Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T13:22:14.576Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Towards a new past: Some reflections on nationalism in post-socialist Slovakia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2018

Petra Burzova*
Affiliation:
Politics and International Relations, University of West Bohemia, Plzen, Czech Republic
*

Abstract

By analysing two commemorative events organized shortly before and after the 2010 parliamentary elections in Slovakia, this article demonstrates how the Prime Minister Robert Fico and his collaborators exploited these ceremonies to promote a more inclusive definition of political community than their right-wing counterparts. Although commentators have interpreted the continuous political success of the political party Smer-SD in terms of negatively connotated nationalism and national populism, Fico's discursive framework allows him to address those who have been stigmatized by post-1989 neoliberalism, especially former communists and people unable or unwilling to adapt to the rapid changes brought about by post-socialist social, economic, political as well as cultural transition(s). Instead of backwardness, Fico's anti-elitist and anti-capitalist rhetoric opened a new symbolic universe to these groups. The history narratives that formed an important part of this universe were not used to exclude the Other, but rather to create a meaningful future for those who have been ignored by (neo-)liberal ideals. This paper argues for an interpretation of post-socialist populist parties that would take into account culturally relevant symbolic structures advanced by these parties.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © 2012 Association for the Study of Nationalities 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Activists launch campaign against Bratislava Castle Svatopluk statue.” Slovak Spectator. 21 Jul. 2010. Web. 25 May 2011.Google Scholar
Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities. London: Verso, 2006. Print.Google Scholar
Auer, Stefan. Liberal Nationalism in Central Europe. London and New York: Routledge Curzon, 2004. Print.Google Scholar
Albertazzi, Daniele and McDonnell, Duncan. “Introduction: The Sceptre and the Spectre.” Twenty-First Century Populism. The Spectre of Western European Democracy. Eds. Albertazzi, Daniele and McDonnell, Duncan. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. 114. Print.Google Scholar
Breuilly, John. “The Sources of Nationalist Ideology.” Nationalism. Eds. Huthinson, John, and Smith, Anthony D. Oxford and New York: Oxford UP, 1994. 103113. Print.Google Scholar
Brubaker, Rogers. Ethnicity without Groups. Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London: Harvard UP, 2006. Print.Google Scholar
Bunce, Valerie. “The Political Economy of Postsocialism.” Slavic Review. Special Issue: Ten Years after 1989: What Have We Learned? 4 (1999): 756793. Print.Google Scholar
Bútorová, Zora and Gyárfášová, Ol'ga. “Slovensko pred parlamentnými vol'bami.” IVO. 12 Mar. 2010. Web. 20 May 2011.Google Scholar
Buzalka, Juraj. “Is Rural Populism on the Decline? Continuities and Changes in Twentieth Century Central Europe — The Case of Slovakia.” SEI Working Paper 73. U of Sussex, Brighton. Web. 15 March. 2012.Google Scholar
Buzalka, Juraj. “Prečo Milan Hodža nie je národným hrdinom?Slovenská kultúra medzi rurálnosťou a urbánnosťou OS 6 (2007): 3050. Print.Google Scholar
Buzalka, Juraj. “Religion and populism — some remarks on post-socialist politics.” Undated paper available online at <http://www.sse.geo.uni.lodz.pl/uploads/space7/buzalka.pdf> Web. 20 May. 2012.+Web.+20+May.+2012.>Google Scholar
Cohen, Abner. “Introduction: The Lessons of Ethnicity.” Urban Ethnicity. Ed. Cohen, Abner. London: Tavistock, 1974. ix–xxiv. Print.Google Scholar
