A national and ecclesial trauma

The Catholic Church in Ireland is constituted by dioceses in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, with the primatial see located in Armagh.Footnote ¹ Any discussion of the Catholic Church in Ireland must recognize the all-island nature of the institution, but this article will focus primarily on the publication of reports into child-abuse in the Republic of Ireland, with reference to one cross-border case of abuse, the handling of which drew into the crisis the Primate of All Ireland, Cardinal Seán Brady.

The trajectory of the events marking the current crisis in the Irish church is complex and crowded. Currently most timelines begin with the period in the late 1980s when dioceses in Ireland took out insurance to cover them against allegations of clerical sexual abuse and the first set of guidelines on child-abuse was published by the Irish State. Two reports were published in 2009 which together highlight the key components of the crisis, the narratives of the victims and critique of the response of leaders in the church. The so called Ryan and Murphy reports – named after the judges who chaired the commissions of inquiry – were published within months of each other in Ireland, reports that have resulted in what has been described as a “national trauma”.Footnote ²

The Ryan Report of the Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse highlighted the voices of those who had been abused in institutions run by 18 religious congregations and it is a report dominated by the poignant narratives of victims. Between 1936 and 1970, over 170,000 children were committed to industrial schools, the majority on the grounds of poverty defined as destitution and neglect.Footnote ³ Historian Lindsey Earner-Byrne holds that “despite widespread contemporary knowledge of the harshness of the regime, these institutions operated, at least partly, for society's convenience and reflected its rigid class structures and values”.Footnote ⁴

The Murphy report examines the clerical sexual abuse scandals in the archdiocese of Dublin and its devastating critique is directed at the response of church leadership to this abuse. The opening paragraph of the Murphy Report describes the Dublin Archdiocese's preoccupation in dealing with sexual abuse scandals, at least until the mid-1990s: the maintenance of secrecy, the avoidance of scandal and the protection of the reputation of the Church. The recurring grim motif throughout the Murphy Report is “No concern for the welfare of the child” as the report concludes that “the welfare of children which should have been the first priority, was not even a factor to be considered” (Conclusion 1.113).Footnote ⁵

After the publication of the Murphy Report, the Bishop of Kildare and former auxiliary bishop of Dublin, Jim Moriarity, resigned. He acknowledged that with hindsight he should have done more to confront the prevailing culture in the church. This is one of the few acknowledgments of a cultural problem within the church. Calls for episcopal resignations have since come with the frequency of the Queen of Hearts’ call for heads to be removed in Alice in Wonderland.

There were calls for Cardinal Brady to resign in 2010 when his role in an internal inquiry in 1975 into allegations of child sexual abuse by Fr. Brendan Smyth became known. Those calls intensified in 2012 when he was accused of failing to take action on a warning by a victim that Smyth was abusing other children. The difficulty with such calls for resignation – albeit appropriate in many cases – is that the focus on individual resignations de-institutionalizes the crisis. As Professor Patrick Murphy argues: “If [Cardinal Brady's] resignation would herald a new culture of openness, honesty and reform in the Catholic Church, then his resignation would do good and he could leave in a spirit of repentance for a great wrong, which was inflicted not just by him, but by the entire Catholic hierarchy”.Footnote ⁶ Cardinal Brady is a good man but his inaction – and that of many other church leaders – is indicative not just of a dysfunctional culture but also of sinful structures in the church.

The concept of social or structural sin is rarely acknowledged as an ecclesial matter but if we take the definition of social sin found in the Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church – “every sin committed against the justice due in relations between individuals, between the individual and the community, and also between the community and the individual”Footnote ⁷ – then the failures in procedural justice for victims of child-abuse can be identified as social sin. Pope John Paul II wrote of a kind of “communion of sin”, akin to the communion of saints, a law of descent whereby the sin drags down the church with itself and, in some way, the world.Footnote ⁸ This concept of a communion of sin captures some of the complexity of cultural and structural sinfulness at the heart of this crisis. Lumen Gentium offers a maternal image of the church “embracing in its bosom sinners, [a church] at once holy and always in need of purification”.Footnote ⁹ Church documents have always insisted that all members, including ministers of the church, must acknowledge that they are sinners. But what if that which offers the embrace to sinners cannot acknowledge the structural nature of its own sinfulness?

