. A. Thesis, Boğaziçi University, 1995.Google Scholar
Şen, Hasan. “The Transformation of the Politics of Punishment and the Birth of Prison in the Ottoman Empire (1845-1910).” M.A. Thesis, Boğaziçi University, 2005.Google Scholar
Turna, Nalan. “The Everyday Life of Istanbul and Its Artisans, 1808-1839.” Ph.D. Dissertation, Binghamton University, 2006.Google Scholar
Turna, Nalan. “Ondokuzuncu Yüzyıl İlk Yarısında İstanbul'da Berber Olmak, Berber Kalmak.” İstanbul Üniversitesi Atatürk İlkeleri ve İnkılap Tarih Enstitüsü Yakın Dönem Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 9, no. 5 (2006).Google Scholar
Yıldız, Gültekin. “Osmanlı Devleti'nde Hapishane Islahatı (1839-1908).” M .A. Thesis, Marmara University 2002.Google Scholar