Introduction
The cradle of vertebrate palaeontology, one might argue, lies in the Maastricht area (south-east Netherlands). The first discovery, in 1764, of the fossilised remains of impressive carnivorous reptiles in the type area of the Maastrichtian Stage (Dumont, Reference Dumont1849; Jagt et al., Reference Jagt, Claessens, Fraaije, Jagt-Yazykova, Mulder, Schulp, Wallaard, Clary, Pyle and Andrews2024), comprised a partial skull that is now on display at Teylers Museum (Haarlem, the Netherlands). This was followed in October 1778 by the historically even more important specimen that ultimately made it, in 1795, to the collections of the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle at Paris, almost immediately sparking a debate on the identity and origin of such marine giants. Subsequently, the historical importance of ‘le grand animal fossile des carrières de Maestricht’ increased further through the first description of the ‘Paris’ specimen (Cuvier, Reference Cuvier1808) and further works of Georges Cuvier, who used it in his development of the concept of extinction (Cuvier, Reference Cuvier1812). Only later were formal generic and specific names for this specimen proposed, i.e., Mosasaurus hoffmanni, by Conybeare (Reference Conybeare and Parkinson1822) and Mantell (Reference Mantell1829), respectively, followed by the introduction of the family of the Mosasauridae by Gervais (Reference Gervais1848–1852). The species name honours the Maastricht-based, Swiss-born army surgeon and naturalist, Johann Leonhard Hoffmann (1710–1782), who had been the first to comment on the identity of the partial skull (Mantell, Reference Mantell1829). Recent contributions covering aspects of the discovery, history, taxonomy and nomenclature of Mosasaurus hoffmanni include Rompen (Reference Rompen1995), Bardet & Jagt (Reference Bardet and Jagt1996), Mulder (Reference Mulder, Touret and Visser2004), Pieters et al. (Reference Pieters, Rompen, Jagt and Bardet2012), Schulp et al. (Reference Schulp, Polcyn, Mateus and Jacobs2013) and Hovens (Reference Hovens2020), to which reference is made here.
Almost two centuries after the taxon was named, Konishi et al. (Reference Konishi, Newbrey and Caldwell2014) proposed to use the spelling of the species name with double –i, as Mosasaurus hoffmannii, instead of the widely used M. hoffmanni. In favour of this, those authors listed several considerations, mainly revolving around the first use of the spelling with –ii by Mantell (Reference Mantell1829), as a presumed Latinisation of the surname Hoffmann; however, they also mentioned that, shortly after its introduction, the version with a single –i became the one that has been exclusively used ever since.
In the present note, we shall add other observations and considerations to arguments outlined by Konishi et al. (Reference Konishi, Newbrey and Caldwell2014). Based on these, we recommend that the spelling hoffmanni, rather than hoffmannii, be retained so as to ensure a stable, unambiguous nomenclature and reflect the lack of any historical evidence of Latinisation of Hoffmann’s name during his lifetime.
Historical background and discussion
Following the arguments in Konishi et al. (Reference Konishi, Newbrey and Caldwell2014, p. 803) for reverting to the initial spelling with double –i, we consider it of importance to home in on the historical context and explore the use and mode of Latinisation of surnames in Hoffmann’s time, and, more generally, in northwest European academic circles in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. To that end, we wish to address the following four questions and add our considerations to the debate initiated by Konishi et al. (Reference Konishi, Newbrey and Caldwell2014).
Did Hoffmann Latinise his name?
Three letters (dated 1771, 1774 and 1775), written by Johann Leonhard Hoffmann, survive to this date. These letters show that Hoffmann himself (at least judging from his signature) did not Latinise his surname (Van Regteren Altena, Reference Van Regteren Altena1956) (Fig. 1A and B).
Figure 1. Latinisation of names in academia in Hoffmann’s time. In signing his letters, Hoffmann used his German family name, Hoffmann (double n); not the Latinised ‘Hoffmannius’ (as envisaged by Konishi et al., Reference Konishi, Newbrey and Caldwell2014) (reproduced from A, Lever, Reference Lever1995 and B, Van Regteren Altena, Reference Van Regteren Altena1956, respectively, courtesy of Natuurhistorisch Genootschap in Limburg). The suffix ‘ChM’ stands for ‘Chirurgien major’ (see Lever, Reference Lever1995).
Was Latinisation still common practice in Hoffmann’s time?
The use of Latin in academic circles across western Europe already began to decline in the mid-17th century. While scientists in the Low Countries, amongst whom Herman Boerhaave (1668–1738), still used some form of Latinisation (‘Herman’ became ‘Hermannus’, but ‘Boerhaave’ remained ‘Boerhaave’), this became fully outdated soon after. We have compiled an overview of Latinised names of professors at Leiden and Utrecht universities (Fig. 2), which shows that Hoffmann was active at a time when this was no longer common practice, with the great majority (94%) of professors at both institutions in the 50-year bin not listed with a Latin(ised) name.
