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The Soviet-German Newspaper “Freundschaft” and the Cultural Transformation of the Soviet-Germans in Kazakhstan*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2018

Gerhard Schachner
Gerhard Schachner*
Affiliation:
University of Glasgow
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Extract

The 1970 census returns of the Soviet Union provided scholars with additional information about a hitherto little studied ethnic group, the Soviet-Germans. These figures not only broke the Germans down according to the regions and republics in which they lived, but also revealed how many still claimed German as their native language. A comparison of figures for 1959, 1970 and 1979 indicated the number making this claim had decreased considerably.

Type
Articles
Information
Nationalities Papers , Volume 9 , Issue 1 , Spring 1981 , pp. 81 - 98
Copyright
Copyright © 1981 by the Association for the Study of the Nationalities (USSR and East Europe) Inc. 

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References

Notes

1. Itoqi vsesoiuznoi perepisi naseleniia 1970 goda, Vol., IV Natsional'nii sostav naseleniia SSSR (Moscow: Statistika, 1973); “Vsesoiuznaia Perepis Naseleniia,” Vestnik Statistiki, No., 2 (February 1980), 24.Google Scholar

2. Rasma Karklins, “Interviews mit deutschen Spätaussiedlern aus der Sowjetunion,” Berichte des Bundesinstituts für ostwissenschaftliche und internationale Studien, No. 42 (1978), 24-25.Google Scholar

3. Alexander Reimgen, “Was würden Sie tun, wenn …,” Freundschaft, (Tselinograd) 27 January and 3 February 1973, pp. 3.; Nelly Wacker, “Lieder aus der Nacht,” Freundschaft, 10 and 17 May 1975, 3; compare these with Karl Stumpp, “Verordnung des Obersten Sowjets vom 28. 8. 1941 ‘über die Umsiedlung der Deutschen des Wolgagebietes,'” Heimatbuch der Deutschen aus Russland 1964 (Stuttgart: Landsmannschaft der Deutschen aus Russland, 1964), p. 86, and Ost Europa Recht, IV, (No. 1, July 1958), 221.Google Scholar

4. Victor Klein, “Im Feuer der Revolution gehärtet,” Freundschaft, 26 February 1972, p. 3.; Ernst Kontschak, “Im Kampf gestählt,” Freundschaft, 30 September, 7 and 14 October 1978, p. 3; O. Sattler, “Das Gewitter,” Freundschaft, 23 February 1972, p. 4; Dominik Hollmann, “Kleines Dorf im grossen Krieg,” Freundschaft, 19, 26 April and 5 May 1975, p. 3; Karl Welz, “Eine Geschichte von Gestern und Heute,” in Jewgenia Gubkina and Erich Richter eds., Hand in Hand: Gedichte und Erzählungen (Moscow: Verlag für fremdsprachige Literatur, 1960); Heinrich Kämpf, “Das Denkmal,” in J. Gubkina, S. Österreicher and E. Richter, eds., Gedichte und Erzählungen sowjetdeutscher Autoren. Vol. II (Moscow: Progress, 1965).Google Scholar

5. Freundschaft, 3 June 1972, p. 2.Google Scholar

6. Herold Belger, “Abilmashin und seine Kinder,” Freundschaft, 1 May 1971, pp. 3-4.; Reimgen, “Was würden Sie tun, wenn …,” op. cit.; Waker, “Lieder aus der Nacht,” op. cit.; Belger, “Sonnenblicke auf dem Pfad,” Freundschaft, 10, 17, 24, 31 July and 7 August 1976, p. 3.Google Scholar

7. Freundschaft, 16, 23 February and 6 April 1973, pp. 2.Google Scholar

8. Freundschaft, 6, 27 August, 3 and 10 September 1977, pp. 3.Google Scholar

9. Victor Klein, “Der Steppenbauer,” Gedichte und Erzählungen sowjetdeutscher Autoren. Vol. II, pp. 65-69.Google Scholar

10. Ibid., pp. 262-265.Google Scholar

11. Freundschaft, 13 and 19 May 1972, pp. 2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

12. Karklins, “Interviews mit deutschen Spätaussiedlern aus der Sowjetunion,” p. 22.Google Scholar

13. Freundschaft, 4 September 1971, p. 2.Google Scholar

14. Freundschaft, 3 November 1972, p. 3.Google Scholar

15. H. Roemmich, “Deutschunterricht für deutsche Kinder in der Sowjetunion,” Heimatbuch der Deutschen aus Russland 1964, p. 103.Google Scholar

16. Freundschaft, 18 June 1974, p. 2.Google Scholar

17. Freundschaft, 23 January 1975, p. 2.Google Scholar

18. Freundschaft, 14 November 1972, p. 2.Google Scholar

19. Ibid.Google Scholar

20. Freundschaft, 30 November 1971, p. 2.Google Scholar

21. Freundschaft, 6 March 1973, p. 2.Google Scholar

22. Freundschaft, 2 July 1974, p. 2.Google Scholar

23. Freundschaft, 12 January 1971, p. 2.Google Scholar

24. Freundschaft, 14 November 1972, p. 2.Google Scholar

25. Freundschaft, 10 August 1971, p. 2.Google Scholar

26. Freundschaft, 5 September 1972, p. 2.; 3 April 1973, p. 2.; 13 April 1973, p. 2.; 9 July 1974, p. 2.Google Scholar

27. Compare the reports in Freundschaft, 21 September 1971, p. 2 and 14 December 1971, p. 2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

