Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T09:02:36.307Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Temporally anchored spatial knowledge: Corpora and experiments

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 May 2020

Alakananda Vempala*
Affiliation:
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX76207, USA
Eduardo Blanco
Affiliation:
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX76207, USA
*
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

This article presents a two-step methodology to annotate temporally anchored spatial knowledge on top of OntoNotes. We first generate potential knowledge using semantic roles or syntactic dependencies and then crowdsource annotations to validate the potential knowledge. The resulting annotations indicate how long entities are or are not located somewhere and temporally anchor this spatial information. We present an in-depth corpus analysis comparing the spatial knowledge generated by manipulating roles or dependencies. Experiments show that working with syntactic dependencies instead of semantic roles allows us to generate more potential entity-related spatial knowledge and obtain better results in a realistic scenario, that is, with predicted linguistic information.

Type
Article
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Baker, C.F. Fillmore, C.J. and Lowe, J.B. (1998). The Berkeley FrameNet Project. In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Montreal, Canada.Google Scholar
Blanco, E. and Vempala, A. (2015). Inferring temporally-anchored spatial knowledge from semantic roles. In Proceedings of the 2015 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the ACL, pp. 452461.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, D. and Manning, C. (2014). A fast and accurate dependency parser using neural networks. In Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), pp. 740750.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davidov, D. and Rappoport, A. (2008). Classification of semantic relationships between nominals using pattern clusters. In Proceedings of ACL-08: HLT, Columbus, Ohio. Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 227235.Google Scholar
De Marneffe, M.-C. and Manning, C.D. (2008). Stanford Typed Dependencies Manual. Technical report, Stanford University.Google Scholar
Friedrich, A. Palmer, A. and Pinkal, M. (2016). Situation entity types: automatic classification of clause-level aspect. In Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), vol. 1, pp. 17571768.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garrido, G. Peñas, A. Cabaleiro, B. and Rodrigo, A. (2012). Temporally anchored relation extraction. In Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Long Papers - Volume 1, ACL ’12, Stroudsburg, PA, USA. Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 107116.Google Scholar
Gerber, M. and Chai, J. (2010). Beyond NomBank: a study of implicit arguments for nominal predicates. In Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Uppsala, Sweden. Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 15831592.Google Scholar
Gildea, D. and Jurafsky, D. (2002). Automatic labeling of semantic roles. Computational Linguistics 28(3), 245288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hwang, J.D. and Palmer, M. (2015). Identification of caused motion construction. In Proceedings of the Fourth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics, Denver, Colorado. Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 5160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kolomiyets, O. Kordjamshidi, P. Moens, M.-F. and Bethard, S. (2013). Semeval-2013 task 3: spatial role labeling. In Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*SEM), Volume 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval 2013). Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 255262.Google Scholar
Kordjamshidi, P. Van Otterlo, M. and Moens, M.-F. (2011). Spatial role labeling: towards extraction of spatial relations from natural language. ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing 8(3), 4:14:36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kraskov, A. Stögbauer, H. and Grassberger, P. (2004). Estimating mutual information. Physical Review E 69(6): 066138-1–066138-16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, J. and Inkpen, D. (2015). Estimating user location in social media with stacked denoising auto-encoders. In Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Vector Space Modeling for Natural Language Processing, Denver, Colorado. Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 201210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loaiciga, S. Meyer, T. and Popescu-Belis, A. (2014). English-french verb phrase alignment in europarl for tense translation modeling. In The Ninth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, number EPFL-CONF-198442.Google Scholar
