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² This paper will use the term “eternal” to refer to that which is self-existent as opposed to dependent on another for existence. The eternal therefore has no beginning.

³ Copleston, Frederick. A History of Philosophy. Volume 1: Greece and Rome. Search Press, London. 1946: 323Google Scholar.

⁴ “With what category of being, then, is metaphysics especially concerned? With that of substance, which is primary, since all things are either substances or affections of substances. But there are or may be different kinds of substances, and with which kind does first philosophy or metaphysics deal? Aristotle answers that, if there is an unchangeable substance, then metaphysics studies unchangeable substance, since it is concerned with being qua being, and the true nature of being is shown in that which is unchangeable and self-existent, rather than in that which is subject to change.” Copleston, Vol 1: 291.

⁵ White, Michael. “The Problem of Aristotle's Nous Poietikos” Forthcoming in The Review of Metaphysics. 3.

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¹⁰ Copleston. Vol 2: 399.

¹¹ Ibid., Vol 2. 428.

¹² Summa Theologica. Part 1 of the Second Part Q 109. A. 4.

¹³ Ibid., Vol 2. 366.

¹⁴ Copleston. Vol 1. 317.

¹⁵ Ibid., 315.

¹⁶ Summa Theologica. Part 1 of Second Part Q. 94. A. 4.

¹⁷ Ibid., Q. 95. A 2.

¹⁸ Ibid., Q. 96. A 1.

¹⁹ Ibid., Q. 109. A 2. Aquinas also asserts that without grace man cannot fulfil the law (Part 1 of Second Part Q. 109. A 4).

²⁰ Copleston, Vol 1. 315.

²¹ Metaphysics. 599.

²² Copleston. Vol 2. 349.