The Ryan and Murphy Reports, however, together with the later report on the Catholic Diocese of Cloyne,Footnote ¹⁰ present a spectrum of cruelty and abuse, of political cowardice, and of complicity between Church and State in modern Ireland. The role of An Garda Síochána (police), the judiciary, medical personnel and child welfare agencies in the Irish abuse scandals highlights the broader social responsibility that is only beginning to be addressed. A 2012 report into the deaths of 196 children in the care of the Irish state from 2000 to 2010 concludes that there are probably dozens of those children who would be alive today if the State had properly cared for them.Footnote ¹¹ Commentators have noted an absence of outrage at this tragedy when compared with the coverage of the scandals in which the church was implicated.

The stark words of the Irish poet Aidan Mathews, written on Holy Saturday 2010, capture the depth of the current crisis:

While Matthews's poetic bleakness overlooks the persistence of hope, it points to the fact that this crisis is not simply an intellectual one akin to modernism or the challenge of secularism and unbelief. The crisis is not something to be faced but is one that Catholics in Ireland inhabit. This inhabiting of a crisis makes ethical and theological reflection on the issues involved a real and painful challenge. Firstly, the content of the reports is so disturbing, from the painful narratives of the victims of abuse to the exposed dishonesty of church authorities. Secondly, the crisis is ongoing, with continuing revelations on the known cases and more to emerge in future reports. In September 2012, the audits of four dioceses and three religious orders were published giving evidence of progress in three dioceses.Footnote ¹³ However there were more grim revelations, particularly in relation to child protection in three male religious congregations. Familiar themes re-emerged: failure to protect vulnerable children and a culture of secrecy that enables abusers to continue to prey thus causing further suffering. The church's own National Board for the Safeguarding of Children in the Catholic Church in Ireland (NBSCCCI) said of one congregation that it is “difficult to express adequately [their] failure to effectively protect vulnerable children”.Footnote ¹⁴ The constancy, breadth and depth of the coverage of church child-abuse can be overpowering, with an ever-present responsibility to read, analyze, lament and protest.

Causes and responses

The immediate aftermath of the publication of the Ryan and Murphy reports was a time for the primacy of the voices of the victim-survivors. However, failures of solidarity and inadequate procedural justice compounded the tragedy and these failures make it difficult for the full picture of justice to emerge. It is only from this primary solidarity with victims that we have the integrity to pursue the complexity of the other justice-issues involved, e.g. the question of broader social responsibility, the wrongful accusations of church personnel or distortions and simplifications in testimonies of abuse.

Initially, there was a tendency by both religious and secular analysts towards mono-causal explanations and one-dimensional responses, with a dominant focus on power issues in the church and inadequate theology of sexuality combined with mandatory clerical celibacy, what Robert Orsi calls “biopolitical interpretations”.Footnote ¹⁵ Pope Benedict XVI suggested, controversially, in his letter to the people of Ireland, that the causes lay in secularization and a misinterpretation of the programme of renewal proposed by the Second Vatican Council.Footnote ¹⁶ His reference to secularization was particularly stinging as it is clear that people of secular conviction uncovered the abuse and pursued justice on behalf of the victims while many church leaders erroneously sought refuge in canon law, failing to recognize that child-abuse is not only a moral issue but also a criminal matter.

What has emerged in the past two years has been a growing body of thoughtful theological work which has raised a range of issues pertinent to the universal church and to the church in Ireland, probing the crisis in an effort to understand the complex web of causes and effects and to articulate a hopeful response. A number of significant conferences have engaged in interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary exploration of the crisis.Footnote ¹⁷ The conversation between theologians and historians is particularly important in the Irish context as it gives a broader picture and deeper understanding of the background to the strengths and weaknesses of the church in Ireland. These academic conferences, together with a number of publications, have sought to put into words some of the dimensions and implications of the crisis, conscious, of course, of the insufficiency of words as a response to the suffering involved. There have also been a number of liturgical and paraliturgical attempts to articulate in word and symbol something of the deeply-felt pain and anger.Footnote ¹⁸

Marie Keenan's research which draws on the narratives of perpetrators of sexual abuse within the church brings a very particular – if disturbing – dimension to the analysis.Footnote ¹⁹ She reminds us of the dangerous tendency to dichotomize the problem into victims and perpetrators and of the importance of understanding all the voices involved. Keenan's work has located the abuse of children as part of a broader continuum of other forms of abuse and boundary breaking – in what she describes a cruel and harsh institution – and of the tangled web of sex, power, obedience and clericalism that allowed sexual abuse to occur and the responses to be so inadequate.