Figure 2. Latinisation of (Dutch) family names rapidly went out of fashion towards the second half of the 18th century in the Netherlands. This graph tracks the Latinisation (or lack thereof) of the family names of professors at the universities of Leiden (blue) and Utrecht (yellow), in 50-year bins by the year of accepting their position; data retrieved from hoogleraren.leidenuniv.nl and profs.library.uu.nl (accessed September 2019 and August 2021, respectively). Mosasaur discoveries and dates of Hoffmann’s surviving letters are indicated on the timeline as well.
If Hoffmann’s name was Latinised, then how?
If indeed Hoffmann had decided to translate his surname ‘in full’ into Latin, the proper Latinisation would not have been ‘Hoffmannius’, as argued by Konishi et al. (Reference Konishi, Newbrey and Caldwell2014), but ‘Hortulanus’ or ‘Agricola’ instead. Note that, in this case, the meaning of the name ‘Hoffmann’ would be synonymous with ‘Gärtner’ (‘gardener’). Thus, if Latinisation would be the deciding factor, we might even argue that the specific epithet should have been Mosasaurus hortulani or Mosasaurus agricolae, rather than Mosasaurus hoffmanni. In our opinion, this would be a particularly undesirable route to pursue as far as an unambiguous and stable taxonomic nomenclature is concerned (see the last point below).
The simple addition of a Latin ending was occasionally done as well. However, the question remains as to how exactly to ‘Latinise’ the name in the first place. Indeed, Hoffmannius would have been an option: in the Netherlands, surnames like Althuisius and Janssenius do exist, having been derived from Althuis and Janssen, respectively. This would have resulted in the species name hoffmannii. But in turning ‘Hoffmann’ into Latin, ‘Hoffmannus’ (with the resultant genitive ‘hoffmanni’) would have been an equally valid choice (Nicolson, Reference Nicolson1974). In view of this, to present only one of the many possible Latinisations, as Konishi and colleagues did, does not settle the issue unambiguously.
It should also be noted here that in his papers Mantell was rather inconsistent in the use of –i vs. –ii, and that we have not been able to detect any underlying pattern. Examples include a number of Late Cretaceous macrofossil taxa such as the lobster Enoploclytia Leachii, the ammonite Ammonites Woollgari and the limid bivalve Plagiostoma Hoperi, as well as the inoceramid bivalves Inoceramus Cuvieri, I. Brongniarti and I. Lamarckii.
What are the rules as set forth in the ICZN Code?
Even if we assume that Hoffmann actually did use the Latinisation of ‘Hoffmannius’, the ‘prevailing use’ of the specific epithet hoffmanni would still have priority, as careful reading of the ICZN code demonstrates. Article 33.2.3.1 reads, ‘… when an unjustified emendation is in prevailing usage and is attributed to the original author and date it is deemed to be a justified emendation. Example. Because Helophorus, an unjustified emendation by Illiger (1801) of Elophorus Fabricius, 1775, is in prevailing use in the Coleoptera and attributed to Fabricius, it is deemed to be a justified emendation; the name Helophorus Fabricius, 1775 is to be maintained as the correct spelling.’ With respect to our specific example, Konishi et al. (Reference Konishi, Newbrey and Caldwell2014) observed that, ‘Starting with Mantell (Reference Mantell1851), […] virtually all subsequent authors have spelled the specific name with a single ‘i’ (e.g., Camp, Reference Camp1942; Russell, Reference Russell1967; Bell, Reference Bell, Callaway and Nicholls1997).’ Following this, they made reference to ICZN Article 31.1.1, concerning the genitive of the Latinised name and specifically noted that Hoffmann’s ‘[…] family name can be latinised as Hoffmannius.’ (Konishi et al., Reference Konishi, Newbrey and Caldwell2014, p. 803) [our italics]. Above, under the first three questions, we have indicated that a Latinised ‘Hoffmannius’ would not have been very likely, and, most importantly, in the last point we show that Mantell’s, Reference Mantell1851 spelling ‘hoffmanni’ has been in prevailing use ever since. In summary, this is the version that should be retained, following ICZN Article 33.2.3.1.
Conclusion
In view of the historical interest of Mosasaurus hoffmanni, an unambiguous and stable nomenclature is highly desirable. In response to suggestions made by Konishi et al. (Reference Konishi, Newbrey and Caldwell2014) to use the spelling hoffmannii instead of hoffmanni for the species name, we here present historical evidence to make a case to the contrary, and recommend, following article 33.2.3.1 of the ICZN, to retain the specific epithet hoffmanni.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the two anonymous reviewers for their helpful suggestions.
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