28. Freundschaft, 28 May 1971, p. 2.; 14 September 1973, p. 2.; 12 October 1973, p. 2.; 2 April 1974, p. 3.; 6 August 1974, p. 2.; 29 October 1974, p. 3.Google Scholar

29. Freundschaft, 7, 14, 21 and 28 May 1974, pp. 2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

30. Freundschaft, 8 July 1975, p. 2.Google Scholar

31. Freundschaft, 9 February 1972, p. 2.Google Scholar

32. Freundschaft, 18 April 1973, p. 2.Google Scholar

33. Freundschaft, 26 September 1974, pp. 2-3.Google Scholar

34. Freundschaft, 4-14 December 1973, pp. 4.Google Scholar

35. Freundschaft, 11 December 1973, p. 4.Google Scholar

36. Freundschaft, 10 April 1973, p. 3.Google Scholar

37. Freundschaft, 27 December 1975, p. 3.Google Scholar

38. Johannes Weiniger, “Der Brief,” Hand in Hand Gedichte und Erzählungen; Jakob Bill, “Die Entscheidung,” Ibid.; Freundschaft, 8 September 1972, p. 4.; 5 December 1973, p. 2.; 26 September 1974, pp. 2-3.; 17 May 1974, p. 3.; 18 February 1975, p. 2.; 14 March 1972, p. 2.Google Scholar

39. Karklins, “Interviews mit deutschen Spätaussiedlern aus der Sowjetunion,” p. 27.Google Scholar

40. Times, (London) 8 February 1977, p. 8.; Daily Telegraph, (London) 9 March 1977, p. 1.Google Scholar

41. See for example Freundschaft, 18 August 1971, p. 2; 11 July 1973, p. 2; 27 February 1974, p. 4; 24 July 1974, p. 4; 4 September, 1974, p. 2; 6 February 1975, p. 4.Google Scholar

42. Freundschaft, 23 July 1974, p. 2; 16 October 1974, pp. 2 and 4; 6 February 1975, p. 4.Google Scholar

43. Freundschaft, 14 April 1972, p. 2; 21 April, 1972, p. 2.Google Scholar

44. Freundschaft, 2 June 1972, p. 2.Google Scholar

45. Freundschaft, 21 August 1974, p. 2; 16 October 1974, pp. 2 and 4; 6 February 1975, p. 4; 19 August-2 September 1975, pp. 4.Google Scholar

46. Ernst Kontschak, “Drei Birken,” in J. Gubkina and H. Hofmayer, eds., Durch der Heimat weite Fluren: Sowjetdeutsche Poesie und Prosa, (Moscow: Progress, 1967).Google Scholar

47. Freundschaft, 11 July 1973, p. 2; 19 June 1974, p. 4.Google Scholar

48. Freundschaft, 19 June 1974, p. 4; 1 August 1973, p. 3.Google Scholar

49. Freundschaft, 4 April 1974, p. 2.Google Scholar

50. Freundschaft, 9 July 1974, p. 3.Google Scholar

51. Freundschaft, 16 April 1974, p. 3.Google Scholar

52. Freundschaft, 19 August-2 September 1974, pp. 4; 23 July 1974, p. 2; and 20 August 1974, p. 3.Google Scholar

53. Freundschaft, 16 April 1974, p. 3.Google Scholar

54. “Vsesoiuznaia Perepis Naseleniia,” p. 24.Google Scholar

55. Harry G. Shaffer, The Soviet Treatment of Jews (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1974), p. 59.Google Scholar

56. Christopher Doersam, “Sovietization, Culture and Religion,” and Eli M. Lederhendler, “Resources of the Ethnically Disenfranchised,” in National Group Survival in Multi-Ethnic States: Shifting Support Patterns in the Soviet Baltic Region. Ed. Edward Allworth (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1977), pp. 160 and 197.Google Scholar

57. Robert Conquest, The Nation Killers: The Soviet Deportation of Nationalities (London: MacMillan and Co., 1970), p. 187.Google Scholar

58. John A. Armstrong, “The Ethnic Scene in the Soviet Union: The View of the Dictatorship,” in Ethnic Minorities in the Soviet Union. Ed. Erich Goldhagen (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, Publishers, 1968), 11-14.Google Scholar

59. All the preceding figures are calculated on the basis of “Vsesoiuznaia Perepis Naseleniia,” p. 24.Google Scholar

60. Karklins, “Interviews mit deutschen Spätaussiedlern aus der Sowjetunion,” p. 27; Shaffer, The Soviet Treatment of Jews, p. 68.Google Scholar

61. For an analysis of this journal see Joseph Brumberg and Abraham Brumberg, “Sovyetish Heymland — An Analysis,” in Ethnic Minorities in the Soviet Union. Ed. Goldhagen, pp. 274-315.Google Scholar