My own research has looked at two areas: the relationship between church and state in Ireland and the role of Catholic social teaching in responding to child sexual abuse. Catholic social teaching, our rich reservoir of reflection on issues of justice, must also come under scrutiny in exploring, in particular, the responses to the child abuse scandals and to adult survivors who come forward. Children are “barely visible” in the key documents of Catholic social teaching.Footnote ²⁰ Children are, of course, barely visible in modern philosophical discourse about justice. In John Rawls's A Theory of Justice, individuals in the “original position” – heads of families, rational and self-interested agents – do not know in what position they will find themselves in the society whose principles of justice they seek to construct, and therefore could be a child. However despite this caveat in their construction of justice, children are not treated significantly in Rawls's conclusions about a just society. Children are barely visible in most contractarian accounts of justice, as are the poor, thus moving towards invisibility those who are both child and poor.Footnote ²¹ The child is rarely considered the locus of justice. The general principles of Catholic social teaching in regard to justice were seldom appealed to in responding to the abuse and remain largely absent in the treatment of victims.

Donal Dorr outlines nine weaknesses or lacunae in the Catholic social teaching tradition, including the question of justice within the church itself.Footnote ²² The only major document in the tradition that deals explicitly with this is the 1971 synodal document Justice in the World. This document clearly states that the right and duty of the church to proclaim and demand justice on the social, national and international levels needs to be accompanied by a witness to justice “in Church institutions themselves and in the lives of Christians”. The document calls on the church to undertake an examination of “modes of acting” within the church itself, recognizing “that anyone who ventures to speak to people about justice must first be just in their eyes”.Footnote ²³ There is a need for an ecclesial ethic – not simply the important guidelines for child protection – but a deeper teleological ethic of church.

While Dorr identifies as “perhaps the biggest lacuna…its failure to provide an adequate treatment of the issue of justice for women”, one could add to this list of lacunae, as already mentioned, the lack of consideration of children in the tradition. This neglect, combined with the lack of attention to the area of justice within the church, left the issue of child abuse largely outside the scope of Catholic social teaching. The issue of justice, both judicial and restorative, will be an on-going concern for the church and it is imperative that the principles of Catholic social teaching guide this work of justice.

It is clear that a dialogue between psychology and theology is necessary in order to understand adequately the issues of moral agency, personal responsibility and sinfulness in relation to perpetrators of abuse. To focus on the institutional dimensions of the crisis is not to deny the importance of questions of personal agency and responsibility, but the psychological dimensions are outside the limits of my expertise. Many of the causes of the crisis lie deeply embedded in a range of theological difficulties and ecclesial practices and the unraveling of these complex causes is a messy but crucial and long-term project. Despite initial suggestions, including some by senior members of the Catholic Church in England, that this is a particularly Irish problem, subsequent revelations of clerical abuse in other European countries have shown that this is not the case. Nonetheless, the Irish church has to examine what particular factors were involved in our own experience of child-abuse crimes and scandals. The crisis that has emerged from the totality of the child-abuse scandals is a theological and ethical project for the universal church but one that must also be inculturated by the Catholic Church in Ireland.

The project of Hiberno-Christendom

What was the relationship between church and society in post-Independence Ireland that enabled this collusion? Reflecting on this particular question brought me back to an essay by Charles Taylor. In A Catholic Modernity? Taylor holds that the affirmation of radically unconditional universal human rights in modern liberal political culture could never have emerged from Christendom, a civilization where the institutions and culture are meant to reflect the Christian nature of society.Footnote ²⁴ Taylor notes that Christendom had its benefits, but it also wed a coercive political structure to the gospel in a way that did not trust the Holy Spirit, but the sword. Such a society, Taylor suggests, might have difficulties in accepting full equality of rights for atheists or for those who violate the Christian moral code, e.g. homosexuals. He concludes that the reason for these difficulties lies not within Christianity itself, but within the particular project of Christendom through which the Catholic Church had created the authoritative background in which European governance was set and that the demise of this project of Christendom was beneficial for both freedom and faith.