The Cold War and the Hyphen War.” 6 May 1991. Web. 1 Jul. 2010.Google Scholar
Drál', Peter, and Findor, Andrej (eds.). Ako skúmať národ: Deväť štúdií o etnicite a nacionalizme. Brno: Tribun EU, 2009. Print.Google Scholar
Ficov exporadca chce zachrániť sochu Svätopluka aj hladovkou.” Pravda 27 Jul. 2010. Web. 9 Sep. 2010.Google Scholar
Filo, Jakub. “Focus: Smer by mal drvivú väčšinu 80 poslancov.” Aktualne.sk 31 May 2011. Web. 31 May 2011.Google Scholar
Findor, Andrej. “Národná identita ako naratívna konštrukcia.” Sociology Slovak Sociological Review (Sociológia Slovak Sociological Review) 1 (2000): 5779. Print.Google Scholar
Fisher, Sharon. Political Change in Post-Communist Slovakia and Croatia: From Nationalist to Europeanist. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. Print.Google Scholar
Fisher, Sharon, Gould, John, and Haughton, Tim. “Slovakia's Neoliberal Turn.” Europe-Asia Studies 6 (2007): 977998. Print.Google Scholar
Gál, Fedor. “1989/12 — Slováci a nacionalizmus (časť prvá).” Fedor Gál. 22 Jun. 2009. Web. 12 Jan. 2011.Google Scholar
Gans, Herbert. “Symbolic Ethnicity: The future of ethnic groups and cultures in America.” Theories of ethnicity. A classical reader. Ed. Sollors, Werner. New York: Up. 425459. Print.Google Scholar
Giddens, Anthony. “The Nation as Power-Container.” Nationalism. Ed. Huthinson, John, and Smith, Anthony D. Oxford and New York: Oxford UP, 1994. 3436. Print.Google Scholar
Goffman, Erving. Stigma. Poznámky o způsobech zvládání narušené identity. Praha: SLON, 2003. Print.Google Scholar
Gyárfášová, Olga. “Kto osloví mladých voličov.” IVO. May 2001. Web. 20 May 2011.Google Scholar
Gyárfášová, Olga. “Národný populizmus na Slovensku: politické postoje a nálady verejnosti.” Národný populizmus na Slovensku Ed. Mesežnikov, Grigorij and Gyárfášová, Ol'ga. Bratislava: Inštitút pre verejné otázky, 2008. 3953. Print.Google Scholar
Hann, Chris. “Postsocialist Nationalism: Rediscovering the Past in Southeast Poland.” Slavic Review 4 (1998): 840863. Print.Google Scholar
Handelman, Don. Models and Mirrors. Towards an Anthropology of Public Events. New York and Oxford: Bergham Books, 1998. Print.Google Scholar
Harvey, David. “Neo-liberalism as Creative Destruction.” Geographical Annals 88 (2006) B: 2. Print.Google Scholar
Haughton, Tim. “HZDS: The Ideology, Organisation and Support Base of Slovakia's Most Successful Party.” Europe-Asia Studies 5 (2001): 745769. Print.Google Scholar
Haughton, Tim. “Slovakia's Robert Fico: a man to be trusted or feared?Radio Free Europe. Radio Liberty. 29 May 2002. Web. 20 May 2011.Google Scholar
Henderson, Karen. Slovakia. The Escape from Invisibility. London and New York: Routledge, 2002. Print.Google Scholar
Herzfeld, Michael. Cultural Intimacy. New York and London: Routledge, 2005. Print.Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, Eric J., and Ranger, Terence O. (eds). The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge UP, 1983. Print.Google Scholar
Holý, Ladislav. Malý český člověk a velký český národ. Praha: SLON, 2010. Print.Google Scholar
Hutchinson, John, and D Smith, Anthony (eds). “Introduction.”. Ethnicity. Oxford/NY: Oxford UP, 1996. 316. Print.Google Scholar
Innes, Abbi. “Party Competition in Postcommunist Europe: The Great Electoral Lottery.” Comparative Politics 1 (2002): 85104. Print.Google Scholar
Kamenec, Ivan. Spoločnosť — politika — historiografia. Pokrivené (?) zrkadlo dejín slovenskej spoločnosti v dvadsiatom storočí. Bratislava: Historický ústav SAV, 2009. Print.Google Scholar
Kasarda, Martin. “Národný socializmus.” Je to Tak. Monde Diplomatique. 18 Jan. 2007. Web. 20 May 2011.Google Scholar