Manning, C.D. Surdeanu, M. Bauer, J. Finkel, J. Bethard, S.J. and McClosky, D. (2014). The stanford corenlp natural language processing toolkit. In Proceedings of 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations, pp. 5560.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcus, M.P. Marcinkiewicz, M.A. and Santorini, B. (1993). Building a large annotated corpus of english: the penn treebank. Computational Linguistics 19(2), 313330.Google Scholar
Màrquez, L. Carreras, X. Litkowski, K.C. and Stevenson, S. (2008). Semantic role labeling: an introduction to the special issue. Computational Linguistics 34(2), 145159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyers, A. Reeves, R. Macleod, C. Szekely, R. Zielinska, V. Young, B. and Grishman, R. (2004). Annotating noun argument structure for nombank. In Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC-2004).Google Scholar
Mintz, M. Bills, S. Snow, R. and Jurafsky, D. (2009). Distant supervision for relation extraction without labeled data. In Proceedings of the Joint Conference of the 47th Annual Meeting of the ACL and the 4th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing of the AFNLP, Suntec, Singapore. Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 10031011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palmer, M. Gildea, D. and Kingsbury, P. (2005). The proposition bank: an annotated corpus of semantic roles. Computational Linguistics 31(1), 71106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pan, F. Mulkar, R. and Hobbs, J.R. (2006). An annotated corpus of typical durations of events. In Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), Citeseer, pp. 7782.Google Scholar
Pedregosa, F. Varoquaux, G. Gramfort, A. Michel, V. Thirion, B. Grisel, O. Blondel, M. Prettenhofer, P. Weiss, R. Dubourg, V. Vanderplas, J. Passos, A. Cournapeau, D. Brucher, M. Perrot, M. and Duchesnay, E. (2011). Scikit-learn: machine learning in Python. Journal of Machine Learning Research 12, 28252830.Google Scholar
Pradhan, S. Ramshaw, L. Marcus, M. Palmer, M. Weischedel, R. and Xue, N. (2011). CoNLL-2011 shared task: modeling unrestricted coreference in OntoNotes. In Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task, Portland, Oregon, USA. Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 127.Google Scholar
Roberts, K. Skinner, M.A. and Harabagiu, S.M. (2013). Recognizing spatial containment relations between event mentions. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics (IWCS 2013) – Long Papers, Potsdam, Germany. Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 216–227.Google Scholar
Ruppenhofer, J. Sporleder, C. Morante, R. Baker, C. and Palmer, M. (2009). SemEval-2010 Task 10: linking events and their participants in discourse. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Semantic Evaluations: Recent Achievements and Future Directions (SEW-2009), Boulder, Colorado. Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 106111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Surdeanu, M. (2013). Overview of the TAC2013 knowledge base population evaluation: English slot filling and temporal slot filling. In Proceedings of the TAC-KBP 2013 Workshop.Google Scholar
Tratz, S. and Hovy, E.H. (2013). Automatic interpretation of the english possessive. In ACL (1). The Association for Computer Linguistics, pp. 372381.Google Scholar
Vempala, A. and Blanco, E. (2016a). Annotating temporally-anchored spatial knowledge on top of OntoNotes semantic roles. In LREC.Google Scholar
Vempala, A. and Blanco, E. (2016b). Beyond plain spatial knowledge: determining where entities are and are not located, and for how long. In Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), vol. 1, pp. 15021512.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vempala, A. and Blanco, E. (2016c). Complementing semantic roles with temporally anchored spatial knowledge: crowdsourced annotations and experiments. In Proceedings of the Thirtieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 26522658.Google Scholar
Vempala, A. and Blanco, E. (2018). Annotating temporally-anchored spatial knowledge by leveraging syntactic dependencies. In Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC-2018).Google Scholar
Weischedel, R. and Brunstein, A. (2005). BBN Pronoun Coreference and Entity Type Corpus. Technical report, Linguistic Data Consortium, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Weischedel, R. Hovy, E. Marcus, M. Palmer, M. Belvin, R. Pradhan, S. Ramshaw, L. and Xue, N. (2011). OntoNotes: a large training corpus for enhanced processing. In Pradhan S. (ed), Handbook of Natural Language Processing and Machine Translation. Portland, Oregon, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, Springer, 59. Available at https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/volumes/W11-19/.Google Scholar