Christendom can be understood as a society centred on a hierarchical church which orders and gives meaning not only to religion but also to cultural and intellectual life, to family and education, to economy and politics. This ordering of Church and society has a comprehensive moral vision and thus creates a comprehensive community with all the benefits and strengths that such a community offers, but one where the “other”, the different, the dissenter, is vulnerable to mere toleration or to exclusion.

The Ryan and Murphy reports have uncovered a collusion of church and state in modern Ireland, a collusion born of a relationship that could be defined, using Taylor's term, as Hiberno-Christendom. Taylor notes that Christendom had its benefits, so too the project of Hiberno-Christendom. The contribution of the Catholic Church to education, healthcare and social services, while not devoid of classism, reflected both solidarity with the poor and a commitment to building a just society through the provision of such services. However it could be argued that the move towards the consolidation of a Catholic Irish identity in newly independent Ireland resulted in a coercive Hiberno-Christendom. It is not suggested here that this was the only operative ecclesiology or that Irish Catholicism was reducible to Hiberno-Christendom, but this is a way of interpreting the relations between church and state that enabled the collusion.

The roots of the light and shadows of Hiberno-Christendom can be traced to the nineteenth-century and, in particular, the influence of Paul Cardinal Cullen not only on the Irish church but also through what Colin Barr calls Irish episcopal imperialism shaped by Cullen.Footnote ²⁵ While not wishing to locate blame for twentieth-century abuse in the nineteenth-century, it is legitimate, as Diarmuid Ferriter argues, to see Cullen as the individual who “created many aspects of the governance and style of an Irish Catholicism that was, in the long run, exposed as too rigid, lacking sufficient humanity and too subservient to Rome”.Footnote ²⁶

The development of this kind of Catholicism in Ireland was followed in the period after Rerum Novarum by the crisis of modernism which resulted in a contraction of Catholic intellectual work on social justice in the church generally under Pius X who, according to Marie-Dominique Chenu, was particularly concerned with ensuring hierarchical and clerical control over all kinds of “Catholic Action” concerned with social reform.Footnote ²⁷ This concern is evident in episcopal engagement with lay Catholic action in Ireland in the first half of the twentieth-century. The watchword of Catholic action organizations, which were established or developed in the early decades of the twentieth-century, was ‘vigilance’, vigilance on behalf of and at the behest of the Catholic Church. These organizations influenced censorship, social legislation and the policies of the political parties.Footnote ²⁸

In the midst of this hyper-vigilance towards some social and moral matters, the industrial and “reform” schools developed as independent republics of cruelty and classism. Lindsey Earner-Byrne holds that the absence of “a vibrant culture of ‘civic morality’” had disastrous consequences for those on the margins “particularly as the established moral watchdogs of Irish society were so implicated in its worst failings”.Footnote ²⁹ This combination of inadequate civic morality and the contraction of Catholic intellectual work on social justice had devastating consequences for the poorest in Irish society.

The project of Hiberno-Christendom, akin to Taylor's critique of Christendom, was not sufficiently hospitable to the “other” in terms of religious belief or to those who violated the Christian moral code. However, the revelations of recent years have shown that those who suffered most were vulnerable, mainly poor, children. Despite extraordinary work with the poor by many religious communities, the power-dynamics of this church-state collusion exposed in the recent reports gave evidence of a kind of disdain for the poor, a disdain evidenced not only in the abuse narrated in the Ryan report, but also in the number of working-class parishes mentioned in the Murphy report. This last factor was very striking but it did overshadow to some extent the fact that there were middle-class victims of clerical sexual abuse.

The audit of one congregation published in 2012 highlighted the previously neglected area of clerical sexual abuse in fee-paying schools, thus challenging any solely class analysis of church child-abuse in Ireland as it is now evident that privileged children were also at risk.Footnote ³⁰ Serial abusers were moved between schools and countries, and inadequate intervention meant that some continued to abuse for more than a decade. The primary concern was the reputation of the school and victims were to be sacrificed for this end. The response to this disclosure of abuse in Catholic schools which have educated doctors, politicians, senior members of the judiciary and other members of the establishment has been more muted than the outrage expressed at the revelations of the Ryan Report.