Kedourie, Elie. “Nacionalismus.” Pohledy na národ a nacionalismus. Ed. Hroch, Miroslav. Praha: SLON, 2003. 100108. Print.Google Scholar
Kiliánová, Gabriela, Kowalská, Eva, and Krekovičová, Eva (eds). My a tí druhí v modernej spoločnosti: konštrukcie a transformácie kolektívnych identít. Bratislava: Veda, Historický ústav SAV, Ústav etnológie SAV, 2009. Print.Google Scholar
Krčál, Petr, and Naxera, Vladimir. “Veřejné akce jako divadelní představení.” Středoevropské politické studie 1 (2011): Web. 20 May 2011. Print.Google Scholar
Kroeber, Alfred Louis. Anthropology: Culture Patterns & Processes. New York and London: A Harvest/Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Book, 1963. Print.Google Scholar
Kusá, Dagmar. “Úloha kolektívnej pamäti v procese etnickej mobilizácie. “Ako skúmať národ: Deväť štúdií o etnicite a nacionalizme. Eds. Drál', Peter, and Findor, Andrej. Brno: Tribun EU, 2009. 5778. Print.Google Scholar
Kusá, Dagmar and Findor, Andrej. “Frames of the Slovak National Identity Counstruction.” Sociology Slovak Sociological Review (Sociológia Slovak Sociological Review) 6 (1999): 603618. Print.Google Scholar
Laclau, Ernesto. Politics and Ideology in Marxist Theory: Capitalism, Fascism. Populism. London: NLB, 1977. Print.Google Scholar
Lupták, L'ubomír. “Tvorba Slovenska Maďarskom, alebo ako na seba politické elity cez Dunaj fetišmi mávaju” Mentální mapy a Evropa. Ed. Cabada et al, Ladislav. Plzeň: Aleš Čeněk, 2010. MS. Print.Google Scholar
Marušiak, Juraj. “Fenomén strany Smer: medzi, pragmatizmom” a sociálnou demokraciou.” Středoevropské politické studie 1 (2006): Web. 20 May 2011. Print.Google Scholar
Mesežnikov, Grigorij. “Etnický prvok v slovenskej politike: čo odhalila kauza Kosovo.” IVO. Jun 2007. Web. 20 May 2011. Print.Google Scholar
Mesežnikov, Grigorij. “Národný populizmus na Slovensku: definovanie charakteru štátu a interpretácia vybraných historických udalostí.” Národný populizmus na Slovensku a slovensko-maďarské vzťahy 2006 – 2009. Ed. Petőcz, Kálmán. Samorín: Fórum Kisebbségkutató Intézet. Fórum inštitút pre výskum menšín, 2009. 4165. Print.Google Scholar
Mouffe, Chantal. “The ‘End of Politics’ and the Challenge of Right-wing Populism.” Populism and the Mirror of Democracy. Ed. Panizza, Francisco. London and New York: Verso, 2005. 5071. Print.Google Scholar
Mudde, Cas. “In the Name of the Peasantry, the Proletariat, and the People: Populisms in Eastern Europe.” Democracies and the Populist Challenge. Eds. Mény, Yves, and Surel, Yves. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. 214229. Print.Google Scholar
Mudde, Cas. Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2007. Print.Google Scholar
Naxera, Vladimir. “Korupce a postkomunismus.” 2010. MS. Print.Google Scholar
Nedelsky, Nadya. “The wartime Slovak state: a case study in the relationship between ethnic nationalism and authoritarian patterns of governance.” Nations and Nationalism 2 (2001): 215234. Print.Google Scholar
OZ Svätopluk. Web. 12 Sep. 2010.Google Scholar
Paška, Pavol. “Svätopluk patrí na hrad.” Web. 1 Jul 2010. Paul, Jan and Petr Kalinič. “Ceci n'est pas postsocialisme: Depolitizovaná politika prezidenta Gašparoviče.” 2010. MS. Print.Google Scholar
Panizza, Francisco. “Introduction: Populism and the Mirror of Democracy.” Ed. Panizza, Francisco. Populism and the Mirror of Democracy. London and New York: Verso, 2005. 131. Print.Google Scholar
Petőcz, Kálmán ed. Národný populizmus na Slovensku a slovensko-maďarské vzťahy 2006 – 2009. Šamorín: Fórum Kisebbségkutató Intézet. Fórum inštitút pre výskum menšín, 2009. Print.Google Scholar
Pietna spomienka na prvého prezidenta — mućeníka Dr. Jozefa Tisa.” Slovenská pospolitosť. 20 Apr. 2008. Web. 12 Jan. 2011.Google Scholar
Pop-Eleches, Grigore. “Throwing out the Bums: Protest Voting and Unorthodox Parties after Communism.” World Politics 62 (2010): 221260. Print.Google Scholar