The special position of the Catholic Church in independent Ireland – although not an established church – wedded a particular understanding of natural law to a nationalist politics (to be understood, of course, in the context of Irish history), producing a coercive political structure whose demise has been beneficial, to use Taylor's terms, both for freedom and for faith.Footnote ³¹

The famous speech of An Taoiseach Enda Kenny in the Dáil after the publication of the report on the diocese of Cloyne last summer, albeit directed to the Vatican and not to the Irish church, may be looked on as the final blow to the consensus between church and state that marked Hiberno-Christendom.Footnote ³² However it must be noted that the “special relationship” between the church and state in modern Ireland had already changed in the 1980s under Kenny's predecessor Garrett Fitzgerald and the “special relationship” between Ireland and the Holy See had, as Dermot Keogh describes it, “withered away”.Footnote ³³ Critics saw Kenny's speech as undiplomatic and intemperate, inaccurate and misleading, a speech calculated to maximize political capital. The most serious criticism is that he gave permission to others to be “reckless with the truth”, a truth which is sufficiently awful not to merit such recklessness.Footnote ³⁴ However the speech cannot be simply dismissed as injudicious politicking, for Kenny spoke not only as a wily politician but also as a devout Catholic. The Vatican, as Marie Keenan argues, “has never acknowledged its role in the problem of clerical sexual abuse in Ireland or that in 1997 it obstructed Irish bishops who were trying to deal with clerical perpetrators in difficult circumstances, trying to develop rights policies and practices for responding pastorally to victims, deal justly with perpetrators, and ensure that such abuses would not occur again”.Footnote ³⁵ Kenny's speech may have been marked by a triumph of rhetoric over accuracy but there is no doubt that it captured the sentiments of many people in Ireland and their perception of the role of the Vatican in the abuse scandals. It is symbolic of an utterly changed landscape in church-state relations in Ireland.

Beyond Hiberno-Christendom

The fading of the project of Hiberno-Christendom predates the current crisis, for in the years since Vatican II a new relationship between the church and the world was being forged by the creative pastoral and thoughtful academic work of many people in Ireland. New understandings of social justice and of cultural and religious pluralism were enabling a mature departure from the church of Hiberno-Christendom. It must be noted that while this new theology was very critical of some of the distortions of Hiberno-Christendom, it too was insufficiently vigilant about the underside of Irish society and therefore did not see the reality that was to emerge so brutally.

However much of this work has been overshadowed by the recent crisis in which many of the bishops reverted to the presuppositions of Hiberno-Christendom in their dealings with the scandals. This has resulted in an accelerated demise, marked by an unprecedented loss of integrity and trust, and the growth of what might be termed “reactive secularism”. There are calls for the church's influence to be purged from all roles in education and healthcare and there is a strong lobby to silence any contribution by the church in the public square. A church which at times set the boundaries of the freedom of minorities now finds itself challenging potential political decisions in the defence of its own religious freedom. Any attempt to privatize religion or exclude faith-communities from public discourse needs to be challenged in the interests of a legitimate democracy and the common good, but the challenge for the Catholic church in Ireland is to do this in a different way from the politics of Hiberno-Christendom.

The cultivation of hope

The poet priest Pádraig J. Daly in a poem entitled In the light of “Ryan”, captured something of the impact on people of the unrelenting scandals:

There is no doubt that we continue to experience shame at “our betrayal of all that is tender”, but it would not be true to say that the doors are bolted. It must be emphasised that throughout this present crisis, “this place of infamy”, there is still considerable pastoral vibrancy and efforts to build community are received positively. Growing numbers of people study theology, the Society of St. Vincent de Paul and other Catholic organizations represent the poor with credibility, and faithful individuals, families and communities live lives of quiet, quotidian witness to the gospel. Recent research by Gladys Ganiel of Trinity College, Dublin indicates that what is occurring is a process of “de-institutionalisation” and that Irish Catholics are cultivating some hope by participating in what is termed “extra-institutional” spaces.Footnote ³⁷ These include Catholic organizations, traditional religious orders and parish pastoral councils. These “extra-institutional” spaces are perceived as operating differently to the institutional Catholic Church. Ganiel cautions that “we should hesitate before making any grand claims about the importance of these extra-institutional spaces”.Footnote ³⁸ We cannot be sure how many Catholics are actually involved nor how effective these spaces will be as seedbeds for renewal and re-reformation. “At the very least, Catholics who are engaged in extra-institutional spaces have developed perspectives and insights that could, with the right opportunities and nurturing, contribute to wider discussions about reform within the institutional Church.”Footnote ³⁹