Přibáň, Jiří. “Reconstituting Paradise Lost: Temporality, Civility, and Ethnicity in Post-Communist Constitution-Making.” Law & Society 3 (2004): 407431. Print.Google Scholar
“Príhovor pri príležitosti slávnostného odhalenia sochy Svätopluka na Bratislavskom hrade.” Pavol Paška. Web. 20 May 2011.Google Scholar
Roosens, Eugeen. Creating Ethnicity. The Process of Ethnogenesis. London: SAGE Publications, 1989. Print.Google Scholar
Rosůlek, Přemysl. “Consolidation in the Centre-Right Political Camp in Hungary (1989–2002), Nationalism and Populism.” Politics in Central Europe 2 (2011): 6897. Print.Google Scholar
Rybář, Marek, and Deegan-Krause, Kevin. “Slovakia's Communist successor parties in comparative perspective.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 4 (2008): 497519. Print.Google Scholar
Schöpflin, George. Politics in Eastern Europe. Oxford, UK and Cambridge, Massachussets: Blackwell, 1993. Print.Google Scholar
Schöpflin, George. “The Functions of Myth and a Taxonomy of Myths.” Myths & Nationhood. Eds. Hosking, Geoffrey, and Schöpflin, George. London: C. Hurst & Co., 1997. Print.Google Scholar
“Slávnostné odhalenie sochy Svätopluka ná nádvorí Bratislavského hradu.” Úrad vlády Slovenskej republiky. Web. 4 Mar. 2011.Google Scholar
Slovakia blocks Hungarian visit.” BBC News. 21 Aug. 2009. Web. 20 May 2011.Google Scholar
SMER TV: Odhalenie sochy Svätopluka na Bratislavskom hrade.” SMER TV. 10 Jun. 2010 Web. 9 Sep. 2010.Google Scholar
Stanley, Ben. “Populism, nationalism, or national populism? An analysis of Slovak voting behaviour at the 2010 parliamentary election.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 4 (2011): 257270. Print.Google Scholar
Strážay, Tomáš. “Prejavy nacionalistického populizmu: kontinuita a zmeny v politickom diskurze postkomunistického Pol'ska a Slovenska.” Ako skúmať národ. Ed. Drál', Peter, and Findor, Andrej. Brno: Tribun EU, 2008. 158188. Print.Google Scholar
“Svätoplukovská štátotvorná tradícia je národnou tradíciou Slovákov a je nedelitel'nou súcasťou nášho narodného a historického vedomia.” Národná rada Slovenskej republiky. Web. 20 May 2011.Google Scholar
Števko Lubomír. “Starí Slováci nie sú chiméra.” Cez okno. Web. 12 Jan 2011.Google Scholar
Velšic, Marián. “Na Slovensku vládne nostalgia za minulosťou.” IVO. 21 Nov. 2001. Web. 12 Jan 2011.Google Scholar
Verdery, Katherine. “Ethnicity, Nationalism, and State-making. Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: Past and Futore.” The Anthropology of Ethnicity. Ed. Vermeulen, Hans, and Govers, Cora. Amsterdam: HET SPINHUIS, 1994. 3358. Print.Google Scholar
Verdery, Katherine. The Political Lives of Dead Bodies. Reburial and Postsocialist Change. New York: Columbia UP, 1999. Print.Google Scholar
Verdery, Katherine. What Was Socialism and what Comes Next. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1996. Print.Google Scholar
“Vyhlásenie prezídia Matice slovenskej k verejným útokom na jazdeckú sochu král'a Svätopluka.” Slovenská pospolitosť. Web. 12 Dec 2010.Google Scholar
“Vyhlásenie vlády SR k 15. výročiu vzniku Slovenskej republiky: Slovenská republika — bohatá história, pracovití a múdri l'udia, dobrá budúcnosť.” Úrad vlády Slovenskej republiky. Web. 20 May 2011.Google Scholar
Weber, Max. “The Nation.” Nationalism. Ed. Huthinson, John, and Smith, Anthony D. Oxford and New York: Oxford UP, 1994. 2125. Print.Google Scholar
Williams, Brackette F.A Class Act: Anthropology and the Race to Nation Across Ethnic Terrain.” Annual Review of Anthropology 18 (1989): 401444. Print.Google Scholar
Zavacká, Marina. “Pomník Svätopluka ako prameň k dejinám 20. a 21. storočia.” Národná rada Slovenskej republiky. Web. 20 May 2011.Google Scholar