However what has emerged very clearly in the past few years is a profound disjunction between the culture of the majority of the leaders of the church and the sensus fidelium. A 2011 survey carried out by the Association of Catholic Priests (ACP) found both high levels of Mass attendance and high levels of criticism of the leadership of the Catholic Church in Ireland.Footnote ⁴⁰ The sensus fidelium was most evident in response to calls from bishops for repentance. These were met by broad-based anger, particularly from lay people who resented being asked to atone for sins they did not commit and for cover-ups they were previously unaware of. This is compounded by the perception of laicization-as-punishment in the context of these scandals. Pope Benedict's Pastoral Letter “to the Catholics of Ireland” opened with the salutation: “Dear Brothers and Sisters of the Church in Ireland”, an overarching inclusion of the ordained and lay, male and female rarely acknowledged in ecclesiastical text or practice. The letter expressed Benedict's conviction that “the Church in Ireland must first acknowledge before the Lord and before others the serious sins committed against defenceless children”, which is an undifferentiated apportioning of blame that is not matched with an inclusive apportioning of responsibility for reform and renewal. As Fainche Ryan says, “We are part of the sin but rendered no power or voice in the attempt to change the structure which enabled the sin to remain hidden for so long.”Footnote ⁴¹

Although expressed in diverse ways, the mind of the faithful in relation to a failed leadership-culture ranges across the “conservative-liberal” divide, marking a shared ethical indignation and shaken faith. This conjunctive sensus fidelium offers a kairos moment for church renewal, an opportunity for dialogue about fundamental reform in a less polarized manner. There is a real challenge for theology at this point in the history of the church to forge a dialectical rather than oppositional approach to some of the difficult issues that divide us, recognizing that facing these issues is imperative for the future of the church and, more importantly, our service beyond the boundaries of church to the Reign of God.

Future challenges

The truth is that no ecclesiology has been written that provides an adequate framework for this particular crisis. We can, however, learn from historical responses to other ecclesiastical crises. There are crucial glimpses in the documents of the Second Vatican Council, glimpses that have become reality to varying degrees in different local churches. But it is also true that the insights of the Council did not guide the responses to the events that precipitated this crisis. The Catholic Church in Ireland may need to learn how to become what Juan Luis Segundo calls a “creative minority”.Footnote ⁴² Images of church forged in the context of persecution on account of the struggle for justice may not, of course, be sustainable in the context of hostility experienced as a result of betrayal of trust. Discourse about becoming a smaller, more committed church is a source of hope, but this discourse is also vulnerable to focussing not on a creative minority but on an entrenched elite. In some of the discussion about the silencing of Irish priests who have raised issues about reform of the church, there are hints of a rigorist neo-Donatism that argues that if one cannot abide by the rules, then one can leave.

There is a need for a new political theology in Ireland, one that emerges from a church that re-imagines its relationship with the state, a political theology more in the tradition of J.B. Metz who urges a political theology constituted by memory, narrative and solidarity and in which the church, too, is subject to critique. For Metz, it is the remembrance of the victims of history, whose story is the underside of all history, which will give to memory its critical and liberating power. Christians are mandated to anamnesis, to unforgetfulness: “the Bread of Life is the food of mourning – mourning defined as the opposite of apathy – nourishing the capacity to be hospitable to the sufferer”, strengthening the impulse to solidarity without which memory and narrative remain abstract categories.Footnote ⁴³ The guiding question for Christian solidarity, according to Metz, is: what happens to others, especially those who suffer?Footnote ⁴⁴

Asking this guiding question opens the way for a church that is vigilant about the underside of our society and our world, and that acts in solidarity from that vigilance. It may be the starting-point for a new ecclesial self-understanding that enables us to be convicted about our principles but modest about our power to influence, that offers intellectual and spiritual depth while fostering attentive listening and dialogue with difference. For the Catholic Church in Ireland, the time ahead is marked by many challenges: the challenge to cultivate hope even as it is marked by shame; the challenge to re-imagine the parameters of its power; the challenge to move out of the shadows of Hiberno-Christendom to a more authentic Christianity; and the challenge to transform our enforced marginality into redemptive liminality.